Carbon Materials from High Ash Bio-char: A Nanostructure Similar to Activated Graphene

7/30/2019 Carbon Materials from High Ash Bio-char: A Nanostructure Similar to Activated Graphene

1/20

'Cl~~fsxlkmjki Bv}dl~ Wdfki~lki Iv% ]fe7 186-144-639>% F`bje7Wdfki~lki+ivHsms}b}f+fmv% >823+ B`f~jcbk ]~bksbc}jlks lk Fkijkff~jki ! BxxejfmScjfkcfs+ Qlev`f > Kl+2 JSSK >>>:-216> fJSSK >>>:-2118 Lkejkf Bqbjebnef b}d}}x7,,]vFki~+cl`,B]FBS,Q8>,826-836+xma

26

B`f~jcbk ]~bksbc}jlks lkFkijkff~jki ! Bxxejfm Scjfkcfs

d}}x7,,]vFki~+cl`,B]FBS% d}}x7,,If}+}l,^fsfb~cd

Cb~nlk @b}f~jbes a~l` Djid Bsd Njl-cdb~7

B Kbkls}~vc}v~f Sj`jeb~ }l Bc}jqb}fm I~bxdfkf

Iv% Wdfki~lkib

'? Ybki% Tjbl`jkb

bBi~jcve}v~be bkm Njlszs}f`s Fkijkff~jki Mfxb~}`fk}% Slv}d Mbol}b S}b}f Vkjqf~sj}z

SBF >>2% Nlt >2>8% 2=88 Kl~}d Cb`xvs M~jqf% N~llojkis SM 69889% VSB

B ^ ] J C E F J K A L B N S ] ^B C ]B~}jcef djs}l~z7^fcfjqfm Bvivs} >6% >82>^fcfjqfm jk ~fqjsfm al~` Lc}lnf~84% >82>

Bccfx}fm 2> Lc}lnf~ >82>Bqbjebnef lkejkf

>8 Klqf`nf~ >82>

Ofzyl~ms7Bc}jqb}jlk?

Njlcdb~?

Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk?

I~bxdf`f?

@fslxl~f?

Djf~b~cdjcbe+

X~lnef` s}b}f`fk}7 Mfqfelxjki djid-qbevf kbkls}~vc}v~fmcb~nlk a~l` njl-cdb~% al~ fefc}~jcbe bkm kb}v~be ibs fkf~iz s}l~bif% js

c~j}jcbe }l j`x~lqjki }df fclkl`jc qjbnjej}z la }df~`lcdf`jcbe

njlfkf~iz bkm njlavfe clkqf~sjlk x~lcfssfs+ Bxx~lbcd7 Yf sdlycdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk% vsjki xl}bssjv` l~ slmjv` dzm~ltjmf bs

cb}bezs}s% clkqf~}fm }df njlcdb~ la mjs}jeef~s m~jfm i~bjks yj}d slevnefjk}l bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk yj}d djid sv~abcf b~fb $; 2688 `>,i*+ ^fsve}s7

]df mfqfelx`fk} la xl~lsj}z nz cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk vsjki beobej

dzm~ltjmfs mfxfkms lk }zxf bkm mlsbif la bc}jqb}jlk cb}bezs}s?

bc}jqb}jlk }f`xf~b}v~f bkm b}`lsxdf~f clkmj}jlks+ Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlksb`xefs yj}d djid `fslxl~lvs qlev`f $;2 `e,i*% bkm kbkls}~vc}v~f

sj`jeb~ }l bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf yf~f x~fxb~fm b} bc}jqb}jlk }f`xf~b}v~f

$2868 C* bkm OLD elbmjki $8+86 l~ 8+896 `le,i njlcdb~*+

Clkcevsjlk7 ]djs x~l}lcle laaf~s }df xl}fk}jbe }l vsf l}df~ x~l}fjk~jcd affms}lcos al~ x~fxb~jki kbkls}~vc}v~fm cb~nlk% clk}bjkjki

kbkls}~vc}v~f sj`jeb~ }l bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf% bs bk bmqbkcfm cb~nlk

`b}f~jbe+

>823 B`+ ]~bks+Fki+ Bxxe+ Scj+

>823 B`f~jcbk ]~bksbc}jlks lk Fkijkff~jki ! Bxxejfm Scjfkcfs+


2/20

21 Wdfki~lki Iv bkm Tjbl`jk Ybki

2+ Jk}~lmvc}jlk^fkfybnef ejiklcfeevelsjc njl`bss% svcd bs kb}jqf i~bssfs% bs yfee bs bi~jcve}v~be c~lx

~fsjmvfs jkcevmjki cl~k s}lqf~% cbk nf clkqf~}fm }l m~lxjk njlavfes }d~lvid }df~`lcdf`jcbe

x~lcfssfs+ Nfcbvsf la }df elyf~ ~fbc}jlk }j`f bkm afyf~ x~f}~fb}`fk} ~frvj~f`fk}s%

}df~`lcdf`jcbe x~lcfssfs b~f `l~f faajcjfk} }dbk njlcdf`jcbe,njlelijcbe x~lcfssfs+ Bee

}df~`lcdf`jcbe njlfkf~iz clkqf~sjlk x~lcfssfs% jkcevmjki ibsjajcb}jlk% dzm~l}df~`be xz~lezsjs%

abs} xz~lezsjs bkm sely xz~lezsjs% ifkf~b}f b slejm clx~lmvc} cbeefm njlcdb~+ ]df njlcdb~

ifkf~b}fm a~l` abs} xz~lezsjs dbs b sjikjajcbk}ez djidf~ bsd clk}fk} }dbk cdb~clbe ln}bjkfm }d~lvid

}~bmj}jlkbe cb~nlkjwb}jlk x~lcfssfs+ Sl ab~% njlcdb~ ifkf~b}fm jk }df~`lcdf`jcbe clkqf~sjlk dbs

lkez nffk vsfm bs b slje b`fkm`fk} l~ ely i~bmf avfe $N~fyf~ f} be+ >884? Ybki f} be+ >88:*% ydjcd

jkdf~fk}ez ej`j}s }df `b~of} mf`bkm al~ }djs }zxf la cdb~+ ]df~fal~f% mfqfelxjki djidqbevf

cl-x~lmvc}s a~l` njlcdb~ js kfcfssb~z }l j`x~lqf }df fclkl`jc svs}bjkbnjej}z bkm qjbnjej}z la

}df~`lcdf`jcbe njlfkf~iz bkm njlavfe clkqf~sjlk x~lcfssfs+

Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk js lkf xlssjnef djidqbevf clx~lmvc} $-2288 VS,}lk jk >889* yj}d mf`bkms

i~lyjki :& bkkvbeez }d~lvid >829 $@b~sd bkm ^lm~jivfw^fjklsl >881? IJB >82>*+ Jk }df

bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk jkmvs}~z% xdzsjcbe bc}jqb}jlk nz vsjki ibsjazjki bifk}s% cb~nlk mjltjmf bkm yb}f~

qbxl~ $fj}df~ sjkiez l~ }lif}df~* bkm cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk nz vsjki xl}bssjv`,slmjv` dzm~ltjmfs l~

}dfj~ cb~nlkb}fs b~f yfee fs}bnejsdfm al~ bc}jqb}jlk la xz~lezwfm njl`bss $cdb~clbe l~ njlcdb~*a~l` yllmz njl`bss svcd bs clclkv} sdfee l~ db~myllm+ Jk ~fsfb~cd% njlcdb~ a~l` abs} xz~lezsjs

la yllm% l~ cl~k cln clk}bjkjki efss }dbk >8& bsd% dbs nffk svccfssaveez clkqf~}fm }l bc}jqb}fm

cb~nlk yj}d sv~abcf b~fb ;2888 >,i }d~lvid xdzsjcbe bc}jqb}jlk yj}d CL> $Wdbki f} be+ >88=*% bkm

cdf`jcbe,cb}bez}jc bc}jqb}jlk yj}d OLD $Bwb~ildb~ bkm Mbebj >884*% ydjef `ls} abs} xz~lezsjs

njlcdb~% a~l` df~nbcflvs njl`bss% yf~f lkez svccfssaveez vxi~bmfm }l bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk yj}d ely

sv~abcf b~fb $b~lvkm 188 `>,i* yj}d xdzsjcbe bc}jqb}jlk $Wdbki f} be+ >88=? Ej`b f} be+ >828*+

