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Carbon Capture and Sequestration Update
APPA
Energy & Clean Air Task Force
April 26, 2010
Capture Technology
• Pre-combustion– Separate carbon from hydrogen in fuel
(syngas); 35-40% pure CO2 stream
• Oxy-fuel combustion– Separate O2 from N2 in combustion air,
produce a pure stream of CO2 and water
• Post-combustion– Separate 12-16% CO2 from the flue gas
stream
Carbon Capture
• Amine based (MMA)
• Chilled ammonia
• Carbonate/bicarbonate
• Solid phase?
• Membranes?
CO2 and other gases
sorbent
CO2
CO2–sorbent complex
Other gases++
+
Recycled sorbent
Thermal
desorption
Technical Challenges
• Sheer volume – need to scale up by over an order of magnitude
• Parasitic energy – 15-30% increase in fuel requirements
• Transport and disposal issues
Notable Demonstrations
Pleasant Prairie We Energy 1 MW
Mountaineer AEP 20 MW
240 MW*
Antelope Valley Basin Electric 200 MW*
*planned
New Actor - Commercial
• Tenaska Trailblazer project (TX)
• 600 MW
• 85% capture, EOR
• Legally binding but not in air permit
Sequestration
The National Carbon Focus
• DOE has established 7 regional partnerships to address carbon sequestration.
• DOE research, to date, has focused on regional sequestration projects involving the deepest geological basins.
The National Carbon Focus
• Regional carbon sequestration will require an extensive pipeline system for CO2 collection, compression, and transmission.
Sequestration Potential
Oil & Gas Reservoir
Unmineable Coal Seams
Deep Saline Aquifers
Missouri Demo Project• Given the lack of traditional carbon traps in the state of
Missouri, City Utilities began investigating alternative options for carbon sequestration.
• In 2005, City Utilities identified a formation beneath the Springfield area, the Lamotte Formation, which appeared to be a candidate for carbon sequestration.
• The Lamotte is a highly mineralized sandstone and is not a source of potable water. Very few wells penetrate the Lamotte.
• The Lamotte is separated from the potable Ozark Aquifer by the Derby-Doerun/Davis Confining Layer.
Project Challenges• Reservoir storage volume –
– Relatively shallow depth requires CO2 injection as a gas rather than a supercritical fluid, requiring a larger initial storage volume.
• Interaction of CO2 gas and groundwater– The physical and chemical interaction of the CO2
gas and groundwater (displacement, diffusion, rate of movement, etc.) must be characterized.
Project Challenges• CO2 Trapping Mechanisms
– stratigraphic/structural, – groundwater dissolution into groundwater, and – mineral precipitation.
• These mechanisms may behave differently for gaseous CO2 injection and must be properly characterized.
Project Partners/Supporters
• City Utilities of Springfield• Missouri Department of Natural Resources• Missouri State University• Missouri University of Science & Technology (UMR)• Ameren • Aquila, Inc.• Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.• Empire District Electric Company• Kansas City Power & Light• U.S. EPA Region VII• Missouri Public Service Commission (PSC)• Missouri Public Utility Alliance (MPUA)• Missouri Energy Development Association (MEDA)