Carbon Seq

8/10/2019 Carbon Seq

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Carbon Sequestration: What It Is?

A long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to either mitigate

or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change.

ore than !! billion tons of carbon emissions are noticed "annual worldwide#

Factors to be considered-- Cost and ca$acit% of emission reduction

- the resulting increase in demand for $rimar% energ% sources& the range of

a$$licabilit%& and the technical ris'.

- (ther im$ortant factors are the social and environmental consequences& the

safet% of the technolog%& the securit% of storage and ease of monitoring and

verification

- )he extent of o$$ortunities to transfer the technolog% to develo$ing countries.1


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Technological options for reducing net CO2emissions to the atmosphere

include:

*educing energ% consum$tion

Switching to less carbon intensive fuels

Increasing the use of renewable energ% sources or nuclear energ%& each of

which emits little or no net C(+

Sequestering C(+b% enhancing biological absor$tion ca$acit% in forests &

soil and oceans

Ca$turing and storing C(+chemicall% or $h%sicall%.

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CAPTURE OF CO2

)here are three main a$$roaches to C(+ca$ture& for industrial and $ower $lant

a$$lications.

,# ost-combustion s%stems

+# (x%-fuel combustion " still under develo$ment #

!# re-combustion s%stems

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! Post-combustion captureCa$ture of C(+from flue gases $roduced b%

combustion of fossil fuels and biomass in air.

Instead of being discharged directl% to the

atmos$here& flue gas is $assed through

equi$ment which se$arates most of C(+.

)he C(+is fed to a storage reservoir and the

remaining flue gas is discharged to the

atmos$here.

A chemical sorbent $rocess would normall%

be used for C(+se$aration.

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2! O"#-fuel combustion captureure ox%gen is used for combustion instead

of air& resulting in a flue gas that is mainl%C(+and +(.

(x%gen is usuall% $roduced b% low

tem$erature air se$aration and to su$$l%

ox%gen to the fuel& membranes and chemicalloo$ing c%cles are being develo$ed.

*esult -/ Almost $ure carbon dioxide

stream can be obtained that can be

trans$orted to the sequestration site andstored.

)he technique is $romising& but the initial

air se$aration ste$ demands a lot of energ%.

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$! Pre-combustion capturere-combustion ca$ture involves reacting a fuel with ox%gen or air or steam to

give mainl% a 0s%nthesis gas1 or 0fuel gas1 com$osed of C( and +.

)he carbon monoxide is reacted with steam in a catal%tic reactor "shift

converter# to give C(+and +. 6


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%ET&O'( OF CAR)O* (E+UE(TRAT,O*

,. )4***4S)*IA5 S4674S)*A)I(8

+. 94(5(9ICA5 S467AS)*A)I(8

!. (C4A8 S4674S)*A)I(8

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! TERRRE(TR,A (E+UE(TRAT,O*

)he $rocess through which C(+ from theatmos$here is absorbed naturall% through

$hotos%nthesis stored as carbon in biomass

soils.

5ong-lived $lants li'e trees might 'ee$ the carbonsequestered for a long $eriod of time.

(nce the tree dies& or as limbs& leaves& seeds& or

blossoms dro$ from the tree& the $lant material

decom$oses and the carbon is released.

)ro$ical deforestation is res$onsible for +;< of

world1s annual C(+ emissions& though offset b%

u$ta'e of atmos$heric C(+ b% forests and

agriculture8


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Contd=

Carbon seq. rates differ based on the s$ecies of tree& t%$e of soil& regionalclimate& to$ogra$h% management $ractice

Carbon accumulation eventuall% reaches saturation $oint where additionalsequestration is no longer $ossible "when trees reach maturit%& or when theorganic matter in soils builds bac' u$ to original levels before losses

occurred#

After saturation& the trees or agricultural $ractices still need to be sustainedto maintain the accumulated carbon and $revent subsequent losses ofcarbon bac' to the atmos$here

)his method is relativel% eas% to im$lement& has volume limitations. It

might ta'e over + lac of $lants to offset the emissions from one average

$ower $lant.

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2 .EOO.,CA (E+UA(TRAT,O*

It is the method of Storing C(+underground in roc' formations which are able

to retain large amounts of C(+over a long time $eriod.

Storage sites suggested - @eclining oil fields& saline aquifers& and

unminable coal seams

A / 'eclining oil fields:

storage costs are offset b% the sale of additional oil that is recovered.

,;,< additional recover% of the original oil in $lace is $ossible

C(+is soluble in oil.)he $ossible $roblems-/ lea'ages of old oil wells&

- the high inBection $ressures and acidification which

can damage the geological barrier.

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) / Unminable coal seams:

C(+get absorbed to the coal surface& ensuring safe long-term storage.

In the $rocess it releases methane. sale of the methane can be used to offset the cost of the C(+storage.

c / (aline a0uifers:

ave a large $otential storage volume and relativel% common occurrence .

disadvantages -/

i# As the salinit% of the water increases& less C(+can be dissolved into aqueous

solution.

ii# uncertaint% about the structure of a given aquifer.iii# 5ea'age of C(+bac' into the atmos$here

owever& current research shows that several tra$$ing mechanisms immobili2e

the C(+underground and reduces the ris' of lea'age.

