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Crude Oil

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• Microscopic plants and animals die and fall to the sea bed

•

 Layers of sand and mud form on top• Pressure and high temperature cause oil to form

How crude oil was formed

• Oil obtained by drilling

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Heated CrudeOil

350oC

40oC

Liquid petroleum gas

Naphtha

Petrol (gasoline)

Paraffin

Diesel

Fuel oil

Lubricating oil

Bitumen

Fraction Boiling pt.

< 25oC

25 – 60oC

60 – 180oC

180 – 220oC

220 – 250oC

250 – 300oC

300– 350oC

> 350oC

Average number of

C atoms in chain

3

8

10

12

20

40

80

120

The Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

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Properties of the fractions

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The compounds produced by

the distillation of crude oilare all hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons  are compoundswhich contain the elementshydrogen  and carbon .

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Naming hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Methane  Ethane  Propane 

These hydrocarbons are said to be saturated.

(They have single bonds between carbon atoms).

C2H6 C3H8CH4 

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Fuels

Most alkanes are used as fuels to produce useful formsof energy.

When completely burned alkanes form carbon dioxide and water.

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Equations for combustion

CH4

methane

+ O2

oxygen

CO2

carbondioxide

+ H2O

water

2 2

C3H8 + O2 CO2  + H2O

C2H4 + O2 CO2 + H2O2 2

5  3 4 

3 

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Combustion of hydrocarbons

When burned with sufficient oxygen, hydrocarbons formcarbon dioxide and water

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Alkenes

Ethene 

Alkenes are said to be unsaturated

Test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon (an alkene)Add unsaturated compound

Shake

C2H4

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Global dimming

Particulates in soot come from the incomplete

combustion of fuel leaving carbon particles. These

 particles cause Global Dimming by reflecting

sunlight away from the Earth.

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Acid rain

• Main cause: sulfur compounds

in fuels burning to form sulphur

dioxide which dissolves in

rainwater to produce an acidicsolution ( also causes nitrogen

oxides from car exhausts.

•  Effect on the environment?

•  Reducing the problem?

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Hydrogen: produced by passing an electric

current through water and the process

therefore requires lots of energy.

Hydrogen is highly flammable and would

have to be stored under special conditions.

Only product is water, therefore no

 pollution.

Hydrogen + Oxygen Water + Energy

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Ethanol is made by fermentation of sugar

(this process is used to make alcoholic

drinks).

It is made from sugar cane which comes fromcountries such as Brazil. Ethanol burns more

cleanly than petrol but produces less energy.

It also form carbon dioxide (but it is carbon

neutral since the plants absorbed it in the first

 place.