Canons of Economic Law Canonum de Lex Frugalitas

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Canonum De Lex FrugalitasCanons of Economic Law


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To the reader

This document is an extract constructed at UCA Day SOL E1:Y0:A54:S4:M1:D5 08:00:42 also knownas [16-Sep-2012 UTC] from the Canons of Economic Law located at one-heaven.org

This pdf is produced by automated means on an automated schedule. Should any difference in textarise from this extract and the Canons at one-heaven.org, the Canons at one-heaven.org should berelied upon for authenticity. In that event you may also wish to download a new copy of the pdf (if

possible).


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Table of Content

Table of ContentI. Introductory Provisions

1.1 Introductry ProvisionsArticle 1 - Canons ofEconomic LawArticle 2 - Economic Law

1.2 ConceptsArticle 3 - EconomicsArticle 4 - ProductionArticle 5 - CostArticle 6 - DistributionArticle 7 - ConsumptionArticle 8 - ScarcityArticle 9 - AbundanceArticle 10 - BusinessArticle 11 - ConsumerArticle 12 - EconomyArticle 13 - BehaviourArticle 14 - Markets

Article 15 - SpecializationArticle 16 - CodependenceArticle 17 - UncertaintyArticle 18 - Game TheoryArticle 19 - ChoiceArticle 20 - OptimizationArticle 21 - MacroeconomicArticle 22 - Microeconomic

II. System2.1 Economies

Article 23 - EconomiesArticle 24 - Open EconomyArticle 25 - Closed EconomyArticle 26 - Transition EconomyArticle 27 - Weightless EconomyArticle 28 - Market EconomyArticle 29 - Centrally Controlled EconomyArticle 30 - Industrialized EconomyArticle 31 - Advanced EconomyArticle 32 - Agricultural EconomyArticle 33 - Underdeveloped Economy

2.2 Economic SystemsArticle 34 - Economic SystemsArticle 35 - CapitalismArticle 36 - CommunismArticle 37 - FascismArticle 38 - LiberalismArticle 39 - MercantilismArticle 40 - DebtismArticle 41 - SocialismArticle 42 - Synergism

2.3 MeasurementArticle 43 - MeasurementArticle 44 - Economic IndicatorArticle 45 - AverageArticle 46 - GDPArticle 47 - GNPArticle 48 - Herfindahl-hirschman indexArticle 49 - Gini coefficient


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Article 50 - Consumer Price Index

2.4 Statisti csArticle 51 - StatisticsArticle 52 - SourceArticle 53 - SampleArticle 54 - MethodArticle 55 - IndependenceArticle 56 - DeviationArticle 57 - FrequencyArticle 58 - Inference

Article 59 - NormalizationArticle 60 - Asymmetric InformationArticle 61 - Statistical significanceArticle 62 - Standard errorArticle 63 - ProbabilityArticle 64 - Objectivity

2.5 Ucadian Statistical ModelArticle 65 - Ucadian Statistical ModelArticle 66 - AgricultureArticle 67 - AssetsArticle 68 - BuildingsArticle 69 - BusinessArticle 70 - Crime

Article 71 - EconomyArticle 72 - EducationArticle 73 - EmploymentArticle 74 - EnergyArticle 75 - EnvironmentArticle 76 - ExpenditureArticle 77 - ExportsArticle 78 - FamiliesArticle 79 - FinanceArticle 80 - GeographyArticle 81 - GovernmentArticle 82 - HealthArticle 83 - Households

Article 84 - ImportsArticle 85 - IncomeArticle 86 - IndustryArticle 87 - InfrastructureArticle 88 - LandArticle 89 - Land UseArticle 90 - LawArticle 91 - LiabilitiesArticle 92 - Living StandardsArticle 93 - MilitaryArticle 94 - PeopleArticle 95 - PovertyArticle 96 - ReligionArticle 97 - Natural ResourcesArticle 98 - TechnologyArticle 99 - TransportArticle 100 - Water

2.6 EKELOSArticle 101 - EKELOSArticle 102 - EKEDAArticle 103 - EKEDIAArticle 104 - EKELEXArticle 105 - EKEVIRArticle 106 - TEKNASArticle 107 - EIKOSArticle 108 - EKASYSArticle 109 - CIVILA


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Article 110 - UNILEX

2.7 False Statistical TheoriesArticle 111 - False Statistical TheoryArticle 112 - Adaptive Expectations

III. Currency3.1 Currency

Article 113 - CurrencyArticle 114 - BarterArticle 115 - Bimetallism

Article 116 - BullionismArticle 117 - Circular flow of IncomeArticle 118 - Capital Adequacy RatioArticle 119 - Classical Theory Of MoneyArticle 120 - Commodity Theory of MoneyArticle 121 - MonetarismArticle 122 - Money IllusionArticle 123 -Article 124 -

3.2 Currency MarketArticle 125 - Currency MarketArticle 126 - Real exchange rateArticle 127 - Currency peg

Article 128 - Currency PrincipleArticle 129 - Sterilised interventionArticle 130 - Deflationary monetary policyArticle 131 - Quantity Theory of MoneyArticle 132 - Reserve currencyArticle 133 - Soft currencyArticle 134 - Soft dollarsArticle 135 - Transmission mechanismArticle 136 - Trade-weighted exchange rateArticle 137 - Velocity of circulationArticle 138 - Purchasing Power ParityArticle 139 - Real TermsArticle 140 - Dollarisation

Article 141 - Demand for Money TheoryArticle 142 - Exchange controlsArticle 143 - Marshall-Lerner ConditionArticle 144 - Exchange RateArticle 145 - FundingArticle 146 - Hard currencyArticle 147 - Hawala

3.3 Currency ControlArticle 148 - Currency ControlsArticle 149 - Money supplyArticle 150 - Capital ControlsArticle 151 - Capital FlightArticle 152 - Credit Creation

Article 153 - Credit CrunchArticle 154 - Currency boardArticle 155 - Monetary NeutralityArticle 156 - Monetary policyArticle 157 - Monetary StandardArticle 158 - Federal reserve systemArticle 159 - IMFArticle 160 - InterventionArticle 161 - Liquidity trapArticle 162 - Reserve ratioArticle 163 - Reserve requirementsArticle 164 - Reserves

IV. Land


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4.1 LandArticle 165 - LandArticle 166 - Land Development

V. Labor5.1 Labor

Article 167 - LaborArticle 168 - Divisions of LaborArticle 169 - Minimum WageArticle 170 - Union

Article 171 - WageArticle 172 - Wage DriftArticle 173 - Wages Fund DoctrineArticle 174 - WelfareArticle 175 - Welfare economicsArticle 176 - Welfare to WorkArticle 177 - Reservation Wage

5.2 EmploymentArticle 178 - EmploymentArticle 179 - OutsourcingArticle 180 - Full EmploymentArticle 181 - Geographic ImmobilityArticle 182 - Human Capital Theory

Article 183 - Job Search5.3 Unemployment

Article 184 - UnemploymentArticle 185 - Unemployment TrapArticle 186 - Voluntary UnemploymentArticle 187 - Structural UnemploymentArticle 188 - Okuns LawArticle 189 - Efficiency WagesArticle 190 - Frictional UnemploymentArticle 191 - Transitional UnemploymentArticle 192 - LaborArticle 193 - Labor IntensiveArticle 194 - Labor Market Flexibility

5.4 False Labor TheoriesArticle 195 - False Labor TheoryArticle 196 - Natural Rate of Unemployment

VI. Capital6.1 Capital

Article 197 - CapitalArticle 198 - Acceleration PrincipleArticle 199 - Accelerator TheoryArticle 200 - Capital ControlsArticle 201 - CreditorArticle 202 - Social CapitalArticle 203 - Gearing

Article 204 - Intellectual capital6.2 False Capital TheoriesArticle 205 - False Capital TheoryArticle 206 - Cost of CapitalArticle 207 - Diversification

VII. Enterprise7.1 Enterprise Elements

Article 208 - EnterpriseArticle 209 - Enterprise ElementArticle 210 - BrandArticle 211 - Capital StructureArticle 212 - DividendArticle 213 - Dominant Firm


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Article 214 - EntrepreneurArticle 215 - StocksArticle 216 - Vertical integrationArticle 217 - OffshoreArticle 218 - Market capitalisationArticle 219 - Mergers and acquisitions

7.2 Enterprise TypesArticle 220 - Enterprise TypeArticle 221 - Central BankArticle 222 - Bank

Article 223 - Public UtilityArticle 224 - Public-privateArticle 225 - NGOArticle 226 - Hedge Funds

7.3 False Enterprise TheoriesArticle 227 - False Enterprise TheoryArticle 228 - Theory of Firm

VIII. Commodity8.1 Commodity

Article 229 - CommodityArticle 230 - CommoditizationArticle 231 - Security

Article 232 - BackwardationArticle 233 - LuxuriesArticle 234 - Treasury billsArticle 235 - Public GoodsArticle 236 - Positional goodsArticle 237 - Product Life-Cycle TheoryArticle 238 - Substitute goodsArticle 239 - RepoArticle 240 - DerivativesArticle 241 - Economic GoodArticle 242 - Financial InstrumentArticle 243 - Giffen goodsArticle 244 - Gilt-edged securities (Gilts)

Article 245 - Global public goodsArticle 246 - Joint supply

8.2 False Commodity TheoriesArticle 247 - False Commodity TheoryArticle 248 - Bond (Debt Bond)Article 249 - Bond (Surety)Article 250 - Credit

IX. Utility9.1 Utility

Article 251 - UtilityArticle 252 - Cost-Benefit AnalysisArticle 253 - Marginal Utility (Theory)Article 254 - Net present valueArticle 255 - Network effectArticle 256 - Nominal valueArticle 257 - Social benefits/costs

X. Industry10.1 Industry

Article 258 - IndustryArticle 259 - ManufacturingArticle 260 - Primary IndustryArticle 261 - Secondary Industry

XI. Confidence11.1 Confidence


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Article 262 - ConfidenceArticle 263 - Consumer ConfidenceArticle 264 - Precautionary motiveArticle 265 - RatingsArticle 266 - TrustArticle 267 - Trusted SourceArticle 268 - Volatility

XII. Competition12.1 Competition

Article 269 - CompetitionArticle 270 - CompetitivenessArticle 271 - AdvertisingArticle 272 - Barriers to EntryArticle 273 - ConcentrationArticle 274 - DumpingArticle 275 - PatentsArticle 276 - First-mover advantageArticle 277 - Imperfect competitionArticle 278 - Incumbent advantageArticle 279 - Non-price competitionArticle 280 - Zero-sum game

