EXPERIMENT 1:- Simple Pendulum (MM)

EXPERIMENT 2:- GALILEO’S Inclined Plane (MM)

Q6 Assuming g to be 9.81ms-2

determine the value for the constant frictional force acting along

the plane.

EXPERIMENT 3:- Static Equilibrium (AI)

EXPERIMENT 4:- Projectile motion (ORR)

The object of this experiment is to verify that the time of flight of a projectile is independent of initial

horizontal velocity.

THEORY:

The parabolic path of a projectile may be analyzed in two parts each using the general equations of

motion.

Horizontally: x = ux t

Vertically y = ½gt2 uy = 0 for horizontal projection

Given that the vertical height from which the object is projected is constant, the time of flight of the

projectile should be independent of the initial horizontal velocity.

ux may be calculated from the energy changes that take place when the object falls along the chute.

Plot a suitable graph to verify the relationship.

EXPERIMENT 5:- Density of water

EXPERIMENT 6:- Terminal Velocity (ORR)

EXPERIMENT 7:- Acceleration (PD)

9702/51/M/J/10 © UCLES 2010

For

Examiner’s

Use

7a A hammer is often used to force a nail into wood. The faster the hammer moves, the deeper

the nail moves into the wood.

This can be represented in a laboratory by a mass falling vertically onto a nail.

It is suggested that the depth d of the nail in the wood (see Fig. 1.1) is related to the

velocity v of the mass at the instant it hits the nail by the equation

d = kv n

where k and n are constants.

d

nail

wood

Fig. 1.1

Design a laboratory experiment to investigate the relationship between v and d so as to

determine a value for n. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your

equipment. In your account you should pay particular attention to

(a) the procedure to be followed,

(b) the measurements to be taken,

(c) the control of variables,

(d) the analysis of the data,

(e) the safety precautions to be taken.

[15]

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EXPERIMENT 7a:- The force of speed (P&D)

EXPERIMENT 8:- Focal Length of a convex lens (MM)

EXPERIMENT 9:- Resonance (AI)

EXPERIMENT 10:- Damped Oscillations (PD)

EXPERIMENT 11:- Diffraction Grating (PD)

EXPERIMENT 12:- Transverse waves (PD)

EXPERIMENT 13:- Hysteresis of rubber (ORR)

Hysteresis and Rubber Bands

Introduction

When one performs a Hooke’s Law type experiment with a rubber band, it can be noticed that the band does not behave exactly like a spring. A rubber

band, made of latex and rubber, does not return to its exact original shape after being stretched. This is an example of a phenomenon called hysteresis. By studying the relationship between the rubber band during stretching and unstretching, one can determine the amount of work done on the rubber

band, and the amount of energy (in joules) lost by the band.

Design

A retort stand with clamp should be used to hold a ruler and rubber band.

The ruler should be accurate to ± 0.5mm. Masses should be added to the band in increments of 100g. The device holding the masses in this experiment had a mass of 50g; therefore, the progression of masses went:

0g, 50g, 150g, 250g, 350g, etc. up to 1.05kg.

One should use a ruler (or some sort of straight edge) to find the position of the rubber band on the held ruler—this should be done to avoid parallax.

The image (at the bottom) is a representation of the set up.

To measure data in this experiment, masses should be added slowly and gently. The stretch should be recorded in meters. Once 1.05kg have been added, masses should be removed in the same increments as they were

added and the new stretch should be recorded. This data will therefore be split into two sections: stretching and unstretching.

EXPERIMENT 14:- Latent Heat of fusion (ORR)

EXPERIMENT 15:- Thermal Conductivity of glass (AI)

Title: g from a simple pendulum Skill: Manipulation / Measurement

Max.

mark

Act

mark

Follows instructions 1

Repeats readings to reduce random errors

1

Takes 6 or more readings 1

Readings range over 50cm 1

Avoids zero error 1

Avoids error due to parallax 1

Measures lengths to appropriate accuracy

1

Ensures the angle of oscillation is small

1

Uses appropriate procedure for measure to the inaccessible point

1

Most times >20 s 1

Use of a fiducial marker 1

Countdown method used 1

Total 12

Lab Title: Galileo’s Experiment Max.

mark

Actual

mark

(a) Statement of formula :

s = ut + ½ at2

1

(b) Formula for motion down an

inclined plane, ma = mgsinθ - FR

1

(c) Formula converted to show

straight line: t2 = (2/a) s

1

(d) Identified slope as m = (2/a)

1

(e) Identified vertical rise /

horizontal run y2 – y1 / x2 – x1

1

(f) Calculated gradient 1

(g) Used large triangle for gradient 1

(h) Correct sig. figs. / units 1

(i) Correct formula to calculate θ 1

(j) FR calculated 1

(k) Correct sig. figs / units for FR 1

(l) Identified errors in experiment 1

Total (AI) 12

Lab Title: Vectors CAPE Skill: A/ I

Max. mk

Act mk

Raw readings have consistent d.p. 1 % uncertainty in ө found 1

Best straight line estimated 1

Triangle for gradient »½ page 1 Grid Points used for gradient 1

Correct gradient formula 1

Gradient correctly calculated 1

Accurate determination of m & k from gradient & intercept

2

m ; k found with correct units 1 m; k found with appropriate sig figs. 1

Identified difficulty measuring F & ө 1

Total 12

Lab Title: Density of water

Skill: Analysis /Interpretation

Max.

