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7/29/2019 Cancer Treatment Types
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CANCER TREATMENT
TYPES
P. Sahithi
09C21A04A2
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CONTENTS
What is Cancer ?
Types of Cancer
Causes of Cancer
Lung Cancer
Blood Cancer
Skin Cancer
Modalities of treatment
Surgery
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Radiation Therapy
Nuclear Medicine
Chemotherapy
Endocrine Therapy
Biologic Therapy
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WHAT IS CANCER EXACTLY
Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of the
cells in the body. It may occur in any part of
the body.
The growth of cells may be dangerous if it
breaks away from the place of initialdevelopment and travels through the blood
stream to strike on organ and continue with
its unwarranted and uncontrollable growth.
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TYPES OF CANCER
There are more then 200 types of cancer the
most common ones are lung cancer, blood
cancer and skin cancer. These major typesdivided into further sub categories
Benign cancer and Malignant cancer.
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Benign cancer are harmless unlike
malignant cancer.
It is difficult to control the malignant
cancerous cells and it needs an
immediate medical attention and
treatment
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CAUSES OF CANCER
There are various causes of uncontrolled
growth of cells in the body.
Genetics may be one of such causes,though to a small percentage.
Certain life styles like use of tobacco
exposure to radiation, obesity or someinfections may lead to cancer.
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Cancer may be sound like incurable
disease but it can be cured if it is detected
at the early stage.
By capturing early symptoms cancer can
be curable.
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CANCER SPREAD STEP BY STEP
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LUNG CANCER
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Lung cancer is the most common type of
cancer and is the major cause of the overall
cancer-related deaths worldwide. Thedisease can be cured only if detected in the
early phase.
Unfortunately, in most of the cases, thecancer is detected at a late stage and thus,
the chances of survival decrease
considerably. Cancer of the lungs can be either primary or
secondary in nature.
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The primary cancer of the lungs develops
mainly in the lungs and spreads to other
parts of the body later.
Secondary cancer of the lungs is the one in
which the origin of cancer is located in
areas other than the lungs and reaches thelungs at a later stage.
Cancer of the lungs can be primarily of two
distinct types as the small-cell lung cancer(SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer
(NSCLC).
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Apart from NSCLC and SCLC, there is
another type of cancer known as bronchial
characinoid. This is the only type of cancer
occurring in lungs, which is not directly
related to smoking.
The main cause of lung cancer is addiction
of smoking.
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BLOOD CANCER
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Blood cancer is one of the most common
forms of cancer and is detected mainly in
the adults. The cancerous cells develop primarily in the
bone marrow or the bloodstream. Abnormal
growth of the WBC is the main cause ofthe disease.
The cancer is of three main types; multiple
myeloma, lymphoma and leukemia. These cancer cells damage the adjacent
tissues and disturb the overall cell-growth
mechanism.
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The cells are also known as the tumor cells or the
malignant cells.
The Chronic leukemia further classified into
Chronic myeloid- Mainly detected in adults and affects the
myeloid cells.
Chronic lymphocytic- Occurring mostly in the adultsabove 55 years and very rarely detected in children.
Acute myeloid- Detected in both children and adults.
Acute lymphocytic- Most common leukemia detected in
children.
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SKIN CANCER
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The cancer is also known as skin neoplasia.
The cancer is of three main types as
melanoma, basal cell carcinoma andsquamous cell carcinoma.
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell
carcinoma are also known as non-melanomacancers of the skin.
Melanoma is the deadliest of the three
types of cancers and causes maximumnumber of deaths due to cancer of the skin.
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Surgery:
Surgery can be used to
diagnose, treat, or even
prevent cancer in some cases.
Most people with cancer willhave some type of surgery.
Having surgery for cancer is
different for every patient,
depending on the type ofsurgery, the type of cancer,
and the patients health.
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Types of surgery:- Diagnostic surgery:
This helps to determine whether cells are
cancerous or not, identify the type of cancer and to
determine the stage of the cancer.
Curative surgery:
It removes the cancerous tumor or growth
from the body. This type of treatment is often considered
the primary treatment.
Debunking surgery:
Debunking surgery removes a portion,
though not all, of a cancer tumor. It is used in certain
situations when removing an entire tumor may cause
damage to an organ or the body.