12.2 False Competiti on Theories

Article 281 - False Competition TheoryArticle 282 - Perfect competition

XIII. Markets13.1 Markets

Article 283 - MarketArticle 284 - Adverse SelectionArticle 285 - AntitrustArticle 286 - ArbitrageArticle 287 - Contestable MarketArticle 288 - Pareto efficiencyArticle 289 - Social marketArticle 290 - Restrictive practiceArticle 291 - Tariff

Article 292 - Trade areaArticle 293 - Trade cycleArticle 294 - Trade deficit/surplusArticle 295 - Visible tradeArticle 296 - Winner-takes-all marketsArticle 297 - New Trade TheoryArticle 298 - QuotaArticle 299 - Optimal currency areaArticle 300 - OligopolyArticle 301 - Open-market operationsArticle 302 - Fair tradeArticle 303 - Natural MonopolyArticle 304 - Most-favoured nation

Article 305 - Rent-seekingArticle 306 - MultiplierArticle 307 - Financial centreArticle 308 - Invisible TradeArticle 309 - Market failureArticle 310 - Market forcesArticle 311 - Market powerArticle 312 - Monopolistic competitionArticle 313 - MonopolyArticle 314 - MonopsonyArticle 315 -Article 316 -

13.2 Market Types


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Article 317 - Market TypeArticle 318 - GATTArticle 319 - NAFTA

13.3 Market Exchange MethodsArticle 320 - Market Exchange MethodArticle 321 - Fisher equation of exchangeArticle 322 - Auctions

13.4 Market BehaviourArticle 323 - Market BehaviourArticle 324 - Arrow Debreu Model

Article 325 - BubbleArticle 326 - Business Cycle

13.5 Market CorruptionArticle 327 - Market CorruptionArticle 328 - CartelArticle 329 - Price Fixing

13.6 False Market TheoriesArticle 330 - False Market TheoryArticle 331 - Efficient Market HypothesisArticle 332 - Free MarketArticle 333 - Free Trade

XIV. Investment14.1 Investment

Article 334 - InvestmentArticle 335 - DistributionArticle 336 - FlotationArticle 337 - Foreign direct investmentArticle 338 - Value at riskArticle 339 - Venture capitalArticle 340 - YieldArticle 341 - Yield CurveArticle 342 - Yield gapArticle 343 - Private EquityArticle 344 - Soft loanArticle 345 - Sovereign risk

Article 346 - Real options theoryArticle 347 - Systematic riskArticle 349 - HedgeArticle 350 - Hot MoneyArticle 351 - Portfolio Selection TheoryArticle 352 - InsuranceArticle 353 - Institutional investorsArticle 354 - Stress-testingArticle 355 - InvestmentArticle 356 - Inward investmentArticle 357 - Lender of last resort

14.2 Investment RiskArticle 358 - Risk

Article 359 - Risk averseArticle 360 - SpeculationArticle 361 - Risk managementArticle 362 - Risk neutralArticle 363 - Risk premiumArticle 364 - Risk seekingArticle 365 - Risk-free rate

XV. Expectation15.1 Expectation

Article 366 - ExpectationArticle 367 - DemandArticle 368 - Demand curve


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Article 369 - Normal goods

15.2 False Expectation TheoriesArticle 370 - False Expectation TheoryArticle 371 - Ricardian Equivalence Theorem

XVI. Production16.1 Production

Article 373 - ProductionArticle 374 - CapacityArticle 375 - Supply

Article 376 - Supply curveArticle 377 - Diminishing returnsArticle 378 - EfficiencyArticle 379 - Production FunctionArticle 380 - ProductivityArticle 381 - ExportsArticle 382 - Output GapArticle 383 - Factor costArticle 384 - Factors of ProductionArticle 385 - Mobility

16.2 False Production TheoriesArticle 386 - False Production TheoryArticle 387 - Absolute Advantage

Article 389 - Lump of labour fallacyXVII. Distribution

17.1 DistributionArticle 390 - DistributionArticle 391 - Producer SurplusArticle 392 - QueueingArticle 393 - RationingArticle 394 - Transfers

XVIII. Consumption18.1 Consumption

Article 395 - ConsumptionArticle 396 - Aggregate Demand

Article 397 - Coase TheoremArticle 399 - Equity risk premiumArticle 400 - Substitution Theory

18.2 False Consumption TheoriesArticle 401 - False Consumption TheoryArticle 402 - Absolute Income HypothesisArticle 403 - Aggregate Demand Curve

XIX. Satisfaction19.1 Satisfaction

Article 404 - SatisfactionArticle 405 - Consumer Satisfaction

XX. Prices20.1 Pri ces

Article 406 - PricesArticle 407 - Price DiscriminationArticle 408 - Price elasticityArticle 409 - Financial Market Asset PricingArticle 410 - Consumer Surplus TheoryArticle 411 - ContangoArticle 412 - Spot priceArticle 413 - SubsidyArticle 414 - Sticky pricesArticle 415 - Price mechanismArticle 416 - Price regulationArticle 417 - Price/earnings ratio


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Article 418 - Dominant FirmArticle 419 - Factory pricesArticle 420 - House PricesArticle 421 - Predatory pricingArticle 422 - SpreadArticle 423 - Transfer pricingArticle 424 - Paradox of ValueArticle 425 - Menu costsArticle 426 - Peak Load PricingArticle 427 - Overshooting