mark

Actual

mark

(a) Correct evaluation of k 1

(b) Percentage uncertainty in d,

correctly determined

1

(c) Cross-sectional area, A

calculated

1

(d) Large triangle for gradient 1

(e) Converts formula to straight

line equation

1

(f) used formula ρ = - km / Ag 1

(g) Correct Gradient with unit 2

(h) Density evaluated correctly 1

(i) Appropriate sig. figs. for ρ 1

(j) Improvement identified 1

(k) Identified difficulty in

measuring d

1

Total 12

Lab Title: Terminal Velocity

Skill: ORR

Max.

mk

Act

mk

(a) At least 5 sets of tabulated

readings

1

(b) Correct units in column

headings

1

(c) Measurements repeated to

reduce errors

1

(d) Consistent accuracy in

raw readings

1

(e) Appropriate sig. figs 1

(f) Non-standard precautions 1

(g) Unavoidable sources of error 1

(h) Correct spelling used 1

(j) Correct punctuation used 1

(k) Correct grammar used 1

(l) Report has appropriate

sequence

1

(m) Conclusion follows logically

from aim

1

Total 12

Lab Title: Acceleration of free

moving system. CAPE Skill: P / D

Max.

mark

Act.

mark

Objective stated 1

Appropriate equipment chosen 1

Diagram of arrangement of equip 1

Feasible procedure outlined 1

Statement of measurements taken 1

States how acceleration of A is deter. 1

States control variable(s) 1

States independent variable(s) 1

States dependent variable(s) 1

How results were treated 1

Safety Precaution(s) given 1

Possible source of error given 1

Total 12

Lab Title: Focal length of a lens

CAPE: MM

Max.

mk

Act

mk

Uses far object to determine approx F 1

Object, lens and screen aligned 1

Light source close to object card 1

Takes reading at center of lens mount 1

Repeats readings to reduce errors 1

Takes a at least 6 sets of readings 1

Spreads readings over approp range 1

Checks for sharpest image 1

Avoids error due to parallax 1

Adjusts for zero error on metre rule 1

Total 10

Lab Title: Damped Oscillations

CAPE Skill: P / D

Max.

mk

Act

mk

Stated hypothesis 1

Identified quantities measured 1

Gave suitable no. of observations 1

Good range for A 1

Gave how independent variable was

measured

1

Gave how dependent variable was

measured

1

Identified controlled variables 1

Plotted ln Xo vs A 1

Identified steps taken to improve

accuracy

1

Commented on how experiment

could be improved

1

Conclusion

Hypothesis supported/refuted

Reason given

1

1

Total 12

Lab Title: Resonance

Skill: AI

Max.

mk

Act

mk

(a) Found mean value of c (table) 1

(b) Found mean value of c (formula) 1

(c) Found mean value of c (graph) 1

(d) Compared one value of f from

formula to given value

1

(e) Found end correction frm formula 1

(f) Found end correction graphically 1

(g) Calculated gradient 1

(h) States formula for gradient 1

(j) Gave correct units for gradient 1

(k) Used large triangle 1

(l) Gave unavoidable sources of error 1

(m) Conclusion relevant to aim 1

Total 12

Lab Title: Diffraction Grating CAPE Skill: P&D

Max. mark

Actual mark

States Aim 1

Appropriate equipment chosen 1

Feasible procedure outlined 1 Diagram of diffraction pattern shown 1

Labeled diagram of set-up 1

Type of light source named 1 Reason for choosing source type 1

What measurements are taken 1

How ө found from measurements 1 How spacing is deduced 1

Safety precautions 2

Total 12

Lab Title: Hysteresis of Rubber

Skill: ORR

Max.

mk

Act

mk

(a) At least 6 sets of tabulated

readings

1

(b) Correct units in column

headings

1

(c) Measurements repeated to

reduce errors

1

(d) Consistent accuracy in

raw readings

1

(e) Appropriate sig. figs 1

(f) Non-standard precautions 1

(g) Unavoidable sources of error 1

(h) Correct spelling used 1

(j) Correct punctuation used 1

(k) Correct grammar used 1

(l) Report has appropriate

sequence

1

(m) Conclusion follows logically

from aim

1

Total 12

Lab Title: Thermal Conductivity

of glass. CAPE Skill: A/I

Max.

mark

Actual

mark

Correct evaluation of p and q 2

Graph of ln (θ0 / θ) vs t plotted 1

Large triangle for gradient 1

Gradient points used exactly

on grid line intersection

2

Gradient formula stated 1

Correct Gradient with unit 2

λ evaluated correctly 1

Appropriate sig. figs. For λ 1

Identified errors 1

Total 12