CARBON COMPOUNDS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Got Lactase?

• Many people in the world suffer from lactose intolerance

– Lacking an enzyme (lactase) that digests lactose, a sugar found in milk

– “ase” = enzyme

– “ose” = sugar

CARBON COMPOUNDS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY


• Lactose intolerance illustrates the importance of biological molecules

– To the functioning of living cells and to human health

– The atoms carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) make up molecules that support life


Lipids

Fats/Oils/Steroids/Wax

4 Categories of Organic Molecules

Molecules of Life

Biochemicals

(CHONP)

Proteins

Enzymes/Structure/ Movement/Protection

Nucleic Acids

(DNA/RNA)

Carbohydrates

Glucose/Fructose

Starch/Cellulose


• All compounds are either organic, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen or inorganic. The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.

Structuralformula

Methane

H H

H

H H H

H

H

Ball-and-stickmodel

Space-fillingmodel

CC

The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.

HYDROCARBONS


I. Carbon bonding:

• Has 4 electrons in outer energy level

• Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in outer shell

• Carbon forms bonds with other atoms, including carbon

6P6N


I. Carbon bonding:

Single Bond Represents 2 electronsDouble Bond Represents 4 electronsTriple Bond Represents 6 electrons


II. Hydrocarbons: naming conventions

Roots/Prefixes (2C stands for two carbons)1 C - ____meth__ 6 C - ____hex____2 C - ____eth____ 7 C - ____hept___3 C - ____prop___ 8 C - ____oct____4 C - ____but____ 9 C - ____non____5 C - ____pent____ 10 C - ___dec____

ButaneButaneButane


Hydrocarbon Naming Conventions, Formulas and Examples

Series of Hydrocarbon

-ending Formula to determine # of H atoms *

Bonding

Alkane ANE Cn H2n+2Single Bonds Only

Alkene ENE Cn H2nOne Double Bond

C C

Alkyne YNE Cn H2n-2One Triple Bond

C C

* Where “n” is the number of carbon atoms

Examples:1. CH4 - __________________ 6. Ethene - __________________ 2. C3H4 - __________________ 7. Heptane - _________________3. C5H10 - _________________ 8. Decyne - __________________4. C9H20 - _________________ 9. Butane - __________________5. C6H10 - _________________ 10. Octene - _________________


A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules

that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound Functional

GroupWhat it Looks

Like…What it Makes… Example(s)

Hydroxyl R OH Alcohols – polar,

attracts waterCarbonyl (end) Aldehydes -

structural isomers

Carbonyl (middle) Ketone -

structural isomers

Carboxyl Carboxylic Acids –

organic acids

III. Functional Groups


A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules

that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound Functional

GroupWhat it Looks

Like…What it Makes… Example(s)

Amino Amines - act as bases

Phosphate Organic Phosphates

Transfer Energy

III. Functional Groups


• Functional groups are particular groupings of atoms

– That give organic molecules particular properties

Female lion

Estradiol(estrogen)

HO

OH

OH

OTestosterone

Male lion

Hydroxyl

Carbonyl(middle)

Carboxyl

Lactic Acid

{

Amino

Urea

Wohler1828


• Hydrocarbons

– Are composed of only hydrogen and carbon

• Some carbon compounds are isomers

– Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

IV. Large Carbon Molecules

Butene


Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules

• The four main classes of biological molecules

– Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

• Many of the molecules are gigantic

– And are called macromolecules


• Cells make most of their large molecules

– By joining smaller organic molecules into chains called polymers

• Cells link monomers to form polymers

– By dehydration synthesisH

OH H

OH

H OH

Unlinked monomer

Dehydration reaction

Longer polymer

Short polymer

OH H

H OH

Unlinked monomer

Dehydration reaction

Short polymer

H2O


• Polymers are broken down to monomers

– By the reverse process, hydrolysisAnimation: Hydrolysis of sucrose

H

H2O

OH

H OH

OH H

Hydrolysis

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CARBON COMPOUNDS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY