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COLLEGE

3-D CAR

RADAR

By:PRATEEK ARORAECE-DFINAL YEAR

ELECTRONICS & COMM. DEPARTMENT

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RADAR: BASIC CONCEPT

RADAR (Radio

Detection AndRanging) is a way todetect and study far off targets bytransmitting a radiopulse in the directionof the target andobserving thereflection of the wave.

Its basically radio

KEY POINTS BASIC PRINCIPLE

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RADAR: BASIC BLOCKDIAGRAM

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TYPES OF RADAR

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3-D CAR RADAR

The CENTRAL ACQUISITIONRADAR (3-D CAR) is referred as3-D RADAR developed by DRDO.ROHINI RADAR is meant for INDIAN

AIR FORCE.REVATHI is meant for INDIAN NAVY.TACTICAL CONTROL RADAR (TCR)is meant for INDIAN ARMY.

KEYPOINTS....

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3-D CAR RADAR(continued)

The ROHINI has a new Indian developed antennawhich is more advanced than that on the originalCAR in terms of Power handling and Beam

forming technology.It is used with Akash SAM capable of tracking150 targets.The Central Acquisition Radar (CAR) is a mediumrange high-resolution 3-dimensional surveillanceradar.The radar employs a planar array antenna and

provides simultaneous multi-beam coverage. Itcan handle 150 targets in track while scan mode.

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FEATURES

Medium Range 3-D Surveillance.S Band Operation.

Surveillance range upto 180 km.Deployment in less than 20 minutes.Capable of detecting low altitudetargets, and supersonic aircrafts.Frequency agility and jammer

analysis.

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COMPONENTS

TRANSMITTER:Transmitter is a power amplifier, such as a klystron, traveling-wave tube, crossed-field amplifier, or solid-state device .The radar equation shows that the range of a radar isproportional to the fourth root of the transmitter power.

where R = range of radar.

Pr = received power.Pt = transmitted power.

Transmitters not only must be able to generate high power with stable waveforms, but they must often operate over awide bandwidth, with high efficiency and with long, trouble-free life.

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COMPONENTS

The receiver serves to separate the desired signal from the ever-present noise and other interfering signals and amplify the signalsufficiently to actuate a display, such as a cathode ray tube, or to allow

automatic processing by some form of digital device.This reciever is a super heterodyne reciever.

The transmitter power is radiated into space by a directive antennawhich concentrates the energy into a narrow beam.

A typical antenna beamwidth for the detection or tracking of aircraftmight be about 1 or 2.

A dedicated tracking radar generally has a symmetrical antenna whichradiates a pencil-beam pattern.

At the upper microwave frequencies (such as X band), radar antennas

greater than 10 or 20 ft in dimension can be considered large.

RECEIVER:

ANTENNA:

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COMPONENTS

DUPLEXER:The duplexer acts as a rapid switch to protect thereceiver from damage when the high-power transmitter is on.On reception, with the transmitter off, the duplexer directs the weak received signal to the receiver rather than to the transmitter.Duplexers generally are some form of gas-discharge

device and may be used with solid-state or gas-discharge receiver protectors.

A solid-state circulator is sometimes used to providefurther isolation between the transmitter and the

receiver.

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SIGNAL & DATAPROCESSING

Purpose is to reject undesired signals (such asclutter) and pass desired signals due to targets.Signal processing includes the matched filter andthe doppler filters in MTI and pulse doppler radar.

Automatic tracking is the chief example of dataprocessing.Target recognition is another example.It is best to use automatic tracking with a goodradar that eliminates most of the unwanted signalsso that the automatic tracker only has to deal withdesired target detections and not undesiredclutter.

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DISPLAY & CONTROL

The display for a surveillance radar is usually acathode-ray tube with a PPI (plan position indicator)format.

A PPI is an intensity-modulated, maplike presentation

that provides the target's location in polar coordinates(range and angle). A radar control can be made to automaticallyrecognize when environmental conditions havechanged and automatically select, without the aid of

an operator, the proper radar operating parameters tomaximize performance.The most common radar waveform is a repetitive trainof short pulses. Other waveforms are used in radar when particular objectives need to be achieved that

cannot be accomplished with a pulse train.

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APPLICATIONS

MILITARY:Important part of air defence system, operation

of offensive missiles andother weapons.Target detection, Targettracking and Weaponcontrol.Tracks the targets, directsthe weapon to an interceptand assess theeffectiveness of

engagement.

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APPLICATIONS

REMOTE SENSING:WEATHER OBSERVATION T.V.REPORTINGPLANETARY OBSERVATIONBELOW GROUND PROBINGMAPPING OF SEA ICE

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SCOPE FORIMPROVEMENT

Need to update technology with changing time.China used 400 km technology during SecondWorld War.RADAR cross section (RCS) which can bedetected in airplanes is 0.1m 2 in U.S.A.Currently BEL uses 2m 2 technology in RCS.Range and design need to be modifiedconsideringlarge antenna size to be replaced by smallantenna size.

RADARWorking

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