Dlyfqf~% mfdzm~b}jki bifk}s% svcd bs WkCe> bkm D3XL=% b~f kl} svj}bnef al~ bc}jqb}jlk la

cb~nlkjwfm affms}lco $@b~sd bkm ^lm~jivfw^fjklsl >884? Iv f} be+ >884* svcd bs njlcdb~

$~fsve}s kl} ~fxl~}fm df~f*+

Cv~~fk}ez% djid sv~abcf $;>888 `>,i* bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk% a~l` svs}bjkbnef ~fslv~cfs% js

b}}~bc}jki `l~f b}}fk}jlk nfcbvsf la b abs} i~lyjki `b~of} al~ fefc}~jcbe fkf~iz bkm kb}v~be ibs


3/20


29

s}l~bif+ Ejofyjsf% bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk yj}d djid sv~abcf b~fb $;>888 `>,i* dbs nffk x~fxb~fm

svccfssaveez a~l` df~nbcflvs njl`bss svcd bs xfbkv} sdfee $Jlbkkjmlv bkm Wbnbkjl}lv >889*% ~jcf

dvso ,s}~by $Wdbki f} be+ >88:*% sfybif sevmif $Ejeel^lmfkbs f} be+ >884*% cl~k cln $Byl~k f} be+

>88:*% vsjki KbLD% OLD l~ cb~nlkb}fs la beobej `f}bes bs bc}jqb}jlk bifk}s+ Dlyfqf~% njlcdb~%

ba}f~ ~fclqf~jki njlavfe l~ njlfkf~iz% js mjaaf~fk} a~l` njl`bss+ ]df `vcd djidf~ `jkf~be $bsd*

clk}fk} jk }dfsf njlcdb~s c~fb}fs b sjikjajcbk}ez mjaaf~fk} cdbeefkif al~ x~fxb~jki djid rvbej}z

bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk+ Jk `ls} df~nbcflvs njlcdb~% `bgl~ bsd cl`xlkfk}s b~f sjejcb l~ sjejcb}f

mf~jqb}jqfs aleelyfm nz ltjmfs la beobejs $N~fyf~ f} be+ >884*+ Slevnef bsd cl`xlkfk}s $f+i+%

cb~nlkb}fs bkm ltjmfs la beobej `f}bes% beobej fb~}d `f}bes bkm ltjmfs la }~bksj}jlk `f}bes* jk

df~nbcflvs njlcdb~s b~f xb~}jcveb~ez faafc}jqf xlsj}jqf cb}bezs}s al~ ibsjajcb}jlk la cb~nlk vsjki

s}fb` l~ cb~nlk mjltjmf $@b~sd bkm ^lm~jivfw^fjklsl >884? Iv f} be+ >884*+ Al~ ftb`xef% lkez

}~bcf $bnlv} 2& y}* beobej bkm beobej fb~}d f}be ltjmbk}s jk njlcdb~s cb}bezwf cl`nvs}jlk ~fbc}jlk

yj}d s}fb` l~ ltzifk 28 }j`fs abs}f~ $@b}sv`l}l f} be+ >828*% ydjef jkslevnef sjejcb bsd

cl`xlkfk}s jk njl`bss l~ djid bsd njlcdb~ dbs nffk vsfm bs b kb}v~be }f`xeb}f al~ clk}~leejki }df

xl~f s}~vc}v~f la bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk jk cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk cb}bezwfm nz dzm~ltjmf l~ cb~nlkb}fs la

beobej `f}be $Zfef}soz f} be+ >88:*+

Cl~k f}dbkle js }df `bgl~ njlavfe jk VSB% ydjcd ifkf~b}f mjs}jeef~s m~jfm i~bjks yj}d slevnefs

$MMIS* bs `bgl~ clx~lmvc}+ MMIS% clk}bjkjki `bjkez x~l}fjk% ajnf~ bkm ab}% js ifkf~beez vsfm

bs bk bmmj}jqf al~ bkj`be affms+ MMIS ybs besl vsfm bs xl}fk}jbe fkf~iz slv~cfs al~ x~lmvcjki

njllje yj}d bnlv} 19& dfb}jki qbevf la ibslejkf }d~lvid }df~`lcdf`jcbe x~lcfssfs $Efj f} be+

>822*% ydjcd besl ifkf~b}fm >8{38& njlcdb~ clk}bjkjki b~lvkm 68& bsd bkm `jkf~bes+ Njlcdb~

la MMIS js ab~ mjaaf~fk} a~l` }df cdb~ la l}df~ njl`bss svcd bs c~lxs ~fsjmvfs bkm fkf~iz c~lxs+

Be}dlvid djid sv~abcf b~fb bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk dbs nffk x~fxb~fm a~l` n~fbm zfbs} ~fsjmvfs vsjki

beobej `f}be cb~nlkb}fs bs bc}jqb}jlk bifk}s $V~bnf f} be+ >884*% njlcdb~ la MMIS% ba}f~ njllje

~fclqf~z% dbs kl} nffk v}jejwfm jk cb~nlk `b}f~jbes x~fxb~b}jlk+

Jk }djs s}vmz% njlcdb~ a~l` MMIS ba}f~ xz~lezsjs% ydjcd ybs b clx~lmvc} x~lmvcfm nz

}df~`lcdf`jcbe x~lcfssjki mfsjikfm al~ `btj`v` njlfkf~iz x~lmvc}jlk% ybs cleefc}fm bkm

cdf`jcbeez bc}jqb}fm vsjki OLD bkm KbLD bs cb}bezs}s+ Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk sb`xefs yf~f


4/20


cdb~bc}f~jwfm vsjki mjaaf~fk} bkbez}jc bxx~lbcdfs $f+i+% Scbkkjki Fefc}~lk @jc~lsclxz $SF@*%

^b`bk Sxfc}~lsclxz% K> jsl}df~`be bmsl~x}jlk% bkm T^M bkm ]F@*+ ]djs s}vmz bj`fm }l

fqbevb}f j`xbc} la bc}jqb}jlk xb~b`f}f~s% $j+f+% cb}bezs}s }zxf% ~b}jl la nbsf }l cdb~% b}`lsxdf~f

mv~jki bc}jqb}jlk% bkm }f`xf~b}v~f* lk x~lxf~}jfs la ifkf~b}fm bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk+

>+ @b}f~jbes bkm Ftxf~j`fk}be @f}dlmleliz>+2 @b}f~jbes

Njlcdb~ la MMIS ybs vsfm bs affmjki `b}f~jbe al~ bc}jqb}jlk+ ]djs njlcdb~ ybs x~lmvcfm

a~l` njl`bss vsjki xz~lezsjs x~lcfss+ Sff }df cl`xlsj}jlks bkm x~lxf~}jfs la }df njlcdb~ ejs}fm jk

]bnef 2+ ]bnef > ijqfs @jkf~be bsd cl`xlsj}jlk jk njlcdb~ la MMIS+

]bnef 27 Cl`xlsj}jlks bkm x~lxf~}jfs la njlcdb~ sb`xef+

Njl`bssQleb}jef& m~z

@ljs}v~f&

K&m~z

C& m~z C,KBsd&m~z$696 C al~

>= d~*

Mfksj}z$bxxb~fk

}*

sv~abcfb~fb`>,i

MMIS :+3 =+= 4+>9 18+93 9+>9 =9+=> 8+31 9+99

]bnef >7 @jkf~be bsd cl`xlsj}jlk jk njlcdb~ la MMIS+

@jkf~be Cb X O Kb @i Af S

& jk bsd >4 4 > > > 26 2+6

>+> Bc}jqb}jlkKbLD bkm OLD yf~f vsfm bs cb}bezs}s al~ cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk jk K> jkf~} b}`lsxdf~f+

Njlcdb~ sb`xefs yf~f `jtfm yj}d slev}jlk la cb}bezs}s bkm m~jfm jk b clkqfk}jlkbe lqfk b} 2>8 C

lqf~kjid}+ ]dfsf m~jfm `jt}v~fs yf~f av~}df~ m~jfm b} =88 C jk b `vaaef av~kbcf $cdb`nf~ js

26'26'>> c`* jk K> b}`lsxdf~f $K> aely js 688 `e,`jk* al~ `l~f }dbk > dlv~s }l ~f`lqf c~zs}be

yb}f~+ ]dfk% bc}jqb}jlk ybs cb~~jfm lv} b} sxfcjajc }f`xf~b}v~fs al~ b cf~}bjk b`lvk} la }j`f+ Ba}f~

sxfcjajfm bc}jqb}jlk }j`f% bc}jqb}fm sb`xefs yf~f cllefm yj}djk `vaaef av~kbcf jk sb`f K>

b}`lsxdf~f+ ]df clk}~le ftxf~j`fk}s yj}dlv} K> aely yf~f besl }fs}fm yj}d b OLD cb}bezs}+

