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Canadian Journal of Political and Social TheoryRevue canadienne de la th6orie politique et sociale

Editor / R6dacteurArthur KrokerAssistant Editor / R6dactrice adjointeMarilouise KrokerAdvisory Board / Comit6 consultatifRobert F . Adie (Political Science, Winnipeg), Howard Aster (Political Science,McMaster), Terrence J . Farrell (Political Science, McMaster), Katherine George(Sociology, Winnipeg), Marshall N . Goldstein (Political Science, McMaster), PhillipHansen (Political Studies, Manitoba and Political Economy, Toronto), Alkis Kontos(Political Economy, Toronto), William Leiss (Political Science and EnvironmentalStudies, York), Derry Novak (Political Science, McMaster), David Walker (PoliticalScience, Winnipeg), Deena Weinstein (Sociology, De Paul), Michael A . Weinstein(Political Science, Purdue), and Claudia A . Wright (Political Science, Winnipeg) .Coordinator of Research Notes / Responsable, notes de rechercheChristopher P . Leo (Political Science, Winnipeg)The Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory is a refereed, interdisciplinary re-view published triannually - Winter, Spring and Fall . Annual Subscription Rates:Individuals, $10 .00 ; Students, $7 .00; Institutions, $15.00. Single Copies, $5 .00. Pleaseadd $2.00 extra per year for postage outside of Canada . / La Revue canadienne de lath4orie politique et sociale est une revue interdisciplinaire dont tout article publie estchoisi par un jury de lecteurs ind6pendants . Elie est publi6e trois fois par an - en hiver,au printemps et en automne. Abonnement annuel - $10 .00 ; 6tudiants, $7 .00; insti-titution, $15.00 . Le num6ro - $5.00. Ajouter $2.00 de frays postaux pour abonnement8 I'Atranger.Editorial and business correspondence should be sent to Professor Arthui Kroker,Department of Political Science, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue,Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3B 2E9. Authors are requested to forward three copiesof the manuscript and to provide self-addressed envelopes with correct postage . Foot-notes should be assembled on separate sheets . / Toute correspondence doit titreadressde au professeur Arthur Kroker, Departement de Science Politique, University deWinnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3B 2E9. On demandeaux collaborateurs d'envoyer trois exemplaires de leur manuscrit et de les accompagnerd'une enveloppe timbr6e et adressee a 1'expdditeur . Les notes doivent etre dactylo-graphi6es sur ties feuilles separges ~ la fin de ('article .The Journal acknowledges with gratitude the generous assistance of The ManitobaArts Council. / Les r6dacteurs tiennent h exprimer leur reconnaissance au Conseil desArts du Manitoba qui a accord6 une subvention g6n6reuse 6 la Revue.The publication of the first year of the Journal has been made possible in part by a grantfrom The Samuel and Saidye Bronfrnan Family Foundation under its Added Dimen-sions Programme . / La premi6re annue de publication de la Revue sera assur6e enpartie par une subvention accord6e par la Samueland Saidye Bronfman Family Found-ation dans le cadre de son programme Added Dimensions .Typesetting and layout by Typoplate Limited ; Printed by The University of WinnipegPrinting Department ; Cover design and typographic consultant - Susan Turner. /Dessin et composition par Typoplate Lt6e ; imprim6 par I'Imprimerie de I'Universit6 deWinnipeg; maquette et conseils typographiques, Susan Turner .Member of the Manitoba Independent Publishers' Association . / La Revue est membrede ('Association des Editeurs Ind6pendants du Manitoba .© Tous droits r6serv6s 1977, Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, Inc. lRevue canadienne de la thdorie politique et sociale, Lt6e .

ISSN 0390-9420

CanadianJournalof Political and Social Theory

Revue Canadiennede la Theorie Politique et Sociale

Winter/Hiver 1977

Volume 1: Number 1

I

Contents/Sommaire

Editors' Preface

Preface des redacteurs

v

ix

Foreign Exchange (Poem)Marya Fiamengo 1

Critical Perspectives/ Perspectives de la Critique

Dialectical Sensibility 1 : Critical Theory, Scientismand Empiricism

Ben Agger 3

Political Philosophy and the Public SituationMichaelA. Weinstein 35

On Moral EconomyArthurKroker 49

Critical Retrospectives/Retrospectives de la Critique

Harold Laski : The Paradoxes of a Liberal MarxistIrving Layton 71

T . H. Green and the Moralization of the MarketPhillip Hansen 91

Commentary/ Commentaire

A Philosophical Commentary on the CanadianizationofPolitical Education

HowardAster 119

Reviews/Recensions 127

Communiques / Communiqu6s

How Not to Treat Old PeopleJay Newman

139

Editors' Preface

The Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory is guided by thefollowing three principles :

First, the publication of the Journal is intended to provide a vitalgathering-point for the generation of a new tradition of critical and creativepolitical and social theory in Canada . Rather than assuming a fixedtheoretical focus at the moment of its inception, the Journal declaresloyalty only to the tradition of intellectuality itself. Accordingly, while theJournal is devoted, in general, to the appreciation of a diversity of com-peting theoretical perspectives, it is committed, in particular, to thosetheoretical viewpoints which, in addition to their scholarly excellence, aremanifestations of a living intellectuality . As a working review of political andsocial theory, the Journalwill emphasize articles that are "caught up" in thedialectics of development and whose final expression, and thereby fullevaluation, may, in fact, await broader transformations of the process ofhuman history . This "working" approach to political and social thought ismeant to encourage critical reflection on the project of theory itself - itshistorical modalities, philosophical principles, and prospects for recon-struction - and to engender creative dialogue on the main question con-fronting contemporary theorists : How may the reification of actualities beovercome by the actualization of possibilities?

