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Carbon Dependence. A healthcare challenge. The carbon addict: health effects of a high carbon lifestyle Is the NHS addicted? Complications: adverse effects of a high carbon health service Detox: what can health professionals do about it? Health services for a low carbon future. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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www.carbonaddict.org
Carbon DependenceA healthcare challenge
• The carbon addict: health effects of a high carbon lifestyle
• Is the NHS addicted?
• Complications: adverse effects of a high carbon health service
• Detox: what can health professionals do about it?
• Health services for a low carbon future
The carbon addict: health effects of a high carbon lifestyle on
individuals
Carbon DependenceEpidemiology
• Early case reports date back to the 19th century, with prevalence rising exponentially in the last 50 years
• Now reached epidemic proportions in the UK – affecting almost 100% of the population
• Fears of global pandemic
Causes
• No genetic influences identified
• Environmental factors important – e.g. out-of-town shopping
Carbon DependenceSymptoms
• T-Shirt in winter
• Car journeys under 3 miles
• Vegetable intolerance / meat-bingeing
• New-variant Consumption (nvC)
A carbon-dependent society?…
…What’s wrong with that?
• Reduced exercise tolerance
• fossil fuel use is replacing physical activity in daily living negative impacts on cardiovascular health
• Anxiety, stress
• physical activity has psycho-protective effects, so doing less of it has negative impacts on mental health
• dissatisfaction
• Respiratory symptoms• asthma and allergies. Less air pollution and more time spent
in natural environments could reduce the risk of these complications.
Carbon DependenceEarly Complications
• Obesity and diabetes– due to high fat diet and inactivity
• Cardiovascular disease – high salt and fat diet, and inactivity
• Colorectal cancer – correlates with high meat intake
• Falls – inactivity low muscle mass, falls due to SE of medication
• Fuel poverty – using more fuel costs money
• Social isolation – interaction via facebook? TV entertainment?
Carbon DependenceLate Complications
Am J Prev Med 2004;27(2)
each hour in car per day: risk obesity by 6%
Circulation July 6, 1999
Walking <0.25 mile/day: risk CHD x2
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 97, No. 12, June 15, 2005
Red/processed meat: risk colorectal cancer
• Obesity and diabetes– due to high fat diet and inactivity
• Cardiovascular disease – high salt and fat diet, and inactivity
• Colorectal cancer – correlates with high meat intake
• Falls – inactivity low muscle mass, falls due to SE of medication
• Fuel poverty – using more fuel costs money
• Social isolation – interaction via facebook? TV entertainment?
Carbon DependenceLate Complications
Carbon DependenceClimate Toxicity
2004: Hurricane Catarina – the first South Atlantic hurricane.
• Already responsible for many deaths worldwide: malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoeal disease (WHO)
• Severity not related to intensity of same individual’s carbon addiction
Carbon DependenceClimate Toxicity
“Sustainable Energy – without the hot air” 2008
David MacKay. www.withouthotair.com
CO2 concentrations
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)
Climate projections
Synthesis Report – Climate Change, Global Risks, Challenges & Decisions, Copenhagen 2009
What’s happening now?
Is the NHS addicted? Understanding the carbon footprint of NHS
England.
18 million tonnes CO2 in
2004
Carbon Footprint NHS England
Carbon Footprint NHS England – procurement
Complications: adverse effects of a high carbon health service.
“Is the NHS getting flabby…?”
• Elective surgery cancelled after last-minute anaesthetic review
• Blood tests repeated because not on system
• Hospital-acquired infections
• Post-operative pain
• Drugs to treat side-effects – of drugs
High Carbon Care
• Patients attending for appointments without knowing why they are there
• Drugs continued when no longer needed
• Related conditions managed on separate days by separate teams
• Hi-tech interventions preferred, even where alternatives exist
High Carbon Care (2)
Activity ≠ outcome
High Carbon Care
Risk-benefit: can a move to single use instruments cause harm?
Health risks?
• lower quality surgical instruments > bleeding
• chemical exposure?
Environmental impacts?