Ba}f~ bc}jqb}jlk% bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk sb`xefs yf~f ybsdfm yj}d 8+2 `le,E DCe b} 288 C yj}d

clkmfksjki% }dfk ybsdfm yj}d MJ yb}f~ }l xD 9 bkm m~jfm b} 286 C lqf~kjid} vkmf~ qbcvv`+


5/20


2:

B N

C M

Ajiv~f 27 Cb}bezs}s elbm bkm bc}jqb}jlk+B7 Sv~abcf B~fb% N7 @jc~lxl~f Qlev`f% C7 @fslxl~f Qlev`f% M7 ]l}be Xl~f Qlev`f

>+3 Bkbez}jcbe `f}dlms al~ njl-cdb~ bkm bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk sb`xefsJsl}df~` bmsl~x}jlk la K> b} 99O ybs cb~~jfm lv} vsjki Sv~abcf B~fb bkm Xl~f Sjwf bkbezwf~s

$lkf BSBX >828 @jc~lxl~f bkbezwf~*+ ]df sxfcjajc sv~abcf b~fbs yf~f cbecveb}fm vsjki }df

N~vkbvf~F``f}}]feef~ $NF]* frvb}jlk+ ]df }l}be xl~f qlev`fs yf~f ln}bjkfm b} ~feb}jqf

x~fssv~f 8+:: X8+ ]df `jc~lxl~f qlev`f ybs fs}j`b}fm vsjki }-xel} `f}dlm% ydjef `fslxl~f

qlev`f bkm }df xl~f sjwf mjs}~jnv}jlk yf~f mf}f~`jkfm nz }df KEMA] bkbezsjs al~ cb~nlk yj}d sej}

xl~f `lmfe $@jc~l`f~j}jcs Jkc+* nbsfm lk }df K> jsl}df~` bmsl~x}jlk mb}b+

]df `f}dzefkf nevf bmsl~x}jlk ybs bkbezwfm bccl~mjki }l s}bkmb~m x~l}lcle mfsc~jnfm jk

KbLD :68 C OLD :68 C OLD 2868 C OLD :68 C kl K>


6/20

>8 Wdfki~lki Iv bkm Tjbl`jk Ybki

~faf~fkcf $@b~sd bkm ^lm~jivfw-^fjklsl >884? Iv f} be+ >884*+ Al~ n~jfa% sxfcjajc qlev`f

`f}dzefkf nevf slev}jlk 2+6 i,E jk xdlsxdb}f nvaaf~ $3+1 i OD>XL= bkm 2=+3 i Kb>DXL= jk 2 E

yb}f~% xD09% kl }j}~b}jlk js xf~`j}}fm* ybs bmmfm }l 8+2 i m~jfm bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk $;:8& xbss >88

`fsd l~ 92v` sc~ffk* bkm jkcvnb}fm al~ 28 `jkv}fs lk sdbof~ $>96 ~x`* b} >6 C+ ]df sev~~z ybs

cfk}~javifm b} 6888 ~x` al~ 6 `jkv}fs bkm aje}~b}f yj}d aje}f~ xbxf~+ ]df ceb~jajfm sb`xef ybs

rvbk}jajfm yj}d sxfc}~lxdl}l`f}f~ b} 116 k` $2c` cvqf}}f*+ Ja }df Bn la ejid} ybs }df sb`f bs

CvSL= slev}jlk $>+=i CvSL=+6D>L jk 288 `e yb}f~*% }df sxfcjajc qlev`f la `f}dzefkf nevf ybs

vsfm }l cbecveb}fm bmsl~x}jlk b`lvk}+ Ja }df Bn la ejid} ybs djidf~ }dbk CvSL = slev}jlk% }df

`f}dzefkf nevf slev}jlk qlev`f ybs ~fmvcfm bkm }df bssbz ybs ~fmlkf+

@jkf~be cl`xlsj}jlk jk cb~nlk sb`xefs yf~f jmfk}jajfm bkm rvbk}jajfm yj}d jkmvc}jqfez

clvxefm xebs`bb}l`jc f`jssjlk sxfc}~l`f}~z $JCX-BFS Qb~jbk 936-FS*+ ]df s}~vc}v~f la

bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk ybs besl cdb~bc}f~jwfm yj}d ^b`bk Sxfc}~v` $Dl~jnb EBN^b` clkalcbe ^b`bk

`jc~lsclxf* b} ~ll` }f`xf~b}v~f% vsjki bk ftcj}b}jlk ybqfefki}d b} 63> k` a~l` b mjlmf xv`xfm

slejm-s}b}f ebsf~% bs yfee bs ]F@ $Dj}bcdj D-9888 AB* bkm T^M $^jibov M,@bt Ve}j`b*+

B N

Svxxef`fk} Ajiv~f 27

B7 @f}dzefkf nevf Bmsl~x}jlk bkm Sv~abcf B~fb% N7 @f}dzefkf nevf Bmsl~x}jlk bkm Xl~f Qlev`f+


7/20


>2

3+ ^fsve}s bkm Mjscvssjlk3+2 Njl-cdb~ x~lxf~}jfs

]df bsd clk}fk} la MMIS njlcdb~ vsfm jk }djs x~lgfc} js djidf~ }dbk =6&y}% ydjef j}s NF]

sv~abcf b~fb js efss }dbk 28 `>,i+ Ba}f~ bc}jqb}jlk% }df bxxb~fk} nveo mfksj}z la bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk js

b~lvkm 8+> i,c`3 bs sb`f bs bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk a~l` clbe vsjki OLD b} }df sb`f `leb~ ~b}jl }l cdb~+

3+> J`xbc} la bc}jqb}jlk xb~b`f}f~sAl~ nl}d bc}jqb}jlk cb}bezs}s% }df mlsbif la }df bc}jqb}jki bifk} cdbkifm }df sv~abcf b~fb la }df

bc}jqb}fm cb~nlks mf~jqfm a~l` MMIS njlcdb~+ Al~ bc}jqb}jlk yj}d OLD b} :68 C% }df NF]

sv~abcf b~fb jkc~fbsfm yj}d }df jkc~fbsf jk }df mlsbif la OLD% vk}je }df `leb~,`bss ~b}jl la

nbsf,njlcdb~ ~fbcdfm 8+896% bkm }dfk mfc~fbsfm sejid}ez? ydjef NF] sv~abcf b~fb gvs} aevc}vb}fm

b~lvkm >688 `>,i al~ bc}jqb}jlk vsjki OLD b} 2868 C+ Al~ bc}jqb}jlk yj}d KbLD b} :68 C% NF]

sv~abcf b~fb jkc~fbsfm yj}d }df jkc~fbsf jk }df mlsbif la }df cb}bezs} $Ajiv~f 2B*+ @jc~lxl~lvs

qlev`f besl dfbqjez mfxfkms lk }f`xf~b}v~f bkm cb}bezs}s elbmjki% $j+f+% jkc~fbsfm yj}d mlsbif la

OLD bkm KbLD*% vk}je }df `leb~,`bss ~b}jl la nbsf,njlcdb~ ~fbcdfm 8+896 b} :68 C+ Nv} b}

2868 C% `jc~lxl~lvs qlev`f mfc~fbsfm dfbqjez b} djid OLD elbmjki $; 8+86 `le,i* $Ajiv~f 2N*+

Dlyfqf~% }df }l}be xl~f qlev`f bkm `fslxl~f qlev`f jkc~fbsfm yj}d mlsbif la cb}bezs}s $Ajiv~f

2C!M*+

]dlsf ~fsve}s clvem nf ftxebjkfm bccl~mjki }l `fcdbkjs` la nbsf bc}jqb}jlk $Becbjw@lkif

bkm JeekI`fw >884? Ejeel^lmfkbs f} be+ >883*? }df cb~nlk nv~klaa jkc~fbsfm yj}d cb}bezs}

elbmjki bkm }f`xf~b}v~f $Ajiv~f >B* nfcbvsf ~fbc}jlks nf}yffk cb~nlk bkm slmjv` l~ xl}bssjv`

dzm~ltjmf b~f `l~f abql~fm b} djidf~ }f`xf~b}v~fs bkm djid bc}jqb}jlk bifk} elbmjki+ ]df~fal~f%

}df NF] sv~abcf b~fb jkc~fbsfm yj}d cb~nlk nv~klaa vk}je b~lvkm =8& $Ajiv~f >N*+ Dlyfqf~%

av~}df~ jkc~fbsjki OLD elbmjki cbvsfm `l~f sfqf~f nv~klaa la }df sv~abcf cb~nlk b}l`s }d~lvid

cb~nlk ibsjajcb}jlk ~fbc}jlks yj}d bc}jqb}jlk bifk} OLD bkm bc}jqb}jlk x~lmvc}s% svcd bs O>CL3%

O>L% CL> bkm D>L% bs yfee bs efbm }l b mfc~fbsf la }df sv~abcf b~fb la }df xl~lvs cb~nlk bkm

mb`bifm }df s}~vc}v~fs la `jc~lxl~fs+ Bs }df ~fsve}% `jc~lxl~f qlev`f jkc~fbsfm sejid}ez }l 5=8&

cb~nlk elss $Ajiv~f >C* }dfk mfc~fbsfm yj}d av~}df~ cb~nlk nv~klaa% ydjef `fsl bkm }l}be xl~f

qlev`f jkc~fbsfm yj}d cb~nlk nv~klaa+ Bmmj}jlkbeez% }df cb~nlk elss l~ nv~klaa jkc~fbsfm sdb~xez


8/20

>> Wdfki~lki Iv bkm Tjbl`jk Ybki

ydfk }df ~b}jl la OLD,njlcdb~ jkc~fbsfm a~l` 8+896 }l 2 `le,i nfcbvsf ibsjajcb}jlk la cb~nlk

yj}d OLD js b sfeacb}bez}jc ~fbc}jlk cb}bezwfm nz OLD+ Av~}df~`l~f% }df ~fbc}jlk ~b}fs la bee la

}dlsf ~fbc}jlks yf~f abs}f~ b} djidf~ }f`xf~b}v~fs+ Bs b ~fsve}% }df bc}jqb}jlk b} b }f`xf~b}v~f la

2868 C ifkf~b}fm djidf~ sxfcjajc sv~abcf b~fb b} elyf~ OLD elbmjki $j+f+% 8+826 bkm 8+8>6 `le

OLD,i njlcdb~*% ydjef cbvsjki b elyf~ sxfcjajc sv~abcf b~fb b} djidf~ OLD elbmjki $j+f+% 8+86 bkm

8+896 `le OLD,i njlcdb~* $Ajiv~f 2B*+ Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk yj}d efss `jc~lxl~fs bs yfee bs djidf~

xf~cfk}bif la `fslxl~f ybs ln}bjkfm b} djidf~ OLD mlsbif bkm }f`xf~b}v~f $Ajiv~f 2C!M*%

ydjcd b~f b}}~jnv}fm }l x~fml`jkb}jki la xl~f yjmfkjki b} djidf~ nbsf elbmjki $Becbjw@lkif bkm

JeekI`fw >884? Ejeel^lmfkbs f} be+ >883* bkm ibsjajcb}jlk lk }df ft}f~kbe sv~abcf la }df cb~nlk

ydjcd mfs}~lz }df xl~lvs s}~vc}v~f+ ]djs ~fsve} ybs besl qf~jajfm nz xl~f sjwf mjs}~jnv}jlk ln}bjkfm

}d~lvid KEMA] bkbezsjs al~ jsl}df~`be K> bmsl~x}jlk mb}b yj}d sej} xl~f `lmfe $Aji 3B% N bkm C*+

Xl~f sjwf jkc~fbsfm yj}d OLD,KbLD mlsbif bkm }f`xf~b}v~f+ J} ybs kl}fyl~}dz }db} bc}jqb}fm

cb~nlk sb`xefs% cb}bezwfm vsjki KbLD% sdlyfm elyf~ sxfcjajc sv~abcf b~fb bkm xl~lvs qlev`f

}dbk sb`xefs x~fxb~fm yj}d OLD b} }df sb`f }f`xf~b}v~f bkm `leb~ mlsbif $Ajiv~f 2*+ ]djs js

sj`jeb~ }l ~fsve}s ln}bjkfm jk bc}jqb}jlk la ely ~bko clbe $Becbjw@lkif bkm JeekI`fw >884?

Ejeel^lmfkbs f} be+ >883* bkm ejikjk $Ajf~~l f} be+ >889* yj}d KbLD bkm OLD% nfcbvsf OLD js b

s}~lkif~ ltjmbk} bkm mfdzm~b}l~ }dbk KbLD% $j+f+% OLD nfijks ~fbc}jki yj}d kl} cl`xef}fez

cb~nlkjwfm cb~nlk b} =88 C% ydjcd js elyf~ }dbk KbLD b} {698 C*+ ]df Njlcdb~ la }df MMIS

vsfm jk }djs x~lgfc} js sj`jeb~ }l ely i~bmf clbe clk}bjkjki djid b`lvk}s la kj}~lifk% bs yfee bs

sjikjajcbk} dzm~lifk bkm ltzifk+

Av~}df~`l~f% bc}jqb}fm cb~nlks x~fxb~fm b} 2868 C yj}d OLD elbmjki b} 8+86 l~ 8+896`le,i

l~ szk}dfsjwfm b} :68 C yj}d djidf~ OLD $j+f+% 8+2 `le,i* elbmjki sdlyfm kj}~lifk jsl}df~`be

bmsl~x}jlk sj`jeb~ }l bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf $Wdv f} be+ >822*% ydjcd besl sdlyfm }df dzs}f~fsjs ellx

nf}yffk bmsl~x}jlk bkm mfsl~x}jlk jsl}df~`s $Ajiv~f =B!N*% bs }df fqjmfkcf al~ }df ftjs}fkcf la

sej} `fslxl~fs $Ajiv~f 3 B!N*nf}yffk i~bxdfkf kbklsdff}s $Wdv f} be+ >822*+ Jk }djs ~fsfb~cd%

`fslxl~f s}~vc}v~f ybs besl sdlyk }d~lvid `f}dzefkf nevf bmsl~x}jlk bkbezsjs $Svxxef`fk}Ajiv~f 2*+ Dlyfqf~% `f}dzefkf nevf bmsl~x}jlk mfxfkms `l~f lk sv~abcf b~fb bkm }l}be xl~f

qlev`f mvf }l j}s `lefcveb~ sjwf $2+=3 k` 8+12 k` 8+= k`*+ ]df~fal~f% jk clk}~bs} }l BS]@

`f}dlms% f}dzefkf nevf bmsl~x}jlk js b vsfave f}dlm al~ fs}j`b}jki bc}jqb}jlk faajcjfkcz% sv~abcf

b~fb% bkm }l}be xl~f qlev`f% nv} js kl} bk bccv~b}f }lle }l rvbk}jaz l~ fs}j`b}f `fslxl~lvs xl~f

qlev`f+


9/20


>3

B N

C

Ajiv~f >7 Cb~nlk nv~klaa bkm bc}jqb}jlk

B7 Cb}bezs}s elbm bkm Cb~nlk Nv~klaaN7 Sv~abcf B~fb bkm Cb~nlk Nv~klaa

C7 Xl~f Qlev`f Cb~nlk Nv~klaa+

KbLD OLD :68 C OLD 2868 C OLD :68 C kl K> Fs}j`b}fm


10/20

>= Wdfki~lki Iv bkm Tjbl`jk Ybki

B

N

Ajiv~f 3+ Xl~f Mjs}~vnv}jlk al~ Bc}jqb}fm Cb~nlk a~l` MMIS Njlcdb~B7 OLD :68 C% N7 OLD 2868 C


11/20


>6

C

M

Ajiv~f 3 $clk}jkvfm*7 Xl~f Mjs}~vnv}jlk al~ Bc}jqb}fm Cb~nlk a~l` MMIS Njlcdb~

C7 KbLD :68 C% M7 OLD :68 C yj}dlv} K> aely+


12/20


B N

C

Ajiv~f =+ K> jsl}df~`be al~ Bc}jqb}fm Cb~nlk a~l` MMIS Njlcdb~B7 OLD :68% N7 OLD 2868% C7 KbLD :68+

Ftxf~j`fk}be ~fsve}s besl sdlyfm }df sjikjajcbk} j`xbc} la kj}~lifk aely lk bc}jqb}jlk b}

