Cape Biology 2014 u2 p2

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qb. rESr coDE 02207020FORM TP 2014144 MAY/ruNE 2014

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION@

BIOLOGY

UNIT2-PaPer02

2 hours 30 minutes

RI,AD THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of SIX questions in two sections. AnswerALL questions.

2. For Section A, write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3- For Section B, write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of eachquestion in this booklet.

4. You may use a silent non-programmable calculator.

DO NOT TURI\ THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright @ 2012 Caribbean Examinations Council

o22oi z,cApEz0r4

All rights reserved

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a).

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SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

Figure I is a diagram of the structure of part of a mitochondrionsection.

as seen in longitudinal

Figure 1. Structure of a mitochondrion

Re dr awn fro m : h t tp : / www. h ind aw i. c o m /j o u rn a Is

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0 I 0 / 6 0 a 3 0a

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I /

i) Identiff the structures labelled A, B, C and D in Figure l.

A:

B:

C:

D:[4 marksl

Using an arrow labelled X, indicate the site of the Krebs cycle on Figure L[1 markl

ii)

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(b)

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In an experiment investigating the effects of factors which may limit photosynthesis, someleaves are exposed to two concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The photosyntheticrates of the leaves are measured at different temperatures. The results of the experiment are

shown in Figure 2.

25 30

Leaf temperature (oC)

Figure 2. Effect of temperature and carbon dioxide concentration onphotosynthetic rate of some leaves

http://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/FOS 20Essay/CIimate-Change-Science.html

(i) Describe the relationship between leaf temperature and net photosynthetic rate at1935 ppm CO,.

[3 marksl

6lo

Q)dtl A

A=

avq)

z

1935 ppm CO,

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ii)

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With reference to data presented in Figure 2, explain the effect of the increase in CO,concentration on the rate of photosynthesis, taking into consideration the temperature

of the leaf.

iii) Briefly comment on how an understanding of temperaturelimiting factors of photosynthesis, may be used by farmersgreenhouses.

[3 marksl

and carbon dioxide, asto increase crop yield in

[4 marks]

Total 15 marks

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(a).

-\-

The uptake of potassium ions by young cereal roots is measured over time at two temperatures,

0 oC and 25 C.Potassium cyanide (a respiratory inhibitor) is added after 90 minutes, at both

temperatures. The results are shown in Figure 3.

60 80Time (minutes)

Figure 3. Absorption of potassium ions by young cereal roots at 0 oC and 25oC

State the effect of potassium cyanide25 oC), and give a brief explanation.

0 0c:

ht tp : //www.we I Icome. ac. uAen/b ia/gal lery. htm

on potassium uptake at EACHtemperature (0 oC and

200

150

100

c,

o

r<

(L)

u0

o)&

OO

Potassium cyanide added

25 C:

[4 marksl

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1402000

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b) Using a labelled diagram of a transverse section of a root including a root hair), illustrateTHREE pathways by which water moves from soil into root cells. Limit your illustration toa small section of the epidermis and cortex containing 6 - 8 cells.

Note: Use a key to distinguish between pathways.

[6 marksl

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c)

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Figure 4 is a simplified diagram of a longinrdinal section of a mammalian heart.

Pulmonary artery

Right atrium

Left atrium

Left ventricleRight ven

Figure 4. Simplified diagram of a longitudinal section of a mammalian heart

i) Identiff the structures labelled A, B, and C in Figure 4.

A:

B:

C:[3 marksl

iD Explain how arterial pressure is affected if the structure labelled D is defective.

[2 marksl

Total 15 marks

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c

-D

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3. (a)

TABLE I:

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Obesity in pre-school children (

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ii)

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Compare the trend in percentage of overweight and obesity for Africa with that ofLatin America and the Caribbean, over the period 1990-2010.

iiD

[2 marksl

in reducing or preventingSuggest TWO key strategies which may be effectiveobesity in pre-school children.

[2 marksl

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(b)

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Figure 5 shows the steps involved in the phagocytic process in macrophages.

Phagosome

Lysosomes 4S /6t \ucreusPYrcn

Phagolysosome

-< ,/Macrophage \ -Y

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- 1l -

SECTION B

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each question.

4. (a) Give an analysis of potential energy losses across trophic levels in a food chain.[4 marksl

(b) Comment on the importance of food web complexity in an ecosystem. In your answer,explain what is meant by a food web. [4 marks]

(c) Describe SIX biotic interactions that can occur in an ecosystem. Include a brief explanationof the term biotic interaction . [7 marksl

Total 15 marks

Write the answer to Question 4 here.

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(a).

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Give a concise explanation of the term translocation in plants. [2 marksli)

(ii) Apple growers in Japan sometimes make a non-lethal spiral slash around the bark oftrees destined for removal after the growing season. This practice makes the applessweeter.

With reference to the mass flow principle, explain the biological basis of this practicefor making the apples sweeter. [Note: details of mass flow hypothesis are NOTrequired.l [4 marksl

Mammalian neurones in a resting state normally have a membrane potential ofapproximately - 70 millivolts. If the plasma membrane is depolarized an action potential isgenerated.

(i) Outline the main steps in the depolarization phase of an action potential.[Note: details of repolarization are NOT required.] [6 marks]

(ii) A common practice in dentistry is the use of local anesthetic injections of Lidocaine tonumb a target area. Lidocaine is known to bind to receptor sites of sodium channels.

Suggest, giving a brief explanation, what effect Lidocaine may have on the generationof an action potential. [3 marksl

Total 15 marks


(b)

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6.

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(a) Explain the association between excessive dietary fat intake and hypertension. Include inyour account a brief explanantion of the term hypertension , and a concise description ofplaque formation in arteries. [7 marksl

(b) Distinguish between chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and explain how these chronicobstructive respiratory diseases can develop due to cigarette smoking. [8 marksl

Total 15 marks


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END OF TEST

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Cape Biology 2014 u2 p2