• energy and carbon for manufacture
• transport
• pollution from waste disposal
Waste of NHS resources?
Health risks?• infection, side effects, complications of invasive tests
Psychosocial factors?• perception of condition, stress
• time off work
Environmental impacts?• energy, transport - carbon emissions
• production of material resources: needles, forms, gloves
• pollution from waste disposal
Waste of NHS resources?
Risk-benefit: can referral to a specialist cause harm?
Climate ToxicityHospitals in heatwaves (press stories)
• Nurses and administrative staff walked out in protest at high temperatures in brand-new PFI hospital "We can't work in this- we're suffering from heat exhaustion and everything“
• Angry relatives claimed hospital could not provide for its most vulnerable patients. People on strict nil by mouth diet were left to lie in pools of their own sweat without ice and proper air conditioning as their limbs swelled in the heat
• Hospital facing demands for an enquiry into how vital equipment was allowed to break down during recent heat-wave, forcing the cancellation of scores of operations
Climate ToxicityHospitals in heatwaves (press stories 2)
• Public Health (Pathology) Laboratory stopped work - machines failed in heat.
• Nurses on cardiac ward were in tears at their inability to keep patients as cool as they should have been
• Drugs may be vulnerable to extreme temperatures in summer
• Andy Williamson, Chair – GSTT Kidney Patients’ Association:
“As a kidney patient, I’m acutely aware of my own vulnerability to climate events, and my dependence on drugs and dialysis equipment which rely on cheap oil for their availability.”
Detox: what can health professionals do about carbon addiction?
In your patients?
What are the barriers..?
Discussion point
Medical Intervention• Medical interventions are carbon intensive
– risk of increasing carbon dependence
• How can health professionals reduce medical interventions by PREVENTING ill-health?
Active Travel• Cycling burns about 300 calories per hour (5 calories per minute)
• Regular cyclists enjoy a fitness level equal to that of a person ten years younger and a life expectancy 2 years above the average
• Cycling regularly to work is the most effective thing an individual can do to improve health and increase longevity.
• If one third of all short car journeys were made by bike, national heart disease rates would fall by between 5 and 10 percent
• Only 28% of women in England and Scotland and 24% in Wales meet the government’s guidelines for physical activity levels.
• During rush hour a bicycle is about twice as fast as a car.
“Housing improvement programmes benefit almost all carbon addicts, but particularly the elderly, living alone, those with cardiovascular or respiratory disease”
• Referral systems from health services to fuel poverty schemes
• Educating patients on specific health benefits of housing improvements
Housing & energy
J Epidemiol Community Health 2008;62:793–797
BP 142/85 123/73
Detox: what can health professionals do about carbon addiction?
In the NHS?
Discussion point
What are the barriers..?
Health services for a low carbon future: designing clinical care
which is preventative, develops self-reliance, uses lean pathways
and low carbon technologies.
www.sdu.nhs.uk
NHS England CO2 baseline to 2020 with Climate Change targets
10% target from 2007
26% target from 1990 baseline
64% target from 1990 baseline
80% target from 1990 baseline
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Year
Mt C
O2
NHS EnglandNHS England forecast2007 baselineCarbon Reduction Strategy Target10% target from 20071990 baselineClimate Change Act Target26% target from 1990 baseline64% target from 1990 baseline80% target from 1990 baseline
sustainable estates & facilities
+sustainable
clinical practice
sustainable healthcare =
Principles of Sustainable Clinical Practice
(The Campaign for Greener Healthcare)
• Prevention
• Patient partnership
• Lean systems
• Low carbon treatment choices
www.greenerhealthcare.org/clinical-transformation
• Recent advances have transformed outcome in what was previously a universally disabling disease.
• With help of multidisciplinary team, addicts may even achieve full recovery.
Carbon DependencePrognosis
www.carbonaddict.org
Carbon Addict is an opensource project of The Climate Connection and
The Campaign for Greener Healthcare.
The illustrations are by www.worldofinferiors.co.uk and are licensed
under a Creative Commons License.
www.CarbonAddict.org