:68 C vsjki OLD bs b cb}bezs}? yj}dlv} kj}~lifk aely% }df sv~abcf b~fb bkm xl~f qlev`f b~f

sjikjajcbk}ez elyf~% fqfk elyf~ }dbk bc}jqb}jlk vsjki KbLD bs cb}bezs} yj}d kj}~lifk aely $Ajiv~f

2B*+ Dlyfqf~% }df cb~nlk zjfem ybs djidf~ yj}dlv} kj}~lifk aely $Ajiv~f >B*+ Bccl~mjki }l

xvnejsdfm ~fxl~}s la }df bc}jqb}jlk `fcdbkjs` jk OLD l~ KbLD bc}jqb}jlk% kj}~lifk aely cbk

~f`lqf ibs x~lmvc}s ifkf~b}fm mv~jki bc}jqb}jlk% jkcevmjki jkdjnj}jqf x~lmvc}s svcd bs D> bkm CL%

bs yfee bs ~fmvcf xl}fk}jbe bc}jqb}jlk bifk}s svcd bs qbxl~ la dzm~ltjmfs% s}fb` bkm CL>

$Becbjw-@lkif bkm Jeek-I`fw >884? Ejeel-^lmfkbs f} be+ >883? Ajf~~l f} be+ >889*+ ]df~fal~f%

yj}dlv} kj}~lifk aely% }df b}`lsxdf~f jk celsfm cdb`nf~ nfcb`f D> bkm CL ~jcd% ydjcd jkdjnj}fm

av~}df~ bc}jqb}jlk ~fbc}jlks nf}yffk cb~nlk bkm dzm~ltjmf cb}bezs}s+


13/20


>9

3+3 Bc}jqb}jlk `fcdbkjs` la djid bsd njl-cdb~Lk }df l}df~ dbkm% jk cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk yj}d OLD l~ KbLD% }df bc}jqb}jlk `fcdbkjs`s }l

ifkf~b}f xl~lvs s}~vc}v~f b~f cl`xejcb}fm+ Ja bee xl~lvs s}~vc}v~f ybs cbvsfm nz cb~nlk ibsjajcb}jlk%

bccl~mjki }l }df s}ljcdjl`f}~z la ibsjajcb}jlk ~fbc}jlks ejs}fm nfely% }df cb~nlk nv~klaa sdlvem

jkc~fbsf ejkfb~ez yj}d cb}bezs}s elbmjki+ Dlyfqf~% }df nv~klaa la cb~nlk ybs sjikjajcbk}ez elyf~

}dbk cbecveb}fm qbevf b} djidf~ cb}bezs}s mlsbif% ydjcd js fs}j`b}fm bccl~mjki }l `fcdbkjs` ejs}fm

jk nfely $Ajiv~f >B*+ ]df~fal~f% }df bc}jqb}jlk `fcdbkjs` yj}d KbLD,OLD js kl} lkez mvf }l

ibsjajcb}jlk la cb~nlk }d~lvid ~fbc}jlk yj}d cb}bezs}s bkm mf~jqb}jqf x~lmvc} $~fbc}jlks 21*% nv}

besl mvf }l jk}f~cbeb}jlk% ydjcd `vs} xebz bk j`xl~}bk} ~lef lk kbklxl~lvs s}~vc}v~f al~`b}jlk+ B

sj`jeb~ ~fsve} ybs besl qf~jajfm nz Becbjw@lkif bkm JeekI`fw $>884*% ydf~f cb~nlk%

bc}jqb}fm yj}d KbLD% sdlyfm b `vcd djidf~ sv~abcf b~fb bkm xl~f qlev`f }dbk cb~nlk bc}jqb}fm

yj}d s}fb` l~ CL> b} cl`xb~bnef cb~nlk nv~klaa nfcbvsf la }df jk}f~cbeb}jlk,mfjk}f~cbeb}jlk la

`f}beejc ifkf~b}fm mv~jki bc}jqb}jlk+

=@fLD / CD>@f>CL3 / @f>L / 3D>% $2*

1@fLD / C@f / D> / @f>CL3% $>*

@f>CL3@f>L / CL>% $3*

=@fLD / C =@f / CL> / D>L% $=*

@f>L / C >@f / CL% $6*

@f>CL3 / >C >@f / 3CL% $1*

Ydf~f @f js beobejkf `f}be fef`fk}% svcd bs Kb bkm O+

Nfsjmfs ~fbc}jlks jkqleqjki cb~nlk bkm jk}f~cbeb}jlk% }df ~fbc}jlk b`lki bsd cl`xlkfk}s yj}d

cb}bezs}s b~f sjikjajcbk} al~ al~`jki xl~lvs s}~vc}v~f+ Al~ ftb`xef% ba}f~ bc}jqb}jlk% sxfcjajc

sv~abcf b~fb la cb~nlk sb`xefs% bc}jqb}fm yj}d KbLD b} 8+8>6`le,i% ybs lkez b~lvkm 388`>

,i

nfal~f bsd ~f`lqbe% ydjef sv~abcf b~fb la bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk sb`xefs jkc~fbsfm }l `l~f }dbk 2688

`>,i ba}f~ av~}df~ bsd ~f`lqbe% j+f+ yb}f~ ybsdjki aleelyfm nz DCe ybsdjki }l ~f`lqf slevnef

cl`xlvkms+ Av~}df~`l~f% sxfcjajc sv~abcf b~fb la clk}~le sb`xefs ba}f~ dfb} }~fb}`fk} bkm bsd


14/20


~f`lqbe yj}dlv} bc}jqb}jlk bifk} ybs lkez 38`>,i+

Bccl~mjki }l }df ~fsve}s ln}bjkfm jk }djs ~fsfb~cd% }df bc}jqb}jlk la njl-cdb~ yj}d beobejkf

dzm~ltjmf jkcevmfs `ve}jxef x~lcfssfs7 mfdzm~b}jlk bkm mfdzm~lifkb}jlk la klk-cb~nlkjwfm

cl`xlkfk}s? ibsjajcb}jlk la cb~nlk yj}d cb}bezs}s bkm mf~jqb}jqf x~lmvc}? jk}f~cbeb}jlk la `f}beejc

sxfcjfs+ Jk bmmj}jlk% slevnef cl`xlvkms% al~`fm }d~lvid ~fbc}jlk b`lki bsd cl`xlkfk}s yj}d

cb}bezs}s% b~f }f`xeb}fs al~ al~`jki xl~lvs s}~vc}v~f ba}f~ mjssleqjki jk ybsdjki s}fxs+ Bs b ~fsve}%

}df mfqfelx`fk} la xl~lsj}z jk njl-cdb~ nz cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk vsjki beobej dzm~ltjmfs mfxfkms lk

sfqf~be jk}f~~feb}fm xb~b`f}f~s7 bsd cl`xlsj}jlks bkm mjs}~jnv}jlk jk njl-cdb~? jkj}jbe xl~lvs

s}~vc}v~f la njl-cdb~? }zxf bkm mlsbif la bc}jqb}jlk cb}bezs}s? bc}jqb}jlk }f`xf~b}v~f? }j`f?

b}`lsxdf~f clkmj}jlks+

B N

Ajiv~f 6+ B7 ^b`bk la Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk% N7 T^M la Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk

3+= Bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf sj`jeb~ s}~vc}v~f jk kbkls}~vc}v~fm bc}jqb}fm cb~nlkJ} js besl kl}fyl~}dz }db} MMIS njl-cdb~ nbsfm kbkls}~vc}v~fm bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk js mjaaf~fk}

a~l` }~bmj}jlkbe bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk+ ]df `ls} j`xl~}bk} mjaaf~fkcf js }db} kbkls}~vc}v~fm bc}jqb}fm

cb~nlks% x~fxb~fm b} 2868 C yj}d OLD mlsbif b} 8+86 l~ 8+896 `le,i l~ b} :68 C yj}d OLD

elbmjki 8+2 `le,i% sdlyfm sjikjajcbk} sej} `fslxl~fs s}~vc}v~f $Ajiv~f 3 B!N*+ ]df ^b`bk

sxfc}~v` la }df bc}jqb}fm cb~nlks% nbsfm lk MMIS njl-cdb~% besl ftdjnj}fm }yl xfbos b} 2648,c`

$I nbkm* bkm 2318,c` $M nbkm*+ Nl}d I bkm M nbkms b~f ifkf~beez cbvsfm nz sx>-nlkmfm cb~nlk+