Article 428 - Option Pricing Theory20.2 False Price Theories

Article 429 - False Price TheoryArticle 430 - Capital Asset PricingArticle 431 - Labour theory of value

XXI. Revenue21.1 Revenue

Article 432 - RevenueArticle 433 - Disposable incomeArticle 434 - Relative Income HypothesisArticle 435 - RentArticle 436 - Excess returns

Article 437 - Export creditArticle 438 - Fiscal dragArticle 439 - Income (Distribution)Article 440 - National IncomeArticle 441 - Windfall gainsArticle 442 - Income effect

21.2 TaxesArticle 443 - TaxationArticle 444 - Corporation taxArticle 445 - Lump-sum taxArticle 446 - Progressive taxationArticle 447 - Deadweight cost/lossArticle 448 - Negative income tax

Article 449 - Direct TaxationArticle 450 - Land taxArticle 451 - Expenditure taxArticle 452 - HypothecationArticle 453 - Tax arbitrageArticle 454 - Tax AvoidanceArticle 455 - Tax BaseArticle 456 - Tax BurdenArticle 457 - Vertical equityArticle 458 - Tax CompetitionArticle 459 - Tax efficientArticle 460 - Tax EvasionArticle 461 - Tax havenArticle 462 - Tax incidence

Article 463 - Wealth TaxArticle 464 - Withholding taxArticle 465 - Income TaxArticle 466 - Laffer curve

21.3 False Revenue TheoriesArticle 467 - False Revenue TheoryArticle 468 - Permanent Income HypothesisArticle 469 - Income Determination

XXII. Expenses22.1 Expenses

Article 470 - ExpenseArticle 471 - Cost-push factors


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Article 472 - Sunk costsArticle 473 - Fixed CostsArticle 474 - Government Capital ExpenditureArticle 475 - ImportsArticle 476 - Public SpendingArticle 477 - Replacement CostArticle 478 - Transaction costsArticle 479 - Variable costs

XXIII. Solvency23.1 Solvency

Article 480 - SolvencyArticle 481 - Bankruptcy

XXIV. Profit24.1 Profit

Article 482 - ProfitArticle 483 - Capital GainsArticle 484 - ReturnsArticle 485 - Required returnArticle 486 - Profit marginArticle 487 - Profit maximisationArticle 488 - Rate of returnArticle 489 - Rate of return regulation

Article 490 - Total returnArticle 491 - Value AddedArticle 492 - Windfall profit

XXV. Assets25.1 Assets

Article 493 - AssetArticle 494 - Intangible AssetsArticle 495 - LiquidityArticle 496 - Liquidity preferenceArticle 497 - Residual riskArticle 498 - Tangible assets

XXVI. Liabilities26.1 Liabilities

Article 499 - LiabilityArticle 500 - National DebtArticle 501 - Default

26.2 False Liability TheoriesArticle 502 - False Liability TheoryArticle 503 - DebtArticle 504 - Debt Forgiveness

XXVII. Wealth27.1 Wealth

Article 505 - Wealth

27.2 False Wealth TheoriesArticle 507 - False Wealth TheoryArticle 508 - Trickle Down Theory (Effect)Article 509 - Wealth Effect

XXVIII. Financial Position28.1 Financial Position

Article 510 - Financial PositionArticle 511 - DeficitArticle 512 - Deflationary GapArticle 513 - Demand-Pull InflationArticle 514 - DepreciationArticle 515 - RecessionArticle 516 - Depression


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Article 517 - DisinflationArticle 518 - DisequilibriumArticle 519 - Demand-Deficient unemploymentArticle 520 - Fiscal NeutralityArticle 521 - Structural AdjustmentArticle 522 - StagnationArticle 523 - Government deficitArticle 524 - Hyper-inflationArticle 525 - InequalityArticle 526 - Inflation

Article 527 - J-curveXXIX. Financial Statement

29.1 Financial StatementsArticle 528 - Financial StatementArticle 529 - Discounted cashflowArticle 530 - Terms of trade

XXX. Economic Policy30.1 Economic Pol icy

Article 531 - Balance of PaymentsArticle 532 - Balanced BudgetArticle 533 - Catch Up EffectArticle 534 - Convergence (Theory)

Article 535 - Cost-push inflationArticle 536 - Crowding outArticle 537 - DeflateArticle 538 - Deflationary fiscal policyArticle 539 - Deflationary policiesArticle 540 - DeregulationArticle 541 - DevaluationArticle 542 - Demand management policiesArticle 543 - Economic GoalsArticle 544 - Economic sanctionsArticle 545 - Fine tuningArticle 546 - Golden RuleArticle 547 - Horizontal equity

Article 548 - Horizontal IntegrationArticle 549 - IndexationArticle 550 - Inflation targetArticle 551 - ProtectionismArticle 552 - InnovationArticle 553 - International AidArticle 554 - Macroeconomic PolicyArticle 555 - NationalisationArticle 556 - ReflationArticle 557 - ReciprocityArticle 558 - Regional policyArticle 559 - Supply-side policiesArticle 560 - Stabilisation

Article 561 - Sustainable growth30.2 False Economic PolicyArticle 562 - PrivatisationArticle 563 - Laissez-faire


