Cardiovascular Disease or Cardiovascular Diseases is the Class of Diseases

8/14/2019 Cardiovascular Disease or Cardiovascular Diseases is the Class of Diseases

1/4

Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases is the class of diseases that involve theheart orblood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease thataffects the cardiovascular system (as used in MeSH), it is usually used to refer to those related toatherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions have similar causes, mechanisms, andtreatments. In practice, cardiovascular disease is treated by cardiologists, thoracic surgeons,

vascular surgeons, neurologists, and interventional radiologists, depending on the organ systemthat is being treated. There is considerable overlap in the specialties, and it is common for certainprocedures to be performed by different types of specialists in the same hospital.

Most countries face high and increasing rates of cardiovascular disease. Each year, heart diseasekills more Americans than cancer.

It is the number one cause of death and disability in the United States and most Europeancountries (data available through 2005). A large histological study (PDAY) showed vascularinjury accumulates from adolescence, making primary prevention efforts necessary fromchildhood.

By the time that heart problems are detected, the underlying cause (atherosclerosis) is usuallyquite advanced, having progressed for decades. There is therefore increased emphasis onpreventing atherosclerosis by modifying risk factors, such as healthy eating, exercise andavoidance ofsmoking.

Contents

1 Classification

2 Causes

3 Pathophysiology

4 Diagnosis

4.1 Associated diagnostic markers

5 Screening

6 Management

7 Epidemiology

8 Research

9 See also

10 References

11 External links

Classification

Aneurysm

Angina

Atherosclerosis

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Cerebrovascular disease
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina_pectorishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina_pectorishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart


2/4

Congestive Heart Failure

Coronary Artery Disease

Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)

Peripheral vascular disease

CausesIn his book "The Heart Healthy Program", the cardiologist Dr Richard M. Fleming has identifiedseveral key dietary factors that can lower the risk of heart disease, including:

Lowering of LDL cholesterol by reducing saturated fat intake.

Lowering of Triglyceride levels by reducing consumption of sugary and processed foods.

Reduction of Homocysteine levels by supplementation with Vitamins B6 and B12, andfolic acid.

Increased antioxidant activity by higher consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Lowering of fibrinogen and growth factors by cutting back on foods such as red meat,

dairy products, poultry and eggs.Pathophysiology

Population based studies in the youth show that the precursors of heart disease start inadolescence. The process of atherosclerosis evolves over decades, and begins as early aschildhood. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study demonstratedthat intimal lesions appear in all the aortas and more than half of the right coronary arteries ofyouths aged 79 years. However, most adolescents are more concerned about other risks such asHIV, accidents, and cancer than cardiovascular disease. This is extremely important consideringthat 1 in 3 people will die from complications attributable to atherosclerosis. In order to stem thetide of cardiovascular disease, primary prevention is needed. Primary prevention starts witheducation and awareness that cardiovascular disease poses the greatest threat and measures to

prevent or reverse this disease must be takenDiagnosis

Platelet and Fibrin complexes can be seen with the technique of dark field microscopy. They aremuch bigger than red blood cells and easily block capillaries. These complexes are clearlyvisible in dark field but not in stained bright field samples because the different staining methodsdisburse them. However, they are not visible in unstained blood smears. This method of earlydetection allows to identify people at risk and take appropriate measures.

Associated diagnostic markers

Low-density lipoprotein

Lipoprotein(a)

Apolipoprotein A1

Apolipoprotein B

Ratio ofApolipoprotein A1/Apolipoprotein B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein(a)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein(a)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_B


3/4

Screening

Somebiomarkers are thought to offer a more detailed risk of cardiovascular disease. However,the clinical value of these biomarkers is questionable. Currently, biomarkers which may reflect ahigher risk of cardiovascular disease include:

Higherfibrinogen and PAI-1 blood concentrations

Elevated homocysteine, or even upper half of normal

Elevated blood levels ofasymmetric dimethylarginine

High inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein

Elevated blood levels ofbrain natriuretic peptide (also known as B-type) (BNP)

Management

Unlike many other chronic medical conditions, Cardiovascular disease is treatable andreversible, even after a long history of disease. Treatment is primarily focused on diet and stressreduction.

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life yearfor cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.[12]no data less than 900 900-1650 1650-2300 2300-3000 3000-3700 3700-

4400 4400-5100 5100-5800 5800-6500 6500-7200 7200-7900 more than 7900

Research

The first studies on cardiovascular health were performed in 1949 by Jerry Morris (physician)using occupational health data and were published in 1958. [13] The causes, prevention, and/ortreatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease remain active fields ofbiomedical research, withhundreds of scientific studies being published on a weekly basis.

A fairly recent emphasis is on the link between low-grade inflammation that hallmarksatherosclerosis and its possible interventions. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatorymarker that may be present in increased levels in the blood in patients at risk for cardiovasculardisease. Its exact role in predicting disease is the subject of debate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogen_activator_inhibitor-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_dimethylargininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Morris_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogen_activator_inhibitor-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_dimethylargininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Morris_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein


4/4

Some areas currently being researched include possible links between infection withChlamydophila pneumoniae and coronary artery disease. The Chlamydia link has become lessplausible with the absence of improvement after antibiotic use.[14]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_pneumoniae

Documents

Cardiovascular Disease or Cardiovascular Diseases is the Class of Diseases