]df M-nbkm js vsvbeez ~feb}fm }l }df ftjs}fkcf la mjsl~mf~fm }v~nls}~b}jc,mfafc}jqf bkm

klk-i~bxdj}jc cb~nlk% ydjef }df I-nbkm% bs }df i~bxdj}jc nbkm% cl~~fsxlkms }l bk jk}f~`lefcveb~


15/20


>:

B N

C M

Ajiv~f 17 ]F@ la Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk a~l` MMIS njlcdb~ $OLD 8+896 2868 C*+

B7 ]F@ b} 388 k`% N7 ]F@ b} 288 k`%

C7 ]F@ b} >8 k`% M7 ]F@ la cl``f~cjbe bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk b} 68 k`

B N

Ajiv~f9+ SF@ j`bif la njlcdb~ bkm bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk a~l` MMIS

B7 Njlcdb~ la MMIS N7 Bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk $OLD 8+896% 2868 C*


16/20


sdfb~ qjn~b}jlk la cb~nlk b}l`s nf}yffk jkmjqjmvbe Cebzf~s $Lsob~ f} be+ >886*+ Jk }df x~fsfk}

yl~o% }df ^b`bk sxfc}~v` ~fsve} sdlyfm cdb~bc}f~s cl~~fsxlkmjki }l jkmjqjmvbe i~bxdfkf

kbklsdff} s}~vc}v~f% bkm }df mjsl~mf~fm bkm j`xf~afc} s}~vc}v~fs la cb~nlk `b}f~jbes jk }df

bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk ~fsxfc}jqfez+ Jk bmmj}jlk% j} js kl}fyl~}dz }db} }df Jm,Ji la bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk%

bc}jqb}fm yj}d OLD b} 2868 C js 2+81 $Ajiv~f 6B*% js sj`jeb~ }l }df qbevf ~fxl~}fm al~ bc}jqb}fm

i~bxdfkf $Wdv f} be+ >822*+ ]df T^M ~fsve} la }df bc}jqb}fm sb`xef $Ajiv~f 6N* besl sdlyfm

sj`jeb~j}z }l bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf $Wdv f} be+ >822*? }df~f b~f kl xfbos ~feb}fm }l cb~nlk c~zs}be

s}~vc}v~fs+ ]djs ~fsve} js clksjs}fk} yj}d }df lnsf~qb}jlks a~l` ]F@+ ]df djid~fslev}jlk ]F@

j`bif cefb~ez sdlys }df `jc~li~bxdfkf s}~vc}v~f yj}djk }df bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk `b}f~jbes nbsfm lk

MMIS njlcdb~+ Av~}df~`l~f% mjaaf~fk} a~l` }~bmj}jlkbe bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk $Ajiv~f 1M*% mjs}jkc}

ml`bjks la i~bxdfkf sdff}s l~ ebzf~s s}~vc}v~f b~f lnsf~qfm jk }df ]F@ j`bifs $Ajiv~f 1 B!N*+

]df `f}~jcbe }djcokfss qbevf js b~lvkm 8+= k`% ydjcd js celsf }l }df }dfl~f}jcbe qbevf $8+3= k`* la

sjkiefebzf~ i~bxdfkf $Ajiv~f 1C*+ Bs b ~fsve}% sjkief i~bxdj}f l~ i~bxdfkf ebzf~ js ln}bjkfm a~l`

MMIS njlcdb~ ba}f~ bc}jqb}jlk yj}d OLD+ ]djs lnsf~qb}jlk ybs kl} ftxfc}fm% fqfk T~bz

scb}}f~jki be~fbmz sdlyfm }df ftjs}fkcf la }v~nls}~b}jc mjsl~mf~fm i~bxdfkf s}bcos f`nfmmfm jk

b`l~xdlvs xdbsfs jk njlcdb~% ydjcd js ifkf~b}fm a~l` xz~lezsjs x~lcfssfs la ejiklcfeevelsjc

njl`bss $Lsob~ f} be+ >886? Ofjevyfj} f} be+ >828*+ Be}dlvid }df jc~lxl~fs jk bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk

b~f al~`fm }d~lvid ~bkml` c~lssejkojki la i~bxdfkf `jc~lsdff}s jk }df xl~lvs cb~nlk%

jkmjqjmvbe i~bxdfkf kbklsdff}s ml kl} ftjs} jk ifkf~be bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk $Ajiv~f 1M* l~ njlcdb~

$@b~sd bkm lm~jivfw^fjklsl >881? @beb~m f} be >88:*+ Jk bmmj}jlk% OLD bc}jqb}jlk ~fsve}fm jk

ebzf~s cb~nlk s}~vc}v~f a~l` MMIS njlcdb~ xb~}jcefs $Ajiv~f 9B ! N*+

]df~fal~f% }df `fcdbkjs` }l al~` i~bxdfkf s}~vc}v~f jk bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk% ydjcd js x~lmvcfm

a~l` njlcdb~ la MMIS yj}d OLD bc}jqb}jlk% kffms av~}df~ jkqfs}jib}jlk+ Lk }df l}df~ dbkm%

cb~nlk `b}f~jbes yj}d s}~vc}v~f sj`jeb~ }l i~bxdfkf l~ ltjmjwfm i~bxdj}jc sdff}s dbqf nffk

szk}dfsjwfm a~l` njlnbsfm l~ibkjc cl`xlvkm vsjki `fslxl~f sjejcb}f l~ sjejcb bs }f`xeb}fs

$Cejxxfe f} be+ >822*+ ]df i~bxdfkfejof clkmvc}jqf cb~nlkbcflvs s}~vc}v~f% svxxl~}fm lk sjejcb l~

sjejcb}fs ybs ln}bjkfm a~l` xz~lezsjs% b} 488C jk K> yj}dlv} ~fmvcjki bifk}s% la cl`xlvkms

clk}bjkjki cebz l~ sfxjlej}f bkm cb~nlk x~fcv~sl~ svcd bs svc~lsf% cb~b`fe l~ ifeb}jk% ydjef lkez

bii~fib}fs la i~bxdfkf sdff}s yf~f x~lmvcfm yj}dlv} xl~lvs sjejcb}f svxxl~}s $Fmvb~ml f} be+ >822?


17/20


32

I`fwBqjes f} be+ >889*+ Av~}df~`l~f% Kmlxfm cb~nlkbcflvs xl~lvs kbklsdff}s dbm nffk

szk}dfsjwfm a~l` cleebifk c~lssejkofm ife ba}f~ xz~lezsjs jk kj}~lifk b}`lsxdf~f $Eff f} be+ >822*+

Bccl~mjki }l }dfsf ~fxl~}fm ~fsve}s bkm sb`xefs ln}bjkfm jk lv~ ebn% x~l}fjk ~jcd x~fcv~sl~s $j+f+%

MMIS bkm djid bsd clk}fk} jk MMISs njlcdb~* b~f xlssjnef `bgl~ abc}l~s jk al~`jki bc}jqb}fm

i~bxdfkf ejof s}~vc}v~f jk x~fxb~fm bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk sb`xefs+

Vk}je kly% i~bxdfkf js ifkf~beez x~lmvcfm a~l` i~bxdj}f }d~lvid b sj`jeb~ `f}dlm $j+f+%

n~fbojki i~bxdj}f jk}l ltjmjwfm i~bxdj}f kbklsdff}s yj}d s}~lki bcjm bkm s}~lki ltjmbk}s*% ydjcd

ybs mfqfelxfm nz Dv``f~s bkm Laaf`bk $2:64*% ba}f~ }db} ltjmjwfm i~bxdj}f kbklsdff}s b~f

mjsxf~sfm nz ve}~bslkjc s}j~~jki bkm ~fmvcfm }l i~bxdfkf yj}d dzm~bwjkf% dzm~lifk% l~

fefc}~lcdf`jcbe ~fmvc}jlk $^fijs f} be+ >828*+ Be}dlvid i~bxdj}f nbsfm i~bxdfkf dbs nffk

`bkvabc}v~fm jk xjel} scbef $j+f+% 28 }lk,zfb~ yj}d elyf~ cls} bxx~lbcdfs*% }df x~jcf js s}jee

x~ldjnj}jqfez djid $`l~f }dbk - >88,oi% TIScjfkcf Jkc* al~ b eb~if scbef bxxejcb}jlk $Sfibe >88:*+