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I. Introductory Provisions

1.1 Introductry Provisions

Article 1 - Canons of Economic Law

i. By Right, Power and Authority of Article ninety eight (98) of Pactum De SingularisCaelum, also known as the Covenant of One Heaven these pronouncements of lawknown collectively as Canonum De Lex Fidei and also known as the Canons ofEconomic Law are hereby promulgated in the original form of Ucadian Language;and

ii. The Canonum De Lex Fidei represents the primary, one and only true first canon ofEconomic Law. Excluding the Covenant of One Heaven, all other laws, claims andagreements claiming standards of Economic Law shall be secondary and inferior tothe Canonum De Lex Fidei ab initio (from the beginning); and

iii. These Canons of Economic Law may be taken in official original document form andspoken form to represent one complete set of the twenty-two (22) Canons of lawknown collectively as Astrum Iuris Divini Canonum, also known as Living Body of DivineCanon Law and the highest of all Original Law; and

iv. When referring to these Canons of Economic Law collectively it may also be takenboth in printed form and spoken word that we mean this complete and accurate setof laws as the highest of all Original Law; and

v. In accordance with these Canons of Economic Law, the Society of One Heaven alsoknown as the One Heaven Society of United Spirits, also known as the Holy See ofUnited Spirits, also known as The Holy Society reserves a ll rights to itself; and

vi. As all rights are reserved, no one is permitted to reprint any part of all of theselaws or to translate it into another language; except for citation, official instrumentsof a related society, quotation of six or less canons, reviews and formal texts; and

vii. When part or all of these laws as presented or spoken in any language other thanthe Official Ucadian Languages, it may be taken as a translation and not the primarylanguage. Therefore, any secondary meaning implying deficiency, claimed abrogationof any right or any other defect of a word in a translated language shall be null andvoid ab initio (from the beginning); and

viii. When referring to these Canons of Economic Law collectively it may also be takenthat the primary and original form of these laws resides as a supernatural spiritualdocument registered in Heaven first and a physical document registered in the GreatRegister and Public Record of One Heaven upon the Earth second. Therefore,wherever an official and valid form of these laws is present in physical form, it shallbe bound to its spiritual form, from which it derives its spiritual power and

authenticity; and

ix. Let no man, woman, spirit or officer of a lesser society place themselves in gravedishonor of Divine Law, Natural Law and the Living Law upon denying the validity ofthese canons of law. Having been warned, any act in defiance of these laws shallhave no effect and any spiritual invocation in opposition to the validity of these lawsshall be immediately returned upon the maker. As it is written, so be it.


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Article 2 - Economic Law


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1.2 Concepts

Art icle 3 - Economics


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Article 4 - Production


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Article 5 - Cost


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Article 6 - Distribution


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Article 7 - Consumption


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Article 8 - Scarcity


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Article 9 - Abundance


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Art icle 10 - Business


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Article 11 - Consumer


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Article 12 - Economy


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Article 13 - Behaviour


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Article 14 - Markets


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Article 15 - Specialization


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Article 16 - Codependence


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Article 17 - Uncertainty


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Article 18 - Game Theory


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Article 19 - Choice


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Article 20 - Optimization


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Article 21 - Macroeconomic


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Art icle 22 - Microeconomic


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II. System

2.1 Economies

Art icle 23 - Economies


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Article 24 - Open Economy


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Article 25 - Closed Economy


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Article 26 - Transition Economy


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Art icle 27 - Weightless Economy


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Article 28 - Market Economy


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Article 29 - Centrally Controlled Economy


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Art icle 30 - Industrialized Economy


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Art icle 31 - Advanced Economy


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Article 33 - Underdeveloped Economy


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2.2 Economic Systems

Article 34 - Economic Systems


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Art icle 35 - Capitalism


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Article 36 - Communism


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Article 40 - Debtism


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Art icle 41 - Socialism


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Art icle 42 - Synergism


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2.3 Measurement

Article 43 - Measurement


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Article 45 - Average


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2.4 Statistics

Article 51 - Statistics


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Article 52 - Source


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Article 53 - Sample


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Article 54 - Method


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Article 55 - Independence


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Article 56 - Deviation


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Article 59 - Normalization


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Article 60 - Asymmetric Information


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Article 62 - Standard error


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Article 63 - Probability


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2.5 Ucadian Statistical Model

Article 65 - Ucadian Statistical Model


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Article 67 - Assets


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Article 68 - Buildings


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Art icle 69 - Business


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Article 71 - Economy


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Article 73 - Employment


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Article 75 - Environment


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Article 76 - Expenditure


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Article 77 - Exports


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Article 79 - Finance


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Article 84 - Imports


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Article 86 - Industry


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Article 89 - Land Use


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Art icle 92 - Living Standards


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Article 93 - Military


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Article 97 - Natural Resources


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Article 98 - Technology


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Article 99 - Transport


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Article 100 - Water


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2.6 EKELOS

Article 101 - EKELOS


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Article 102 - EKEDA


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Article 104 - EKELEX


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Article 105 - EKEVIR


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Article 106 - TEKNAS


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Article 107 - EIKOS


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Article 109 - CIVILA


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Article 110 - UNILEX


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2.7 False Statistical Theories

Article 111 - False Statistical Theory


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Article 112 - Adaptive Expectations


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Article 114 - Barter


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Article 115 - Bimetallism


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Article 129 - Sterilised intervention


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Article 131 - Quantity Theory of Money


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Article 134 - Soft dollars


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Article 135 - Transmission mechanism


