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Latin dominated the European medicine till the XVI th century.
After the development of
the typography, during the last decades of the XVth century, the
French surgeons from Lyon
began to publish in French some books of antic and medieval
medicine. The reaction of the
Faculty of Medicine of that time was negative because they
wanted that the medical language
rested a secret one for those who were not initiated and they
were afraid that the medicine fonded
by Galenus, Hipocrat and Aristotel will suffer. After an
important expansion in the XVIth and
XVIIth century, the medical French lives a golden age during the
celebrities like Louis Pasteur
and Claude Bernard. Throught this field the French expands in
North and South America, in
Africa and in the Orient.The XXth century represents the period
when many professional
domains accepted English words. The therapeutical revolution of
sulfamides, in 1937, and the
one of molecular biology produced important changes.
Chronological and etymological, the Romanian medical terminology
is structured in 4lexical levels:
1) Medical terms imported from French, based on the Greek-Latin
formal ground. Itrepresents the period of the formation of the
medical field and its terminology, and also
the semantic bases which were considered universal at the
beginning of the XIXth
century: rom. anorganic < fr. anorganique; rom. contamina
< fr. contaminer; rom.
contagious < fr. contagieux; rom. curativ < fr. curatif;
rom. epidemie < fr. pidmie; rom.
organ < fr. organe.
2) Interdisciplinary terms, taken from other sciences:
screening, application, method, system(omnipresent concepts), terms
borrowed from the Informatics.
3) Terms that are an international clich, throught the
Anglo-Saxon element, inadapted tothe phonetic system of the
Romanian language(xenismes). The function of the last lexical
sphere, a controversial one, is to cover some terminological
needs.
4) Medical concepts are actualized throught the terms that
developed connotative meanings,by the semantic extension of the
units from the European cultural sphere. Even in the
literature, we can identify the name of some diseases. Elpenor
is the name of the Ulyses
companionan weak spirit which, after an exces of alcohol, fell
asleep and died while he
was sleeping, falling from the balcony of the Circes palace. In
the medical language,
the Elpenors sindrom refers to a subconfusional state of the
subjects who fell asleep
in an unknown place, after an abuse of alcohol or an
intoxication. It is a state of
perplexity and motor automaticity with a risc of committing some
medicolegal actions.
The Romanian medical terminology is based on the thesaurus of
roots and affixes of the
Greek-Latin origin, such kind of forms being easily adapted to
any language.
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ConceptTerm
The medical language distinguishes himself throught the
precision of the terms, lexical
assured or assured at the level of the adjunctions (nominal vs
adjectival) from the structure of a
complex structure of the terminological units. In the
syntagmatic structure, the articulated forms
of the noun individualize, make the referent to be unique (for
the singular forms which have a
general meaning there are used unarticulated nouns, neutral from
the stylistic point of view).
The coreferentiality at the frastic level is isomorph to the
lexical recurrence (the repetition of the
same term, in the field of stomatology, e,g.: cf. symptom,
sindrom).
From the logical-semantic point of view, the medical name
functions like an individual
informational unit. The conceptual units are actualized throught
the syntagms based on the
Latin.The nominal syntagm is a composed linguistic structure
whose semantic cohesion is fixed
on a complex network. The mechanisms of the terms creation are
well known: derivation,compounds(thematical, phraseologica
derivation), calque(lexical), borrowings, abbreviations,
terminologization.
English language has a double origine, Saxon and Romanic, that
is why the process of
borrowing medical terms from Latin was an advantage for the
language. We can observe some
medical and pharmaceutic terms:
a) lat. acutus > engl. acute; lat. adjuvantus > engl.
adjuvant; lat. aglutinare > engl.agglutination; lat. ampulla
> engl. ampulla; lat. angor >engl. angor;
b) lat. balsamus > engl. balsam; lat. bronchia > engl.
bronchus;c) lat. calculus > engl. calculus; lat. calyx >
engl. calyx; lat. capsula > engl.capsula.
Majority of medical terms are from Greek and Latin ancestry.
