Cape Verde Islands

Globalization

• Increasing connectedness of people and places through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change.

Currents of GlobalizationCurrents of Globalization

1. 1. Transportation and Communication Technology ChangesTransportation and Communication Technology Changes

2.2. Trans-national corporations (TNCs)/ International Trade - Trans-national corporations (TNCs)/ International Trade - Goods and Services/ International Finance RegimesGoods and Services/ International Finance Regimes

3.3. Diffusion of Democracy or Hollowing out of the State?Diffusion of Democracy or Hollowing out of the State?

4. Cultural Linkages4. Cultural Linkages

6. Social Movements and Transnational Communities6. Social Movements and Transnational Communities

7. Movements of People: Immigration/Refugees/Tourism7. Movements of People: Immigration/Refugees/Tourism

Globalization and Geography

• Geographies of Distance

• Scales in Geography• Scalar and

Categorical Linkages

• Space and Place• Borders

• Environment/Society Interaction

• Population and Migration

• Geopolitics• Development

Geographies of Distance

• Friction of Distance

• Action at a Distance

• Time-Space Convergence: reduction of time required. to move people or goods over distances

• Cost-Space Convergence: reduction of expenditures, especially relative to income, required to move people or goods over distances

• “Time-space compression is a term used by the geographer David Harvey (The Conditions of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989) and refers to a process in which time is reorganized in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space, and visa versa. Time-space compression involves a shortening of time and a ‘shrinking’ of space. We might argue that if people in Manila can experience the same thing at the same time as others in Copenhagen, say a business transaction or a media event, then they live in effect in the same place; space has been annihilated by time compression. Harvey illustrates the process with maps of the world that shrink over time proportionately to the increasing speed of transportation. The world of the 1960s then is about one-fiftieth the size of the world of the sixteenth century because jet aircraft can travel at about fifty times the speed of a sailing ship.”

Time Space Compression

Tim

e

YEAR1800 1900 2000

Time Space Convergence

Tim

e

YEAR1800 1900 2000

Cost-space Convergence

Tim

e / Cost

YEAR1800 1900 2000

Time Lag

Cost

Communication Convergence

Scales in Geography

1.1. GlobalGlobal

2.2. World-regional (e.g. North America)World-regional (e.g. North America)

3. State (e.g. United States)3. State (e.g. United States)

4. Regional (e.g. American West4. Regional (e.g. American West

5. Metropolitan Region (e.g. Denver Metro)5. Metropolitan Region (e.g. Denver Metro)

6. Locality (e.g. Boulder)6. Locality (e.g. Boulder)

7.7. Neighborhood (e.g. the “Hill’)Neighborhood (e.g. the “Hill’)

8.8. Household: Gender relations, Age relationsHousehold: Gender relations, Age relations

9.9. Personal: Body/Emotions/SpiritualityPersonal: Body/Emotions/Spirituality

11

2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 66 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Pyramid Model

Scale ElementsScale Elements

1. Linkages horizontally - same scale1. Linkages horizontally - same scale2. Linkages vertically - across scales2. Linkages vertically - across scales3. Jumping Scales3. Jumping Scales4. Different agencies important at different scales4. Different agencies important at different scales5. Different processes (e.g. political, economic, 5. Different processes (e.g. political, economic, social, etc) important at different scalessocial, etc) important at different scales

E.E. EuropeEuropeW. EuropeW. Europe

RussiaRussia CentralCentral AsiaAsia

S.E. AsiaS.E. AsiaChina/E. AsiaChina/E. Asia

MiddleMiddle East EastS. AsiaS. Asia

AfricaAfrica L. AmericaL. America

North AmericaNorth America

Regional Linkages

World Trade Organization

Vertical Linkages

State of Colorado

US Governnment

City of Boulder

Horizontal Municipal Linkages

Dushanbe, Tajikistan

World Trade Organization

State of Colorado

US Governnment

City of BoulderJalapa, Nicaragua

City of Boulder

State of Colorado

Jumping Scales

Myanmar

Dushanbe, Tajikistan

World Trade Organization

US Governnment

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

CulturalCultural

GeopoliticalGeopolitical

PopulationPopulation

EconomicEconomic

Cross Categorical Linkages

Cross Scalar/Cross Categorical Linkages

• State-Global Economy

• State-Household

• Transnational Social Movement-State

• Global Economy-Body

• Local-Global

Space

Literally “area”, but two meanings are more prevalent in Geography.

• Absolute or abstract space: the sort of space that acts as a container for things

• Social or relative space: space produced through social interaction. Societies produce space and space, in turn, produces societies.– Public space: space made available by

the government or by private groups for political or leisurely activity.

Place

• Place: A portion of geographical space occupied by a person or thing, and thus given meaning. Place is constructed out of interconnected processes operating at all scales, but which come together in a unique configuration at a particular location.

Environment Society Relations

• Cultural Landscape: The environment as it is altered by humans via the construction of built forms; the natural landscape as altered by humans.

• Political Ecology: the geographical study of the political processes at various scales that cause ecological change in a place or region

Borders

• Political borders:• National

• Municipal

• Human borders:• Societal/Ethnic/Racial: Difference

• Personal

• Absolute borders/barriers• Permeable borders/barriers• Do Borders Still Matter?

Population Factors

• Population Models show how population conditions influence poverty, geopolitics, social conditions and migration– Population Pyramids– Demographic Transition Model– Push/Pull Factors

Population Pyramids

Demographic Transition Model

Push/Pull Factors

• Push Factors: – Conditions that cause people to leave their area

• Pull Factors: – Conditions that attract people to another

location

Geopolitics

• Nation: A people bound together by a shared sense history and culture and rooted in a particular territory.

• State: Territory with well-defined borders; with a government, institutions and recognized by world community.

• Nation-State: The territory of a nation is congruent with the territory of a state.

• Nationalism: A feeling of belonging to a nation; often a desire for national control over a state.

Geopolitics II

• Regional

• International

• Supranational

Development

• The process by which a society goes about realizing its potential.

• Economic Development• Social Development• Sustainable Development• Alternative Development• Contrast with Uneven Development