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Article 136 - Trade-weighted exchange rate


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Article 138 - Purchasing Power Parity


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Article 140 - Dollarisation


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Article 141 - Demand for Money Theory


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Article 142 - Exchange controls


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Article 143 - Marshall-Lerner Condition


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Article 144 - Exchange Rate


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Article 145 - Funding


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3.3 Currency Control

Article 148 - Currency Controls


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Article 149 - Money supply


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Art icle 151 - Capital Flight


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Article 152 - Credit Creation


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Article 155 - Monetary Neutrality


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Article 157 - Monetary Standard


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Article 158 - Federal reserve system


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Article 161 - Liquidity t rap


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Article 162 - Reserve ratio


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IV. Land

4.1 Land

Article 165 - Land


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Article 166 - Land Development


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V. Labor

5.1 Labor

Article 167 - Labor


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Article 168 - Divisions of Labor


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Article 170 - Union


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Article 171 - Wage


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Article 172 - Wage Drift


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Article 173 - Wages Fund Doctrine


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Article 175 - Welfare economics


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Article 176 - Welfare to Work


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Article 177 - Reservation Wage


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5.2 Employment

Art icle 178 - Employment


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Article 179 - Outsourcing


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Article 180 - Full Employment


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Art icle 181 - Geographic Immobility


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Art icle 186 - Voluntary Unemployment


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Article 187 - Structural Unemployment


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Article 188 - Okuns Law


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Article 189 - Efficiency Wages


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Art icle 190 - Frictional Unemployment


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Article 196 - Natural Rate of Unemployment


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VI. Capital

6.1 Capital

Article 197 - Capital


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Article 198 - Acceleration Principle


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Article 199 - Accelerator Theory


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Article 201 - Creditor


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Article 202 - Social Capital


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Article 204 - Intellectual capital


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Article 206 - Cost of Capital


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Article 209 - Enterprise Element


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Article 210 - Brand


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Article 212 - Dividend


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Article 214 - Entrepreneur


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Article 217 - Offshore


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Article 218 - Market capitalisation


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7.2 Enterprise Types

Article 220 - Enterprise Type


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Article 221 - Central Bank


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Article 222 - Bank


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Art icle 224 - Public-private


244/600


245/600

Art icle 226 - Hedge Funds


246/600


247/600

Article 228 - Theory of Firm


248/600


249/600

VIII. Commodity

8.1 Commodity

Article 229 - Commodity


250/600


251/600

Article 231 - Security


252/600


253/600


254/600

Art icle 234 - Treasury bills


255/600


256/600

Art icle 236 - Positional goods


257/600

Article 237 - Product Life-Cycle Theory


258/600

Article 238 - Substitute goods


259/600

Article 239 - Repo


260/600

Article 240 - Derivatives


261/600


262/600

Article 242 - Financial Instrument


263/600

Article 243 - Giffen goods


264/600

Article 244 - Gilt-edged securities (Gilts)


265/600

Article 245 - Global public goods


266/600

Article 246 - Joint supply


267/600

8.2 False Commodity Theories

Article 247 - False Commodity Theory


268/600

Article 248 - Bond (Debt Bond)


269/600

Article 249 - Bond (Surety)


270/600

Article 250 - Credit


271/600


272/600

IX. Utility

9.1 Utility

Article 251 - Utility


273/600

Article 252 - Cost-Benefit Analysis


274/600

Article 253 - Marginal Utility (Theory)


