Carbons

• Write condensed structural formulas for and name alkyl halides.

• Describe some common organic reactions.

Including: esterification, halogenation, hydration, hydrogenation

Additional KEY Terms

The functional group of halocarbons is the halo group

• general formula: R–XX – represents any halogen attached to a hydrocarbon

O xR

halo group

• usually man-made

Properties of Halocarbons:

• Polar covalent: < 5C (small) are soluble in water

• Can be alkyl halides OR aryl halides

• Strong IMF (d-d) gives higher bp/mp

aliphatic chain aromatic ring

I

CH2 - CH - CH - CH3

CH3-

-

F

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Cl

1- chloropropane

C

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

tetrachloromethane

Naming HaloCarbons • name the halogen as a branch• replace - ine ending with - o • multiple halogens are listed alphabetically.

All other rules the same (di, tri, lowest number…)

2-bromo-2-methylpropane

CH3 CH3

CH3

C

BrC C

Cl

H

H

H

chloroetheneI CH3

-iodomethane

1. bromobenzene2. 3-chloro-1-butene3. 1,2 - difluoropropane4. 1-bromo-3,5-diiodobenzene5. 1,2,3 - triiodocyclopentane

CH3

CH3 C H Cl

--l

l

lCH3

lBr

l CH3

I-CH2-C-CH2-CH2-CH3

Brl

Organic Reactions

+ = ?

Halogenation Reactions

1. Replace with a halogen group

R-H + X2 R-X + HX UV light

Alkane + Halogen Halocarbon Halogen halide+

2. Replace of a halogen group (dehalogenation reaction)

R-X + OH- R-OH + X- Alkyl

Halide+ Base Alcohol Halide ion+

HBr

alkyl halide

+

H

H H

HC C

H

H H

HC C

alkeneaddition reaction

elimination reaction

BrH

3. Break a multiple bond with a halogen group

alkyl dihalide

addition reaction

+

elimination reaction

H

H H

HC C

H

H H

HC C

alkene

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Esterification reaction

desterification reaction

H

O

H

O-CC-C

O

+ester

alcohol

carboxyl acid

H

C-C

O

O H

O-C+

hydrogenation reaction

+

H

H H

H

H

C C

H

HH

dehydrogenation reaction

H

H H

HC C

alkene

alkane

(alkyne)

(alkene)

hydration reaction

+

HOH

dehydration reaction

alcohol

H

H H

HC C

H

H H

HC C H

O

H

alkene

CAN YOU / HAVE YOU?

• Write condensed structural formulas for and name alkyl halides.

• Describe some common organic reactions.

Including: esterification, halogenation, hydration, hydrogenation

Additional KEY Terms