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There are several specialized surgeries used during cancer
treatment.
Cryosurgery :
this surgery technique uses extremely cold
temperatures to kill cancer cells. It is used most often withskin cancer.
Laser surgery:
this technique uses beams of light energy insteadof instruments to remove very small cancers, to destroy
tumors, or to activate drugs to kill cancer cells.
Electro surgery:
skin and oral cancer are some times treated withelectro surgery. This technique uses electrical current to
kill cancer cells.
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Radiation therapy
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Radiation therapy:
The use of high energyradiation from x-rays,
gamma rays, neutrons,and other sources tokill cancer cells andshrink tumors.
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Rational for radiotherapy:-
Purpose: To eradicate tumors at primary
stage and in some cases regional lymph
nodes. Principle advantage: spares normal tissue
function.
For example, preservation ofnatural voice in advance laryngeal cancer.
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How radiotherapy works ??
Radiation causes damage to DNA in both normal
and malignant cells.
Cells unable to repair this damage by time of next
division, then they die in MITOSIS.
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Nuclear medicine
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Radio nuclides:
For decades have been used systemically to treatmalignant disorders.
They are administer by specialists in nuclearmedicine or radiation oncologist.
Radioactive iodine in the from of131I is effectivetherapy for well differentiated thyroid ca
Strontium-89. Is used for the treatment of bodymetastasis. It is an alkaline earth element in thesame family as calcium
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Chemotherapy
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Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals
(medication) to treat disease - more
specifically, it usually refers to thedestruction of cancer cells. However,
chemotherapy may also includes the use of
antibiotics or other medications to treat anyillness or infection
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How does chemotherapy work ? When our body cells are
damaged or die we producenew ones to replace them.This is done in an orderlyway, in a balanced way.
Cancer cells do not havethat orderly capacity - theirreproduction (division andgrowth) is out of control -more and more of them are
produced and they start tooccupy more and morespace, until eventually they
push out space occupied byuseful cells.
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Chemotherapy (chemo)
drugs interfere with a
cancer cell's ability todivide and reproduce.
Chemo drugs may be
applied into thebloodstream to attack
cancer cells throughout
the body, or they can be
delivered directly to
specific cancer sites.
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Goals of chemotherapy:-
Total remission - to cure the patient completely. In some
cases chemotherapy alone can get rid of the cancer
completely.
Prevent recurrence - chemotherapy, when used to prevent
the return of a cancer, is most often used after a tumor isremoved surgically
Slow down cancer progression - used mainly when the
cancer is in its advanced stages and a cure is unlikely.
Chemotherapy can slow down the advancement of thecancer.
To relieve symptoms - also more frequently used for
patients with advanced cancer.
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What are the chemotherapeuticagent.?
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Complication of Chemotherapy:
Every chemotherapeutic will have some
deleterious side effect on normal tissue .
E.G; Myelo suppression, nausea& vomiting,
Stomatitis, and alopecia are the most
frequently observed side effects.
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Criteria used to describe response
are:
Complete response (complete remission)is thedisappearance of all detectable malignant disease.
Partial response: is decrease by more than 50% inthe sum of the products of the perpendiculardiameters of all measurable lesions.
Stable disease: no increase in size of any lesionnor the appearance of any new lesions.
Progressive disease: means an increase by at least25% in the sum of the products of the
perpendicular diameters of measurable lesion orthe appearance of new lesions.
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Endocrine therapy:
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Endocrine therapy:
Many hormonal antitumor agents are functional agonist orantagonist of the steroid hormone family.
Adrenocorticoids:
Ant androgen:
Estrogen:
Ant estrogen:
Progestin's
Aromatize :
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists:
Somatostatiinhibitorn analogues:
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Adrenocorticosteroid:
Are frequently used in combination regimen for
the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia and
lymphoma.
They function by binding to glucocorticoid-
specific receptors present in lymphoid cells and
initiate programmed cell death
They most commonly used agent are prednisone,methyl prednisone , dexamethosone.
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Ant androgens:
Flu amide
Effectively blocks the binding of androgen
to its receptor in the peripheral tissue .
It is used in the treatment of disseminated
prostate ca
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CONCLUSION
Increase your life span by preventing this
dreadful disease.
Maintain a healthy diet.
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