CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Literature Survey

Done by:-Lulwa J. Hamada 203114435Ghader Al-Ansari 203215125Hanadi Al-Sendi 203113934Lamya Al-Hussaini 203111255Fatma Mussa 202111974Ghanima Al-Ahmad 202112821

Outline:-- Introduction. Introduction-Uses of carbon dioxide in the world-The major sources of carbon dioxide 1. Thermal Power Plants 2. Refineries (hydrogen units 3. Cement production-Other important sources-Capturing carbon dioxide 1. Caustic Soda 2. Amine Process 3. Adsorption 4. Cryogenics 5. Membranes-Styrene 1.Styrene production with steam 2. Styrene production with carbon dioxide

Introduction Where does carbon dioxide come from? In general, carbon dioxide it is produced by human and animals beings and utilized by plants during the photosynthesis. Another source of carbon dioxide is the combustion of fossil fuels and other chemical processes and they major sources that emitted carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Therefore all these sources and more is causing the green house effect or global warming. Carbon dioxide has 55 percent of the green house effect (global warming) share; global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the earth’s near-surface air and oceans in the recent decades. This increase in temperature is caused by the ability of carbon dioxide to absorb many infrared wave lengths of the sun’s light.

Carbon Dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. In addition, the physical properties of carbon dioxide are colorless, odorless, tasteless gas at room temperature, much denser than air, slightly soluble in water, and solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes at room

temperature.

Uses of carbon dioxide in the world

Carbon dioxide is used in several industries like, Liquid and solid carbon dioxide is important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are used during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice". Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Also there is an important way to use carbon dioxide where the carbon dioxide injected in the reservoir to improve oil production. The purpose of injecting carbon dioxide is to be dissolved with the oil leading to reduce the viscosity; therefore the oil will be lighter to move to the oil wells.

The major sources of carbon dioxide

1.Thermal power plants

In Kuwait there are five thermal power plants that provide the country by electricity and water they are Shuwaikh station, Shuaiba station, Doha east station, Doha west station, Al-Zour station and finally Sabiya station. Each station use two kind of fuels natural gas and crude (heavy oil). And there are some methods that are being used for the combustion of the fuel and result of this combustion carbon dioxide is produced, like post-combustion, pre-combustion

and oxyfuel combustion.

Station

Natural gaston/year

Crude(heavy oil)ton/year

Shuwaikh

ShuaibaDoha eastDoha west

Al-ZourSabiya

1185.0395462.1542250.8271962.23

4378.936490.825

_ _

49999278578588

14632306.59613916.5

a. Post-Combustion capture-:

b. Pre-combustion-:

c. Oxy-fuel combustion-:

2. Refineries (hydrogen unit)

There are three refineries in the Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) in mina Abdulla, mina Al-Ahmadi and Shuaiba refinery. And the company is about to build a new one but the location is still unannounced.

Refinery

Hydrogen Unitston/day

Combustion Units ton/day

Al-Ahmadi

MinaAbdullah

Shuaiba

2150

2000

1670

11,666

6,666

6,666

From the Kuwait oil company specifically from all their refineries the amount of CO2 produced from the hydrogen units is around 7,000,000

ton/year approximately 23,333 ton/day.

3 .The cement production

In the cement production, when the limestone is heated to produce the lime a huge amount of CO2 is formed during the process. In a statistic said that the consumption of cement in Kuwait in year 2011 will be around 9,000,000 tons. In Kuwait there is just one company that has a plant in Shuaiba for cement production; it is called Kuwait Cement Company. Thais company is using 10,000 ton/day of material called rawmix that is during the heating process in the furnace is produced about 3,500 ton/day of CO2.

Other important sources for carbon dioxide emission

Capturing carbon dioxide

1. Caustic Soda:-

Systems for capturing CO2 from ambient air generally include a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution which absorbs CO2 and regenerated by Calcinations.

2. Amine ProcessCapturing carbon dioxide by amine process is to be considered an important method. In general amines can be classified into three types: primary amine such as monoethanol amine (MEA) (mono-ethanol-amine) is an organic chemical belonging to the family of compounds known as amine and it was developed over 60 years ago as non-selective sorbent to remove acidic gas impurities (such as H2S, CO2) from natural gas streams, and diglycolamine (DGA). Secondary amines such as diethanol amine (DEA) and di-isoproylamine (DIPA) and last type is the tertiary amines like triethanolamine (TEA) and methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA).

3. Adsorption:-

The solid absorbent (such as activated carbon, zeolites) is passed through the gas stream, and the CO2 is held on the surface of the particles by (non-chemical) surface forces. Once collected, the particles are heated, releasing (desorbing) the CO2.

Adsorption is not yet considered attractive for large-scale separation of CO2 from the flue gas because the capacity and CO2 selectivity of available adsorbents is low.

a. Pressure swing adsorption-:

b. Temperature swing adsorption-:

c. Electrical swing adsorption:-

The last type of adsorption is the electric swing adsorption (ESA), one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide emissions are the fossil-fuel fired plants for production of electricity. Removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas streams by the absorption in alkanolamines is affordable in large power plants, but in medium and small plants it will be very expensive. The adsorption of carbon dioxide by activated carbon monoliths. The electric swing adsorption process allows much faster heating of the adsorbent resulting in a much effective process than Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA).

4. Cryogenics

Cryogenics is a low temperature (below –150 °C, –238 °F or 123°K) separation technique, where carbon dioxide is being separating from flue gases produced from pre-combustion and oxy-fuel where streams contains carbon dioxide with high concentrations (> 90%). This method can be characterized that the resulting of carbon dioxide is in the liquid form; therefore transported to storages and fields as injection material will be easy so this method requires multiple compression and cooling stages to remove the carbon dioxide from the flue gases.

5. Membranes

a. Gas separation membrane:-• Gas separation membranes are thin film, where the gas will pass through the membrane by pressure differences on one of the sides. Carbon dioxide selectively travels through the membrane if its molecular size is smallest or if it preferentially dissolves in the membrane material

b. Gas absorption membrane:- Gas absorption membranes are microporous solid membranes that are used as contacting devices between a gas flow and liquid flow. In order to remove the carbon dioxide from the gas, the gas will pass through the membrane where the liquid will absorb selectively the carbon dioxide. By using monoethanol (MEA) amine this aqueous solution will provide the process some advantages such as:- 1. Membrane MEA provides high affinity for carbon dioxide. 2. Membrane increases contact area between carbon dioxide and MEA.

What is styrene? Styrene,it is also known as vinylbenzene, ethenylbenzene, cinnamene, or phenylethylene. It's a colorless liquid that evaporates easily and has a sweet

smell. It can be found in air, water, and soil.

Uses of styrene

a. Styrene production with steam

For several years carbon dioxide was used in catalytic reduction processes. Before the discovery, styrene was produced by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using potassium-promoted iron oxide as catalyst with sufficient and excess amount of superheated steam.

C6H6-CH2-CH3→C6H6-CH=CH2 + H2

Process description

1. Reaction (hot zone).2. Condensation (cold zone).3.Distillaton.

b. Styrene production with carbon dioxide

However, with the new method of the production of styrene through dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using carbon dioxide over a Fe/Ca/Al oxides or vanadium oxide loaded with MgO (V/MgO—100A) catalysts. Cheap carbon dioxide, which is obtained from by-products of several petrochemical oxidations, is used instead of using an expensive type which requires several amounts of energy

C6H5C2H5 + CO2 → H2O + CO + C6H5C2H3

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