Food
Cocci = grapes
Staphyle = cluster
Animals
Crab = carcinoma
Crab = cancer
Lupus = wolf
Musculus = little mouse
Tools
Incus, malleus, anvil
Music Salpinx trumpet
Tympanum - drum
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War
Xiphoid = sword
Thyroid = shield
Thorax = breastplate
Prefixes
Hyper- above, excessive,beyond
Hypo- below, beneath,deficient
Peri-around, about
Retro- backward
Super, supraabove
A, An- without, not
Dysdifficult, painful,badEndowithin
Suffixes
-emia- blood
-ectasis - dilation
-itis- inflammation
-megaly - enlargement
-penia- deficiency
-cytosisincrease of
Stenosisnarrowing (stenopad)
Roots
Cardio- heart
Cysto- bladder,sac
Enter- intestine
Gastr- stomach
Hepato- liver
Endoscopyinspection of
cavity using a scope
Building terms
Cardio+megaly = enlarged heart
Hepatitis = inflammation of liver
GastritisInflammation of
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stomach
CystitisInflammation of bladder
Hepatomegaly- enlarged liver
Muskuloskeletal:
OsteoBone
Chondrocartilage
Arthrojoint
Myomuscle
Halluxgreat toe
Tarsalsfoot bones
Carpalshand bones
Anatomical Terms
Nonunion of a fracture
Malnunion of a fracture
ORIFopen reduction internal
Fixation
Rodding
Crepitation
Extension
Flexion
Related Terms
EMGelectromyogram
Arthroscopy- inspection of a joint through a scope
Arthrocentesisdrawing out of fluid (from a joint)
Myocardiumheart muscle
Endocardiuminterior lining of the heart
Pericardiumcovering of the heart
Chambers
Atrium (pl. atria)
Ventricle
Heart valves
Aortic
Mitral/bicuspid
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Tricuspid
Conduction Systeminternal pacemaker
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Echocardiogramultrasound of heart
Heart catheterization
Left heart cath, right heart cath
Coronary angiography
Ventriculography
Pulmonary artery measurement
Tachyfast
BradyslowDysrhythmiabad rhythm
Tachycardiarapid heart rate
Bradycardiaslow heart rate
Myocarditisinflammation of heart muscle
Endocarditisinflammation of the heart lining
Pericarditisinflammation of membranes around the heart
Blood Red Blood Cellserythrocytes
White Blood Cellsleukocytes,neutrophils, basophils,
granulocytes, eosinophils
Plateletsthrombocytes
Plasma
Components of a CBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocritalways a percentage
White blood count
Platelet count
Reticulocyte count
MCVmean corpuscular value
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
(ESR) Sed rate
PT, PTT INRCoagulation studies
Fibrinogen
D-dimer
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
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Transfusion of
Packed cells
Platelets
Fresh frozen plasma
Whole blood
Autologous blood
An + emia = without blood
Thrombocytopeniadecrease in platelets
Leukocytosisincrease in white blood cells
Pan = all
Pancytopeniadeficiency of all three components of blood
RhinnoseTracheawindpipe
Pneumoair
Pulmolung
Bronchobronchus
Pleuromembrane between lungs and thoracic wall
Dyspneadifficult breathing
Rhinitisinflammation of nasal mucosa
Bronchitisinflammation of bronchus
Pneumothoraxair within the thoracic cavity
Hemothoraxblood within the thoracic cavity
Apnea- without air
Surgical Instruments
Curette
Trocar
CO2 insufflation
Port
Bivalved speculum
Veress needle
Surgical suffixes
-ectomy- excision
-otomyincision, into
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-ostomycreation of artificial opening
-oscopyinspection, examination
Digestive
Esophagus
Stomach
Pylorus, antrum, cardia, gastric outlet
Duodenum
Ileum
Jejunum
Colon - Ascending, transverse, descending
Hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, cecum, rectumPancolitiscolitis
of all parts of the bowel
Gastrostomyartificial opening into stomach
Colostomyartificial opening into colon
Gastrostomyartificial opening into stomach
Ileostomyartificial opening into the ileum
Colostomy- artificial opening into the colon
GastrectomyExcision of stomach
ColectomyExcision of colon
CystectomyExcision of bladder (or cyst, like ovary)
Gastroenteritis- inflammation of the stomach and intestine
Urogenital
Prostate - (not prostrate)
Ureterconnects kidneys to bladder
Urethraconnects bladder to outside
Kidneys(nephro)
Bladder
CVAcostovertebral angle
CalculusStone
LithStone
Straight cath
Suprapubic catheter
In and out catheterization
Foley
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Urinalysisdipstick or microscopic (may be clean catch)
PSAprostatic specific antigenscreens for prostate cancer
Retrograde pyelogram
BUN and creatininemeasure kidney function
Cystometrogram
KUBKidney, ureters, bladder
Components of a urinalysis
Nitrite
Specific gravity
Casts
Ketones TNTC
glucose
Cystostomyartificial opening into bladder
Cystitisinfection, inflammation of bladder
Urethritis - infection, inflammation of urethra
Ureterolithiasisstone of ureter
Gynecologycal
Uterushyster, metra
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes - salpinx
Cervix
Vagina
Perineum
Instruments
Trocar
Tenaculum
Sound
Sheath
Retractor
Hemoclips
Atonywithout tone
Wedge resection (ovary)
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-rrhea = discharge
Leukorrheawhite discharge
Dysmenorrheapainful menstruation
Myometriumuterine wall consisting of muscle
HysterectomyExcision of uterus
Hysteroscopyinspection of uterus using scope
Salpingectomyexcision of fallopian tube
Salpingostomycreation of opening into fallopian tube or
unblocking
The English borrowings are characterized by oldness and they
have a behavior similar to the
Romanian words. They are widely spread and contribute to the
re-Latinization of the Romanian.
