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CARBOHYDRATES
energy
Carbohydrate Molecules
ENERGY Storage of energy Cellular structures
SUGAR!!!!!!!!!!
Carbohydrates are sugars. Sugars are carbohydrates. Sugar = energy YAY! Saccharide means sugar
Saccharides are divided into three categories
1. Monosaccharides (means one sugar)
2. Disaccharides (made of two single sugars, snapped together)
3. Polysaccharides (many sugars snapped together)
Monosaccharides (simple sugar)Contain 3 – 7 carbon atoms in a chain or ring
2 examples of 5-carbon atoms Ribose and Deoxyribose. Ribose is found in RNA. Deoxyribose is found in DNA. A deoxyribose is
missing one oxygen, which is why it’s called “de-oxy.“
Nest 3 examples are 6-carbon atoms long: Glucose, Fructose and Galactose. All three = 6C atoms, 12H atoms & 6O atoms. The
molecular formula for all three of them is C6H12O6
Wait What?
C6H12O6
Isomers = same type
Chemical Isomers = the same atoms but arranged
differently
Dehydration Synthesis
Two monosaccharides are joined w/ synthesis
Creates a disaccharide Dehydration synthesis is due to H2O
molecules being released during synthesis
Disaccharide (double sugar)
Example is Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose. “Lacto-” means milk and it’s
found in all milk. Milk doesn’t taste sweet but that’s because
not all sugars taste sweet. Lactose is actually made of glucose + galactose.
Yum…Milk
Water is used in the decomposition = Hydrolysis
Catabolism = decomposition of nutrients
Polysaccharides (many sugars) Complex Carbs
Many monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis Structural function Fuel Storage Function
Amylose= “starch” is the way many plants store sugars. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms join glucose
sugars made from photosynthesis into a big chain called amylose.
Cellulose. Cellulose is made up of a bunch of glucoses, just like starch, however the way they are joined together forms a branching pattern, unlike starch. We cannot digest or break apart these sugar molecules.
which is why it is also known as “indigestible fiber,” “roughage,” or “insoluble fiber.”
Monosaccharides (one) Ribose, Deoxyribose, Fructose,
Glucose, Galactose Disaccharides (two)
Sucrose (glucose+fructose), Lactose (glucose+galactose), Maltose (glucose+glucose)
Polysaccharide (many) Amylose (starch), Cellulose
(indigestible fiber), Glycogen (animal starch)
Can be added to other molecules Can join proteins and lipids Creates macromolecules
LIPIDS
Stored in fat = future energy
The skinny on Lipids
Used for energy storage Stored in fat Chemical Messengers in some form of
hormones Four Classes
Neutral Fats Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids
Neutral Fats (triglycerides)
Contains 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol molecule Glycerol = 3 carbon monosaccharide
(C3H8O3) Fatty Acid = chain of carbon w/ 1 or 2 H
molecules attached to each C by single or double bonds Saturated fatty acid – single bond Unsaturated fatty acid – double bonds
glycoprotein
Macromolecules of amino acids and carbohydrates found in cell membranes
lipoprotein
Macromolecule made of lipids and proteins
Hydrophilic allows fats to be sheilded from the blood plasma
Transports fats within the body
Phospholipids
Similar to triglycerides w/ a glycerol backbone
Two fatty acids attached in one direction Make up cell membranes – lipid bilayer
Steroids
Lipids that take up the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Hydrophobic, non polar w/ very minimal O
Cholesterol
Cholesterol
Digests food Makes hormones Makes some vitamins Builds cell walls Carried through bloodstream by
lipidprotein Too much can lead to heart disease
Eicosanoids
Lipids formed from 20-carbon fatty acids Highly potent
Eicosanoids
Inflammatory response Gastric integrity Hyper-sensitivity Renal function Regulates smooth muscle contraction Regulation of blood vessel diameter Platelet homeostasis
Eicosanoids
Local action Not stored, metabolized rapidly Produced in much smaller quantities
Most all tissues make their own eicosanoids
PROTEINS
Proteins
Most abundant organic molecule Catalyst – speed up all reactions in
the body Transport ions/molecules into and
out of cell Used for cellular structure Structural body tissues Process molecules to harvest energy Control chemical reactions Regulating growth
Protein make up
C, O, H, N Sometimes sulfur, iron and/or phosphorus
Workers….
Protein carries out most ALL functions within cell other than genetic storage of information Hemoglobin – picks up O2 in body for
transport Antibodies – immune cell dispatched to
fight off Hair and Nails
Amino Acids
Molecule containing central C attached to H 20 different amino acids!
Amino Acids
Metabolized in the muscles Used for immediate energy Group of amino acids
Peptide Dipeptide Tripeptide Polypeptide
When an amino acid chain exceeds 100 it is called a protein
Protein Structure
Shape = function Globular proteins (antibodies) look like a puzzle Collagen are long and firm
Four levels of structure Primary structure
Sequence and number of amino acids Secondary structure
Natural bend of peptide chain Tertiary structure
Overall shape of a single protein molecule Quaternary structure
Two or more proteins bond into a macromolecule
Structural Protein
Stable and rigid, hydrophobic to add stregnth Fibrous proteins
Functional Proteins
Hydrophilic, flexible, three-dimensional shape Globular proteins Hemoglobin Antibodies Protein-based hormones enzymes
Enzymes
Biological molecules that act as catalysts Lock and Key
Enzyme examples
NUCLEIC ACIDS
AKA “Boss Man”
Nucleic Acids Largest molecule in the body
DNA
DNA Deoxyribose Exists mainly in nucleus Also in mitochondria Provides all instructions for protein building
Genes
Instructions are coded in segments called genes
RNA
RNA Ribonucleic acid Transfers instructions OUT of the nucleus
into the cytoplasm Builds proteins
DNA – boss manRNA – worker
Nucleotides
Molecular building blocks of nucleic acids Formed by sugar (pentose) and phosphate groups joined in long chain with
nitrogenous base open for metabolic activity
5 difference nucleotides / same structure N (base) + 5C pentose sugar +
Phosphate
Chromosomes
Long chains of genes combined with protein
Replicate during cell division so that all daughter cells inherit an identical copy from parent to child
ATP
ATP
Glucose is broken down into monosaccharides, the energy stored from this is called ATP Adenosine triphosphate
The energy currency the cells need fuel
Cellular respiration Cells use nutrients in process called cellular
respiration
ATP creates energy
Energy needed in body is stored in phosphate bonds of ATP molecule
ATP is an RNA nucleotide High-energy bonds release energy from
ATP molecule Temporarily losing a phosphate group After loses becomes an ADP
ADP
ADP Adenosine diphosphate
Chapter 2………….FINALLY