Lk }df l}df~ dbkm% nl}}l`vx bxx~lbcdfs }l mj~fc} szk}dfsjs i~bxdfkf kbklsdff}s a~l` l~ibkjc

cl`xlvkms% svcd bs sleqfk}}df~`lcdf`jcbe ~fmvc}jlk la l~ibkjc cl`xlvkms yj}d `f}be slmjv`

$Cdlvcbj~ f} be+ >88:*% b~f s}jee jk fb~ez s}bifs bkm ej`j}fm nz clkqf~sjlk ~b}jl bkm cls}s+

=+ ClkcevsjlkYf x~fxb~fm b svxf~ bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk }db} dbs b kbkls}~vc}v~f sj`jeb~ }l bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf

bkm xl}fk}jbeez laaf~s b elyf~ cls} svns}j}v}f al~ }df bmqbkcfm cb~nlk `b}f~jbes cv~~fk}ez mf~jqfm

a~l` i~bxdfkf l~ bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf+ Bccl~mjki }l ^b`bk% ]F@ bkm T^M bkm K> jsl}df~`be

bmsl~x}jlk ~fsve}s% }df kbkls}~vc}v~f sj`jeb~ }l bc}jqb}fm i~bxdfkf ybs ml`bjk xl~}jlk jk }df

lqf~bee s}~vc}v~f% ydjcd ybs besl qf~jajfm nz fkf~iz s}l~bif cbxbcj}z la }df cb~nlk `b}f~jbes+

Fsxfcjbeez bs bk bmqbkcfm cb~nlk `b}f~jbe% }df svxf~ bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk yj}d i~bxdfkfejof

kbklsdff}s dbs ftcfeefk} xl}fk}jbe bs djid cbxbcj}z bklmf `b}f~jbes al~ ej}djv` nb}}f~jfs l~

svxf~cbxbcj}l~s $If~b~m bkm ]b~vk >822* bkm bs bmsl~nfk}s al~ kb}v~be ibs l~ dzm~lifk s}l~bif+

Lv~ svxf~cbxbcj}l~% vsjki 1`le,E OLD bs fefc}~lez}f bkm fefc}~lmfs cl`xlsfm la bc}jqb}fm

cb~nlk x~fxb~fm yj}d OLD $8+896 `le,i* bc}jqb}jlk b} 2868 C% sdlyfm s}bnef djid ~fqf~sjnef

cbxbcj}z $j+f+% >98 A,i b} clks}bk} cv~~fk}s 2B,i*% ydjef }df cbxbcj}z js 218 A,i b} clks}bk} cv~~fk}s


18/20

3> Wdfki~lki Iv bkm Tjbl`jk Ybki

2B,i vsjki l~ibkjc fefc}~lez}fs j+f+% 2 `le,E ]FB NA= jk bcf}lkj}~jef $~fsve}s kl} mjscvssfm df~f*+

6+ Bcoklyefmif`fk}]djs ~fsfb~cd js avkmfm nz x~lgfc} MFQFELX@FK] LA DJID QBEVF CB^NLK NBSFM

BMSL^NFK]S A^L@ ]DF^@LCDF@JCBEEZ X^LMVCFM NJLCDB^ >8221988:>8838

VSMBKJAB Bi~jcve}v~f bkm Allm ^fsfb~cd Jkj}jb}jqf Svs}bjkbnef Njlfkf~iz X~li~b`+

1+ ^faf~fkcfsBecbjw@lkif G+% JeekI`fw% @+G+ $>884*% Jksjid} jk}l dzm~ltjmfsbc}jqb}fm clbes7 Cdf`jcbe l~

xdzsjcbe bc}jqb}jlk% G+ Cleeljm bkm Jk}f~abcf Scj+ 324% 36=2

Byl~k B+% ]dj~bqf}zbk X+% Kbonbkxl}f Y+% $>88:*% X~fxb~b}jlk la CL> bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk a~l`cl~kcln al~ `lklf}dzefkf iezcle bmsl~x}jlk% Cleeljms bkm Sv~abcfs B7 Xdzsjclcdf`+ Fki+Bsxfc}s 333% 2:>6

Bwb~ildb~ ^+% Mbebj B+O+%$>884*% S}fb` bkm OLD bc}jqb}jlk la njlcdb~7 Ftxf~j`fk}be bkm`lmfejki s}vmjfs% @jc~lxl~lvs bkm @fslxl~lvs @b}f~jbes 228% =23=>2

N~fyf~ C+F+% Scd`jm}^ld~ O+% Sb}~jl G+B+% N~lyk ^+C+% $>884* Cdb~bc}f~jwb}jlk la Njlcdb~ a~l`Abs} Xz~lezsjs bkm Ibsjajcb}jlk Szs}f`s% Fkqj~lk`fk}be X~li~fss ! Svs}bjkbnef Fkf~iz%>4% 3413:1+

Cdlvcbj~ @+% ]dl~mb~slk X+% Gldk B+ $>88:*% S}~jmf I~b`scbef x~lmvc}jlk la i~bxdfkf nbsfm lk

sleql}df~`be szk}dfsjs bkm slkjcb}jlk%? Kb}v~f Kbkl}fcdkleliz% =% 3833+

Cejxxfe A% Db~ojlebojs B+% Qlscd ]+% Ofm T+% Ijfnfef~ E+% Lsybem S+% $>822*% I~bxdj}jckbklc~zs}bes jksjmf }df xl~fs la `fslxl~lvs sjejcb7 Szk}dfsjs% cdb~bc}f~jwb}jlk bkm bkbmsl~x}jlk s}vmz% @jc~lxl~lvs bkm @fslxl~lvs @b}f~jbes% 2==%2>8233

Fmvb~ml ^D% @b~ib~j}b M% A~bkcjscl @A% Fwwlvd~b W% $>822*% Svxxl~}fm I~bxdfkf a~l` Kb}v~be^fslv~cfs7 Fbsz X~fxb~b}jlk bkm Bxxejcb}jlks% Bmq+ @b}f~+% >3 % 6>6866

Ajf~~l Q+% ]l~kfAf~kbkmfw Q+% Cfewb~m B+% $>889*% @f}dlmjcbe s}vmz la }df cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlkla O~ba} ejikjk yj}d OLD bkm KbLD% @jc~lxl~lvs bkm @fslxl~lvs @b}f~jbes 282%=2:=32

If~b~m OS% ]b~vk I% $>822*% J`x~lqjki Bklmfs al~ Ej}djv` Jlk Nb}}f~jfs% @f}beev~ijcbe !@b}f~jbes ]~bksbc}jlk B% =>% >32>34

I`fwBqjes B+% @b~ib~j}b M+% B~bkmb X+% Fmvb~ml ^D% $>889*% Avkc}jlkbejwfm Cb~nlkSjejcb}fsa~l` Cb~b`feSfxjlej}f Kbklcl`xlsj}fs% % Bkify+ Cdf`+ Jk}+ Fm+ >889% =1% :>3 :>6

IJB $>82>* Bc}jqb}fm Cb~nlk7 B Ielnbe S}~b}fijc Nvsjkfss ^fxl~}% Afn+ >82>% Ielnbe Jkmvs}~z


19/20


33

Bkbezs}s? d}}x7,,yyy+x~yfn+cl`,~fefbsfs,bc}jqb}fm\cb~nlk,yb}f~\}~fb} fk},x~yfn4>412=:+d}

Iv O+E+% Iv W+^+% Ej I+G+ $>884*% Bxxejcb}jlk la Bc}jqb}fm Cb~nlk% Cdjkb Fmvcb}jlkbe ScjfkcfXvnejsdjki Dlvsf+ Nfjgjki% Cdjkb+

Dv``f~s YS bkm Laaf`bk ^F% $2:64*% X~fxb~b}jlk la i~bxdj}jc ltjmf G+ B`+ Cdf`+ Slc+ 2 233:

Jlbkkjmlv L+% Wbnbkjl}lv B+% $>889*% Bi~jcve}v~be ~fsjmvfs bs x~fcv~sl~s al~ bc}jqb}fm cb~nlkx~lmvc}jlk B ~fqjfy% ^fkfybnef bkm Svs}bjkbnef Fkf~iz ^fqjfys% 22% 2:11>886

Ofjevyfj} @? Kjcl XS+? Gldkslk @I+% $>828*% Mzkb`jc @lefcveb~ S}~vc}v~f la Xebk}Njl`bssMf~jqfm Nebco Cb~nlk $Njlcdb~*% Fkqj~lk+ Scj+ ]fcdkle+ ==% 2>=92>63