There are English medical terms that entered throught the French
chain and that were phoneticaland morphological adapted very well.
E.g.:
a) rom. anelaj > fr. annelage, cf. engl. annealing; rom.
angoas> fr. angoisse, cf. anguish;b) rom.bloc > fr. bloc; cf.
eng. block; rom. buton > fr. boton, cf. engl. button;c) rom.
caet > fr. cachet, engl. cachet.
Causality
There are some categories of factors which determine the
borrowing of English words in the
language of the todays medicine. One of the extralinguistic
factor is the scientific evolution of
medicine and the other is the phenomenon of globalization. The
linguistic factors are: the
absence of a Romanian monosemantic term, the tendency to speak
briefly, the international
circulation. The intention of a scientist to assure the
transparency of the meaning and to observe
the valency of English terms explain the big numbers of the
calques:
1. Anatomical terms that define cardiovascular system: rom. sept
interatrial (cf. engl.interatrial septum); rom. valv aortic(engl.
aortic valve); rom. circulaia coronarian(cf.
coronary circulation);
2. Diagnostic terms: rom. malformaii congenitale ale
inimii(engl. Congenital anomaly ofheart);
3. Diagnostic test terms: rom. imagine de medicin nuclear(engl.
nuclear medicineimaging).
From the etymological point of view we have two categories of
words borrowed from English
and calques:
1. Common nouns: rom. abazie < engl. abasia; rom. acardie
< engl.acardia; rom. amebom < engl. amoeboma; rom. bradilalie
< engl. bradylalia; rom.
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cafein < engl. caffeine.
2. Proper nouns and eponyms.Proper names(German, English,
French), named xenismes, have a great frequency in the
medical science, the referent can be a personality in the
science, a name of medical theory, a
name of a national or an international organization, an
invention or an organism. A big number
of eponyms represent terms from histology, physiology or
anatomy. The new term which is
created it is ussualy a syntagmatic one and it has in his
structure a common noun to which the
name of the scientist is added. E.g.: baze (baze Schiff), buchet
(buchetul lui Riolan), canale
(canale Havers), celul, corpuscul, discuri (Discuri Merkel),
frotiu, metode (metoda Sorensen),
piramid (piramida lui Malphighi), reactivi (reactivi Edman),
simptom/sindrom, strangulaii
(strangulaii Ranvier), an (anul lui Rolando).
It is also observed many names of symptoms formed with proper
nouns: simptomul Emery-Dreifuss(English genetician, 1928),
simptomul Epstein (Czech doctor, 18491918), simptomul
Haenel (German neurologist , 18741942), simptomul Madelung,
simptomul Oehler (German
doctor, 1879), simptomul Remak (German neurologist, 18491911),
simptomul Roger (French
doctor, 18091891).
An interesting thing about this terms is that their synonyms are
also eponyms: symptom
Madelung symptom Launois-Bensuade. Many of the terms that were
named are linguistic
sources for common nouns, suffixal derived forming syntagmatic
forms. Proper names naming
syndromes are also widespread: sindromul Abercombrie (Scottish
doctor, 1780-1844), sindromul
Abt-Letterrer-Siwe, sindromul Achor-Smith(American doctor). The
linguistic sources of the
patronymes is the name of scientists. Some names arrived from
the person who was the first
pacient with such a diagnosis: sindromul Duncan. The terms
with
The Romanian linguist D.Butiurca
