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Canaries to the Caribbean Canaries to the Caribbean (October 7, 1997)(October 7, 1997)
Canaries to the CaribbeanCanaries to the Caribbean1402-1506: Outline 1402-1506: Outline
Maritime expansion: Mediterranean, Maritime expansion: Mediterranean, Africa, and the AtlanticAfrica, and the Atlantic
Arawak, native peoples of the Arawak, native peoples of the Caribbean: Tainos and CaribsCaribbean: Tainos and Caribs
Christopher Columbus (b. ca. 1451, d. Christopher Columbus (b. ca. 1451, d. 1506), Genoese 1506), Genoese
Columbus’s 4 voyagesColumbus’s 4 voyagesDestruction of the IndiesDestruction of the Indies
Norse expansion in the North Atlantic (text and archaeological evidence):
Bjarni Herjolfsson, 985-6 Icelander Torfinnr Karlsefni
Maritime expansion: Maritime expansion: Mediterranean, Africa, and Mediterranean, Africa, and
the Atlanticthe AtlanticMediterraneanMediterranean
ship construction, navigational ship construction, navigational innovations, trade and plantationsinnovations, trade and plantations
AtlanticAtlanticMadeira, Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde Islands,
Canaries (Castille: 1402, 1478, 1482, 1493)Canaries (Castille: 1402, 1478, 1482, 1493)Africa Portuguese, 1460: 1500 milesAfrica Portuguese, 1460: 1500 miles
““factories”: slaving, trading, gold, ivory, factories”: slaving, trading, gold, ivory, spices: Sao Jorge de Mina (1481, Ghana) spices: Sao Jorge de Mina (1481, Ghana)
Martin Behaim’s world globe, Martin Behaim’s world globe, 14921492
Portuguese expansion: Cape Verde and SãoTome
The Virgin of the The Virgin of the Mariners Mariners protects protects
Mediterranean Mediterranean galleys as well as galleys as well as
the Atlantic the Atlantic caravels that caravels that
gather in Sevillegather in Seville
Arawak, native peoples of Arawak, native peoples of the Caribbean: Tainos and the Caribbean: Tainos and
CaribsCaribsTainos, agriculturalists: Northern Tainos, agriculturalists: Northern
islands, 200 BC -1200 AD. islands, 200 BC -1200 AD. Caribs, Lesser Antilles: foragers and Caribs, Lesser Antilles: foragers and
fishers and fightersfishers and fightersDemographic destructionDemographic destructionLinguistic legacy: Linguistic legacy:
barbacoa (barbecue), batata (sweet barbacoa (barbecue), batata (sweet potato), cacique (chief), canoa, hamaca potato), cacique (chief), canoa, hamaca (hammock), maguey (cactus), maiz, etc.(hammock), maguey (cactus), maiz, etc.
Tainos, agriculturalists: Tainos, agriculturalists: Northern islands, 200 BC -1200 Northern islands, 200 BC -1200
AD.AD.
Caribs, Lesser Antilles: Caribs, Lesser Antilles: foragers and fishers and foragers and fishers and fightersfighters
Linguistic legacy: barbacoa (barbecue), Linguistic legacy: barbacoa (barbecue), batata (sweet potato), cacique (chief), batata (sweet potato), cacique (chief), canoa, hamaca (hammock), maguey canoa, hamaca (hammock), maguey
(cactus), maiz, etc.(cactus), maiz, etc.
First European Images, 1493
(accompanying Columbus’s letter)
Christopher Columbus (b. ca. Christopher Columbus (b. ca. 1451, d. 1506), Genoese1451, d. 1506), Genoese
The Genoese connection: “carriers of The Genoese connection: “carriers of the commercial-maritime tradition”the commercial-maritime tradition”
Columbus’s sea-faring experience:Columbus’s sea-faring experience:eastern Medit., Lisbon, Madeira, Sao Jorge eastern Medit., Lisbon, Madeira, Sao Jorge
de Mina (Ghana)de Mina (Ghana)Theory: sail west 2,400 nautical miles Theory: sail west 2,400 nautical miles
to Japan (actually 4 times as far: 10,600)to Japan (actually 4 times as far: 10,600)First voyage: 3 Aug 92, 6 Sep First voyage: 3 Aug 92, 6 Sep
(Canaries), Oct. 12 (Bahamas). (Canaries), Oct. 12 (Bahamas).
(virtual image from (virtual image from www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/
veroeffentlichungen/ldveroeffentlichungen/ld__pp__ch96ch96__vrml/vrml/behaim.wrl)behaim.wrl)
Martin Behaim’s world globe, 1492Martin Behaim’s world globe, 1492
CanariesCanaries
AzoresAzores
AzoresAzores
SpainSpain
Behaim placed Japan too close too Europe and too far from Asia
JapanJapan
JapanJapan
A schematic of Behaim’s
globe:W. & C. Phillips
The Worlds of Christopher Columbus
CanariesCanariesSanto Santo DomingoDomingo
Columbus’s coat of arms.
The capitulaciones: “discover and acquire islands and Mainlands in the Ocean
Sea”
Columbus’s 4 voyagesColumbus’s 4 voyages
1st Voyage, “1st Voyage, “CapitulacionesCapitulaciones”: suspicion ”: suspicion that unknown lands would be foundthat unknown lands would be found
2nd, 1493: from exploration/trade to 2nd, 1493: from exploration/trade to settlement (17 vessels, 1200 men--no settlement (17 vessels, 1200 men--no women)women)
3rd, 1498-1500: encountered mainland 3rd, 1498-1500: encountered mainland (Orinoco River)(Orinoco River)
4th, 1502: disaster; 1506, death 4th, 1502: disaster; 1506, death
Four voyages
Voyages 3 and 4 (detail)
Destruction of the IndiesDestruction of the Indies
Cycles of gold mining: Indians forced Cycles of gold mining: Indians forced to pan goldto pan gold
Encomienda: entrusting Indians to Encomienda: entrusting Indians to Spaniards to work and to convertSpaniards to work and to convert
Slaving expeditions to other islands Slaving expeditions to other islands replenish laborreplenish labor
Destruction of the Indies: occurred Destruction of the Indies: occurred before the first smallpox epidemic (1518)before the first smallpox epidemic (1518)
Tainos panning gold
The Black Legend
Americas 1562
End