Eff ZD% Eff ZA% Cdbki OS% Dv CC% $>822*% Szk}dfsjs la Kmlxfm cb~nlk kbklsdff}s a~l`cleebifk al~ fefc}~lcdf`jcbe fkf~iz s}l~bif,clkqf~sjlk szs}f`s% Fefc}~lcdf`js}~zCl``vkjcb}jlks 23% 6863

Efj DY? ^fk SG? Ybki E% $>822*% @jc~lybqf xz~lezsjs la mjs}jeef~s m~jfm i~bjk yj}d slevnefs$MMIS* al~ njlavfe x~lmvc}jlk% Njl~fslv~cf ]fcd+% 28>% 1>841>23

Ejeel^lmfkbs @+B+% Cbwl~ebB`l~ls M+% Ejkb~fsSlebkl B+% $>883*% Vkmf~s}bkmjki cdf`jcbe~fbc}jlks nf}yffk cb~nlks bkm KbLD bkm OLD% Bk jksjid} jk}l }df cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk`fcdbkjs`% Cb~nlk% =2% >19>96

Ejeel^lmfkbs @B% ^ls B+% Avfk}f F% @lk}fs@l~bk @B% @b~}jk @G% Ejkb~fsSlebkl B% $>884*%Av~}df~ jksjid}s jk}l }df bc}jqb}jlk x~lcfss la sfybif sevmifnbsfm x~fcv~sl~s nz beobejkfdzm~ltjmfs% Cdf`+ Fki+ G+ 2=>% 21429=

Ej`b J@% Nlb}fki BB% Oebsslk OG+ $>828*% Xdzsjclcdf`jcbe bkm bmsl~x}jqf x~lxf~}jfs la

abs}xz~lezsjs njlcdb~s bkm }dfj~ s}fb` bc}jqb}fm clvk}f~xb~}s% G Cdf` ]fcdkleNjl}fcdkle% 46% 262626>2

@beb~m E+@+% Xj`fk}b @+B+% M~fssfedbvs I+% M~fssfedbvs @+S+% $>88:*% ^b`bk sxfc}~lsclxz jki~bxdfkf%? Xdzsjcs ^fxl~}s =93% 6249

@b~sd D+% lm~jivfw^fjklsl A+%$>881* Bc}jqb}fm Cb~nlk% JSNK7 8848===131? Xvn+ Mb}f7 Bvivs}>881% Xvnejsdf~7 Fesfqjf~ Scjfkcf ! ]fcdkleliz Nllos% Elkmlk% N~j}jsd+

@b}sv`l}l O+% ]bofkl O+% Jcdjklsf ]+% Lij ]+% Kbobkjsdj @+ $>828*% Nfdbqjl~ la Beobej @f}bes Bs}df Cb~nlkb}f Cl`xlvkms jk }df Njl`bss Cdb~ Ln}bjkfm Bs b Nzx~lmvc} la Ibsjajcb}jlk

yj}d S}fb` bkm Ltzifk b} :882888 C% Fkf~iz Avfes% >=% 2:482:41

Lsob~ X+% Wleea~bko C+% Wjcoef~ IB% $>886*% Mfcl`xlsj}jlk bkm cb~nlkjsb}jlk la yllmnjlxlez`f~sb `jc~ls}~vc}v~be s}vmz la sla}yllm xz~lezsjs% Cb~nlk% =3% 6311

^bxlsl A+% ^vnjb @+B+% Nl~gb ^+% $>88:*% @f}dzefkf nevf kv`nf~ bs vsfave jkmjcb}l~ }l fqbevb}f


20/20

3= Wdfki~lki Iv bkm Tjbl`jk Ybki

}df bmsl~x}jqf cbxbcj}z la i~bkveb~ bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk jk nb}cd `lmf7 Jkaevfkcf labmsl~nb}f,bmsl~nfk} `bss ~b}jl bkm xb~}jcef sjwf% Glv~kbe la Dbwb~mlvs @b}f~jbes%216%

>:2->::

^fijs ZK I% Olks}bk}jkls S% ^vmlea X+% $>828*% B ~lbm`bx }l djid rvbej}z cdf`jcbeez x~fxb~fm

i~bxdfkf% G+ Xdzs+ M7 Bxxe+ Xdzs+ =3% =826-=833+

Sfibe @+ $>88:*% Sfeejki i~bxdfkf nz }df }lk% Kb}v~f Kbkl}fcdkleliz% =% 12>-12=

V~bnf Z+% Jsdjov~b ]+% Obkfol O+%$>884*% Mfqfelx`fk} la xl~lsj}z jk cb~nlks a~l` zfbs} i~bjks nz

bc}jqb}jlk yj}d beobej `f}be cb~nlkb}fs% G Cleeljm Jk}f~abcf Scj+ 32:% 342343

Ybki TD% Cdfk DX% Mjki TG% Zbki DX% Wdbki SD% Sdfk ZR% $>88:*% X~lxf~}jfs la ibs bkm cdb~a~l` `jc~lybqf xz~lezsjs la xjkf sbymvs}% Njl^fslv~cfs =% :=1-:6:+

Zfef}soz X+@+% Zbolqefq Q+B+% @feivklq @+S+% Xb~`lk Q+K+% $>88:*% Szk}dfsjs la `fslxl~lvs

cb~nlks nz efbcdjki lv} kb}v~be sjejcb }f`xeb}fs la ~jcf dvso% @jc~lxl~lvs bkm @fslxl~lvs

@b}f~jbes 2>2% 3==8

Wdbki A+% Ybki O+T+% Ej I+M+% Cdfk G+S+% $>88:*% Djf~b~cdjcbe xl~lvs cb~nlk mf~jqfm a~l` ~jcf

s}~by al~ ej}djv` jlk nb}}f~jfs yj}d djid-~b}f xf~al~`bkcf% Fefc}~lcdf`+ Cl``vk+% 22%238-233+

Wdbki ]Z+% Ybebyfkmf~b% YX% Abkb E+]+% Abk @D% Mbvibb~m M+% N~lyk ^+C+% $>88=*%

X~fxb~b}jlk la bc}jqb}fm cb~nlk a~l` al~fs} bkm bi~jcve}v~be ~fsjmvfs }d~lvid CL>

bc}jqb}jlk% Cdf`+ Fki+ G+ 286% 636:%

Wdv ZY% @v~bej S+% S}leef~ @+M+% Ibkfsd O+ G+% Cbj YY% ^vlaa ^S% $>822*% Cb~nlk-Nbsfm

Svxf~cbxbcj}l~s X~lmvcfm nz Bc}jqb}jlk la I~bxdfkf Scjfkcf 33>% 2639-263:

M~+ Wdfki~lki Iv js bk Bssjs}bk} X~lafssl~ jk }df Mfxb~}`fk} la Bi~jcve}v~be bkm Njlszs}f`sFkijkff~jki b} Slv}d Mbol}b S}b}f Vkjqf~sj}z $SMSV*+ Cv~~fk}ez% M~+ Iv js b XJ la }df VSMB $KJAB*x~lgfc} }db} alcvsjki lk jkklqb}jqf cb~nlk `b}f~jbes a~l` }df~`lcdf`jcbeez ifkf~b}fm njlcdb~+ M~+ Ivdbs `l~f }dbk 26 zfb~ ftxf~jfkcf jk cb~nlk `b}f~jbes x~fxb~b}jlk bkm bxxejcb}jlk+ M~+ Iv dbsxvnejsdfm lkf }ft}nllo la Bc}jqb}fm Cb~nlk jk >884+

@s+ Tjbl`jk Ybki js b ^fsfb~cd Bsslcjb}f jk Bi~jcve}v~be bkm Njlszs}f`s Fkijkff~jki Mfx}+ b}SMSV+ Sdf js yl~ojki lk cb~nlk `b}f~jbes x~fxb~b}jlk yj}d cdf`jcbe bc}jqb}jlk% `jc~lybqf bkm

dzm~l}df~`be xb}dybzs bs yfee bs ve}~bslkjc }~fb}`fk} jk }df x~lgfc} avkmfm nz VSMB+

Xff~ ^fqjfy7 ]djs b~}jcef dbs nffk jk}f~kb}jlkbeez xff~-~fqjfyfm bkm bccfx}fm al~

xvnejcb}jlk bccl~mjki }l }df ivjmfejkfs ijqfk b} }df glv~kbes yfnsj}f+

Documents

Carbon Materials from High Ash Bio-char: A Nanostructure Similar to Activated Graphene