275/600

Article 254 - Net present value


276/600

Article 255 - Network effect


277/600

Article 256 - Nominal value


278/600

Article 257 - Social benefits/costs


279/600


280/600

X. Industry

10.1 Industry

Article 258 - Industry


281/600

Art icle 259 - Manufacturing


282/600

Article 260 - Primary Industry


283/600

Article 261 - Secondary Industry


284/600


285/600

XI. Confidence

11.1 Confidence

Art icle 262 - Confidence


286/600

Art icle 263 - Consumer Confidence


287/600

Article 264 - Precautionary motive


288/600

Article 265 - Ratings


289/600

Article 266 - Trust


290/600


291/600

Article 268 - Volatility


292/600


293/600

XII. Competition

12.1 Competition

Article 269 - Competition


294/600

Article 270 - Competitiveness


295/600

Article 271 - Advertising


296/600

Article 272 - Barriers to Entry


297/600

Article 273 - Concentration


298/600

Article 274 - Dumping


299/600

Article 275 - Patents


300/600

Article 276 - First-mover advantage


301/600

Article 277 - Imperfect competition


302/600

Article 278 - Incumbent advantage


303/600

Article 279 - Non-price competition


304/600

Article 280 - Zero-sum game


305/600

12.2 False Competition Theories

Article 281 - False Competition Theory


306/600

Article 282 - Perfect competition


307/600


308/600

XIII. Markets

13.1 Markets

Article 283 - Market


309/600

Article 284 - Adverse Selection


310/600

Article 285 - Antitrust


311/600

Article 286 - Arbitrage


312/600

Article 287 - Contestable Market


313/600

Article 288 - Pareto efficiency


314/600

Art icle 289 - Social market


315/600

Article 290 - Restrictive practice


316/600

Article 291 - Tariff


317/600

Article 292 - Trade area


318/600

Article 293 - Trade cycle


319/600

Article 294 - Trade deficit/surplus


320/600

Article 295 - Visible trade


321/600

Article 296 - Winner-takes-all markets


322/600

Article 297 - New Trade Theory


323/600

Article 298 - Quota


324/600

Article 299 - Optimal currency area


325/600

Art icle 300 - Oligopoly


326/600

Article 301 - Open-market operations


327/600

Article 302 - Fair trade


328/600

Article 303 - Natural Monopoly


329/600

Article 304 - Most-favoured nation


330/600

Article 305 - Rent-seeking


331/600

Article 306 - Multiplier


332/600

Article 307 - Financial centre


333/600

Art icle 308 - Invisible Trade


334/600

Article 309 - Market failure


335/600

Article 310 - Market forces


336/600

Article 311 - Market power


337/600

Article 312 - Monopolistic competition


338/600

Article 313 - Monopoly


339/600

Article 314 - Monopsony


340/600

Article 315 -


341/600

Article 316 -


342/600

13.2 Market Types

Article 317 - Market Type


343/600

Article 318 - GATT


344/600

Article 319 - NAFTA


345/600

13.3 Market Exchange Methods

Article 320 - Market Exchange Method


346/600

Art icle 321 - Fisher equation of exchange


347/600


348/600

13.4 Market Behaviour

Article 323 - Market Behaviour


349/600

Article 324 - Arrow Debreu Model


350/600

Article 325 - Bubble


351/600

Article 326 - Business Cycle


352/600

13.5 Market Corruption

Article 327 - Market Corruption


353/600

Article 328 - Cartel


354/600

Article 329 - Price Fixing


355/600

13.6 False Market Theories

Article 330 - False Market Theory


356/600

Article 331 - Efficient Market Hypothesis


357/600

Article 332 - Free Market


358/600

Article 333 - Free Trade


359/600


360/600

XIV. Investment

14.1 Investment

Article 334 - Investment


361/600



362/600

Article 336 - Flotation


363/600

Article 337 - Foreign direct investment


364/600

Art icle 338 - Value at risk


365/600

Article 339 - Venture capital


366/600

Article 340 - Yield


367/600

Article 341 - Yield Curve


368/600

Article 342 - Yield gap


369/600

Article 343 - Private Equity


370/600

Article 344 - Soft loan


371/600

Article 345 - Sovereign risk


372/600

Article 346 - Real options theory


373/600

Article 347 - Systematic risk


374/600

Article 349 - Hedge


375/600

Article 350 - Hot Money


376/600

Article 351 - Portfolio Selection Theory


377/600

Article 352 - Insurance


378/600

Article 353 - Institutional investors


379/600

Article 354 - Stress-testing


380/600

Article 355 - Investment


381/600

Article 356 - Inward investment


382/600

Article 357 - Lender of last resort


383/600

14.2 Investment Risk

Article 358 - Risk


384/600

Article 359 - Risk averse


385/600

Article 360 - Speculation


386/600

Article 361 - Risk management


387/600

Article 362 - Risk neutral


388/600

Article 363 - Risk premium


389/600

Art icle 364 - Risk seeking


390/600

Article 365 - Risk-free rate


391/600


392/600

XV. Expectation

15.1 Expectation

Article 366 - Expectation


393/600

Art icle 367 - Demand


394/600

Art icle 368 - Demand curve


395/600

Article 369 - Normal goods


396/600

15.2 False Expectation Theories

Article 370 - False Expectation Theory


397/600

Article 371 - Ricardian Equivalence Theorem


398/600


399/600

XVI. Production

16.1 Production

Article 373 - Production


400/600

Article 374 - Capacity


401/600

Article 375 - Supply


402/600

Article 376 - Supply curve


403/600

Article 377 - Diminishing returns


404/600

Art icle 378 - Efficiency


405/600

Article 379 - Production Function


406/600

Article 380 - Productivity


407/600

Article 381 - Exports


408/600

Article 382 - Output Gap


409/600

Article 383 - Factor cost


410/600

Article 384 - Factors of Production


411/600

Article 385 - Mobility


412/600

16.2 False Production Theories

Article 386 - False Production Theory


413/600

Article 387 - Absolute Advantage


414/600

Art icle 389 - Lump of labour fallacy


415/600


416/600

XVII. Distribution

17.1 Distribution



417/600

Article 391 - Producer Surplus


418/600

Article 392 - Queueing


419/600