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$ OCEA* (E+UE(TRAT,O*

Ca$tured C(+ is deliberatel% inBected into

the ocean at great de$th& where most of itwould remain isolated from the atmos$here

for centuries.

C(+ can be trans$orted via $i$eline or shi$

for release in the ocean or on the sea floor.

(cean storage has not %et been de$lo%ed or

thoroughl% tested.

(ver the $ast +;; %ears the oceans have

ta'en u$ ;; 9t C(+ from the atmos$here

out of ,!;; 9t C(+ from total

anthro$ogenic emissions

Average de$th of oceans is about !;;mD

so there is no $ractical $h%sical limit to the

amount of C(+ that could be $laced in the

ocean.

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Offset .reenhouse .as Emissions

At the global level& the ICC )hird Assessment *e$ort estimates that E,;;billion metric tons of carbon over the next ; %ears could be sequestered

through forest $reservation& tree $lanting and im$roved agricultural

management.

Carbon Sequestration is not %et viable at a commercial level

Carbon sequestration is still a develo$ing technolog%

Concern with inBecting carbon dioxide into ground or ocean& there is fear of

lea's into water table or esca$e of C(+ into a massive bubble that can

$otentiall% suffocate humans and animals

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CA(E (TU'

Carbon se0uestration b# urban Trees on roadsides of 3adodara cit#

F% : 9 Sandh%a Giran and Shah Ginnar% "+;,,#

International Hournal of 4ngineering Science and )echnolog% "IH4S)# vol-!

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Abstract

C(+is the most significant contributor to the human influence on the greenhouse

effect.

)he C(+is fixed as organic carbon accumulating in the form of biomass.

indings in re$ort suggest that J!.K tones of C(+ is removed b% trees $lanted on

road sides of Ladodara cit% which re$resents ++< of the Cit%>s estimated total C(+$roduction.

)otal C(+ 4mission at maBor roads was found around ,K.3J tones because of

more number of automobiles as it is the third most-$o$ulated cit% in the Indian

state of 9uBarat.

*esults are restricted to the C(+that is sequestered b% trees $lanted onl% on road

sides excluding other carbon sin's.

It is therefore evident that tree $lanting on roadside are an effective method of

offsetting C(+from human sources17


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%ATER,A( A*' %ET&O'

In this stud%& the as$ect of the measurement of the amount of carbon was

based on the amount of standing wood% biomass of trees on the road sides ofLadodara Cit%.

Initiall% the trees were sam$led b% quadrate method.

6uadrates of si2e +;m x +;m were ta'en at different roadsides and at the sametime measurements of 9F "cm# and Fasal Area "m+# for different trees were

ta'en.

Fased on these values standing wood% biomass ")Mha# and Carbon

sequestration rate of trees ")Mha# were calculated and then values were findout for C(+from C

then the com$arison were done of )otal Carbon emitted and sequestered from

all the road sites.

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Results and discussions

)ree cover $rovides benefits such as carbon storage and sequestration along

with the reduction in the air $ollutant.

So the need for evaluating and assessing the roadside tree cover in an urban

ecos%stem becomes im$erative.

)his green cover in the form of urban forest has a significant $otential in

carbon sequestration.

)he amount of carbon sequestered b% these road side trees has amounted toJ!.K tons of carbon dioxide $er %ear.

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CO*CU(,O*(

Cities are a maBor source of carbon dioxide emissions.

As demonstrated b% this research $a$er urban trees $lanted on roadsides

can hel$ in sequestering C(+ and mitigate the effects of carbon emittedfrom the automobiles.

It is im$ortant to reduce fossil fuel emissions and $lanting large and

health% trees to maximi2e the amount of C(+sequestered b% urban trees on

roadsides.

In Ladodara cit% there is need to increase roadside

$lantation to retrieve effect of emitted carbon.

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References

,. htt$:MMwww.i$cc-wg!.deMs$ecial-re$ortsMs$ecial-re$ort-on-carbon-dioxide-

ca$ture-and-storage+. ichael ar'els& Hr and *ichard ). Farber ",3,J a% +;;,#. NSequestration

of C(+b% ocean fertili2ationN "@#. 84)5

!. 9 Sandh%a Giran and Shah Ginnar% "+;,,#&Ocarbon sequestration b% urban

)rees on roadsides of Ladodara cit%O&"$df# international Bournal of engineering

science and technolog% "IH4S)#

3. htt$:MMwww.climatetechnolog%.gov

. htt$:MMwww.fossil.energ%.govM$rogramsMsequestration

P. 78CCC. Clean develo$ment mechanism "C@#. C@ $roBect search.

*etrieved A$ril +;;

J. Chris endri's & +;;J & 78CCC Secretariat inancial and )echnical Su$$ort

rogramme Q Carbon Ca$ture and StorageO

. iller& .9.& iller H.@. and Coo$er H.. ,K;.Fiomass and nutrient

accumulation at differentgrowth rates in thinned $lantations

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THANK YOU

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Carbon Seq