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Carbon Cycles Through Organisms. autotrophes. heterotrophes. All Cells Respire. Plants don’t do photosynthesis FOR animals They metabolize the sugars themselves!. Respiration Transforms Energy. Anaerobically ( without O 2 ):. 4 ATP. Aerobically:. 38 ATP. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Carbon Cycles Through Organisms
autotrophesheterotrophes
All Cells Respire
Plants don’t do photosynthesis FOR animals
They metabolize the sugars themselves!
Respiration Transforms Energy
Anaerobically (without O2):
Aerobically: 4 ATP
38 ATP
It’s catabolic! Its exergonic! It’s redox! It’s enzyme-facilitated!
Recall:
Catabolic & Exergonic - breaking down & releasing energy
Redox - transferring e-
Enzymefacilitated
glucose oxygen releasing nrg forming water
ATP
Fuel the Body to fuel the cells
1. Consume organic molecules
• carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
2. Digest them, releasing energy• catabolic rxn
3. Cells transform released energy
into a useable form; an energy currency• a vehicle to pass energy around
• a short term energy storage molecule
ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate
• A modified nucleotide adenine + ribose + PO4
- AMP
AMP + PO4- ADP
ADP + PO4- ATP
• adding the P is key! phosphorylation
ATP stores energy
PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–OPO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–OPO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O
~ Each PO4- more difficult to add
• negative to negative• a lot of stored energy in each bond (most in the third)
AMPAMP ADP ATP
~ Final P group pops off easily & transfers energy
• bonding of P groups is unstable
• instability makes ATP a great energy donor
Phosphorylation Transfers Energy
PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O7.3kcal
+PO–
O–
O
–O
• ATP ADP : Releases energy
• Use to fuel other reactions : Phosphorylation– released PO4
- transferred to another molecule
destabilizes the other molecule by stealing e-
– phosphorylation facilitated by enzyme kinase
ADPATP
ATP is unstable ~ good energy donor
~ poor energy storage too reactive; transfers P easily
~ a renewable resource
ATP / ADP are cycled
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
ATP
ADP P+
Phosphorylation Occurs in Glycolysis
Phosphate transfer activates the breakdown of glucose
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
P-C-C-C C-C-C-P
hexokinase
phosphofructokinase C
H
P
C
P
CATP2
ADP2
PGAL - Phosphoglyceraldehyde….. becoming Pyruvate
Glycolysis ‘sugar’ + ‘break apart’
Occurs in cytoplasm (cytosol)
of all organisms
10 step biochemical pathway
Enzyme - facilitated
Reactant: 6 C glucose
+ 2 ATP
Product: two 3C pyruvate
+4 ATP
+ 2 NADH
NADH?
2 ATPe-
e-
NADH
Got fructose? Enter pathway here Invest 2 ATP
PGAL
phosphorylate
2 NADH
e-
e-
4 ATP
Again, NADH??
Start here
Electron Transfer Molecules
*NAD+ coenzymes NADH ^FAD cofactors FADH2
oxidizing reducingdonates e- accepts e-
*Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ^Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Anaerobic options
Pyruvate options
PLANTS & ANIMALS YEAST
BACTERIAMUSCLE CELLS
ALL ORGANISMS
Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation
3 C Pyruvate acetlyaldehyde + CO2 2 C ethanol
Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation
Ethanol is toxic to yeast at about 12% limiting the alcohol content of naturally fermented products
somebacteria& yeast
Fermentation v2: Lactate
3 C Pyruvate 3 C lactate (lactic acid)
(No CO2)
Fermentation v2: Lactate