Art icle 393 - Rationing


420/600

Article 394 - Transfers


421/600


422/600

XVIII. Consumption

18.1 Consumption

Article 395 - Consumption


423/600

Article 396 - Aggregate Demand


424/600

Article 397 - Coase Theorem


425/600

Art icle 399 - Equity risk premium


426/600

Article 400 - Substitution Theory


427/600

18.2 False Consumption Theories

Article 401 - False Consumption Theory


428/600

Article 402 - Absolute Income Hypothesis


429/600

Article 403 - Aggregate Demand Curve


430/600


431/600

XIX. Satisfaction

19.1 Satisfaction

Article 404 - Satisfaction


432/600

Article 405 - Consumer Satisfaction


433/600


434/600

XX. Prices

20.1 Prices

Article 406 - Prices


435/600

Article 407 - Price Discrimination


436/600

Article 408 - Price elasticity


437/600

Article 409 - Financial Market Asset Pricing


438/600

Article 410 - Consumer Surplus Theory


439/600

Article 411 - Contango


440/600

Article 412 - Spot price


441/600

Article 413 - Subsidy


442/600

Article 414 - Sticky prices


443/600

Art icle 415 - Price mechanism


444/600

Article 416 - Price regulation


445/600

Article 417 - Price/earnings ratio


446/600

Article 418 - Dominant Firm


447/600

Article 419 - Factory prices


448/600

Article 420 - House Prices


449/600

Article 421 - Predatory pricing


450/600

Article 422 - Spread


451/600

Article 423 - Transfer pricing


452/600

Article 424 - Paradox of Value


453/600

Article 425 - Menu costs


454/600

Article 426 - Peak Load Pricing


455/600

Article 427 - Overshooting


456/600

Article 428 - Option Pricing Theory


457/600

20.2 False Price Theories

Article 429 - False Price Theory


458/600

Article 430 - Capital Asset Pricing


459/600

Article 431 - Labour theory of value


460/600


461/600

XXI. Revenue

21.1 Revenue

Art icle 432 - Revenue


462/600

Article 433 - Disposable income


463/600

Article 434 - Relative Income Hypothesis


464/600


465/600

Article 436 - Excess returns


466/600

Article 437 - Export credit


467/600

Art icle 438 - Fiscal drag


468/600

Article 439 - Income (Distribution)


469/600

Article 440 - National Income


470/600

Article 441 - Windfall gains


471/600

Article 442 - Income effect


472/600

21.2 Taxes

Article 443 - Taxation


473/600

Article 444 - Corporation tax


474/600

Article 445 - Lump-sum tax


475/600

Article 446 - Progressive taxation


476/600

Article 447 - Deadweight cost/loss


477/600

Article 448 - Negative income tax


478/600

Article 449 - Direct Taxation


479/600

Article 450 - Land tax


480/600

Article 451 - Expenditure tax


481/600

Article 452 - Hypothecation


482/600

Article 453 - Tax arbitrage


483/600

Article 454 - Tax Avoidance


484/600

Article 455 - Tax Base


485/600

Article 456 - Tax Burden


486/600

Article 457 - Vertical equity


487/600

Article 458 - Tax Competition


488/600

Article 459 - Tax efficient


489/600

Article 460 - Tax Evasion


490/600

Article 461 - Tax haven


491/600

Art icle 462 - Tax incidence


492/600

Article 463 - Wealth Tax


493/600

Article 464 - Withholding tax


494/600

Article 465 - Income Tax


495/600

Article 466 - Laffer curve


496/600

21.3 False Revenue Theories

Article 467 - False Revenue Theory


497/600

Article 468 - Permanent Income Hypothesis


498/600

Article 469 - Income Determination


499/600


500/600

XXII. Expenses

22.1 Expenses

Article 470 - Expense


501/600

Article 471 - Cost-push factors


502/600

Art icle 472 - Sunk costs


503/600

Article 473 - Fixed Costs


504/600

Article 474 - Government Capital Expenditure


505/600

Article 475 - Imports


506/600

Article 476 - Public Spending


507/600

Article 477 - Replacement Cost


508/600

Article 478 - Transaction costs


509/600

Article 479 - Variable costs


510/600


511/600

XXIII. Solvency

23.1 Solvency

Article 480 - Solvency


512/600

Article 481 - Bankruptcy


513/600


514/600

XXIV. Profit

24.1 Profit

Article 482 - Profit


515/600

Article 483 - Capital Gains


516/600

Article 484 - Returns


517/600

Article 485 - Required return


518/600

Article 486 - Profit margin


519/600

Article 487 - Profit maximisation


520/600

Article 488 - Rate of return


521/600

Article 489 - Rate of return regulation


522/600

Article 490 - Total return


523/600

Article 491 - Value Added


524/600

Art icle 492 - Windfall profit


525/600


526/600

XXV. Assets

25.1 Assets

Article 493 - Asset


527/600

Article 494 - Intangible Assets


528/600

Article 495 - Liquidity


529/600

Article 496 - Liquidity preference


530/600

Art icle 497 - Residual risk


531/600

Article 498 - Tangible assets


532/600


533/600

XXVI. Liabilities

26.1 Liabilit ies

Article 499 - Liability


534/600

Article 500 - National Debt


535/600

Article 501 - Default


536/600

26.2 False Liability Theories

Article 502 - False Liability Theory


537/600

Article 503 - Debt


538/600

Article 504 - Debt Forgiveness


539/600


540/600

XXVII. Wealth

27.1 Wealth

Article 505 - Wealth


541/600

27.2 False Wealth Theories

Article 507 - False Wealth Theory


542/600

Article 508 - Trickle Down Theory (Effect)


543/600

Article 509 - Wealth Effect


544/600


545/600

XXVIII. Financial Position

28.1 Financial Position

Article 510 - Financial Position


546/600

Article 511 - Deficit


547/600

Article 512 - Deflationary Gap


548/600

Art icle 513 - Demand-Pull Inflation


549/600

Article 514 - Depreciation


550/600

Article 515 - Recession


551/600

Article 516 - Depression


552/600

Art icle 517 - Disinflation


553/600

Article 518 - Disequilibrium


554/600

Art icle 519 - Demand-Deficient unemployment


555/600

Article 520 - Fiscal Neutrality


556/600

Article 521 - Structural Adjustment


557/600

Article 522 - Stagnation

7/30/2019 Canons of Economic L

Documents

Canons of Economic Law Canonum de Lex Frugalitas