Second, the Journal is devoted to the application of the categories oftheoretical thought to a new understanding of the Canadian public situationand, by extension, to a decisive interpretation of more general transfor-mations of the contemporary historical circumstance . This project is basedupon a firm determination to overcome both the inherent elitism of pasttheoretical traditions and the present indifference of the surroundingpopulation by demonstrating a lived connection between the products oftheoretical inquiry and the momentary settlement of the "grand" problemsof human existence, whether personal or collective . For a variety ofreasons, including both the sustained challenge to the development of atheoretical mentality in a technocratic age and the failure of theorists toovercome in practice the "institutional categorization" of thought, theproject of theory has become intolerably distanced from the humantradition . One task of the Journal is to resolve the alienation of theory fromthe practicalities of history by encouraging intellectual discourse on publicissues of pressing historical importance . While such public issues remainbut passing manifestations - of more immanent theoretical principles,nonetheless their clarification has always provided the basis for the mostacute of political and social reflections .

Third, the Journal is committed to contributing in a significant way to thedevelopment of a distinctively Canadian intellectual sensibility . Ultimately,such a "sensibility" will develop not from the activities of this Journal alonebut from a growing conjunction in Canadian life of common intellectualdispositions on the part of writers, whether of prose or poetry, visual artists,dramatists, political commentators, and other participants in the criticismand revision of public life . However, a theoretical review such as this onebears the special responsibility of delineating in a reflective and systematicway the obstacles to be overcome and the directions to be taken in theliterary and cultural renaissance presently taking place in this country.Moreover, a theoretical . review is obligated to remain true to the enduringvalues of scholarship tht have continuously characterized the better tend-encies of Canadian intellectuality : passionate concern for the fate of theCanadian historical prospect ; genuine world-consciousness; activetoleration of oppositional perspectives ; and sensitivity to the moral claims oftruth in a world held together by the pathological politics of power . Whatlends historical poignancy to the faithful discharge of these special respon-sibilities is the conviction that the soul of any country's intellectual traditionhas always been the quality of its theoretical thought . Destroy the traditionof political and social theory, whether by the active assault of technocracyor by the paralysis of popular indifference, and a country - indeed a wholehistorical age - is cut adrift from its sense of philosophical destiny : lost in aworld of provisional and disconnected events without the organizing graceof self-conscious knowledge of its principles .The aims of the Journal are well-illustrated by the articles included in the

present issue .The first section, Critical Perspectives, contains three divergent view-

points on the possibilities and problematics of twentieth-century politicaland social theory. In the lead-off article, "Dialectical Sensibility I : CriticalTheory, Scientism and Empiricism", Ben Agger develops in a novel andproductive fashion the theoretical categories for a "repoliticized", andthereby revitalized Marxism : a Marxism that is principled in the meta-visionof "active constitutive subjectivity", and in the regeneration of an "advis-ory" role for critical theory . This proposal is based upon a persuasivecritique of the failure of leading theoreticians of the Frankfurt School ofSociology, particularly Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, to trans-cend the radical pessimism of "ideology-critique" to a reconstruction ofcritical thought in lieu of a transformed historical circumstance . The recipro-city of theory and praxis, of an advisory role for critical theory, is calledinto question by Michael A. Weinstein in his article "Political Philosophyand the Public Situation" . Weinstein penetrates to the essence of thecontemporary crisis of political philosophy by exploring the tragic disjunc-tion which exists, at present, between its transcendent and immanenttendencies . This exploration interweaves two complementary strands ofthought . First, Weinstein contends that the "new universalism" of twen-

vi

tieth-century political philosophy - the discovery of the full dimensions ofof "intra-subjectivity" and of "intra-consciousness" - has made politicalphilosophy a radically impractical activity by removing politics to an in-authentic dimension of human existence . Second, Weinstein argues thatthe transcendentalism of the philosophy of intra-subjectivity has beenblocked from its moment of actualization by the implacable social fact ofa "deprived public situation" held together by organized instrumentalisms.Weinstein concludes on a searing note by affirming the tragic sense ofpolitics : the equivocal and paradoxical character of all contemporary modesof political experience . This shearing of political philosophy from the publicrealm is implicitly, if not overtly, critiqued in Arthur Kroker's article "OnMoral Economy". While Kroker's analysis of the coordinates of the "con-glomerate of all conglomerates" is similar to Weinstein's description of the"deprived public situation", a radically different conclusion emerges. Be-ginning with Josh Ortega y Gasset's evocative image of the "generation",philosophically conceived, Kroker elucidates the regulatory ideals for amorally as well as an empirically rearmed Canadian intellectual sensibility .Within the overarching category of moral economy, Kroker draws togetherthe epistemology of reconstructive empiricism, an historical perspective onworld corporativism, and an interrelated network of problematics for furtherinvestigation . Unlike Weinstein who espouses the tragic sense of politics,Kroker's thesis envisages the inherent fragility of world corporativism beingovercome by the development of new modes of philosophical politicsin marginales such as Canada .

In the second section, Critical Retrospectives, two important, and indeeddramatic, reinterpretations of past political thinkers are offered. In the firstof these articles, "Harold Laski : The Paradoxes of a Liberal Marxist", IrvingLayton examines the unsuccessful reconciliation achieved in Laski'spolitical thought between the altruism of reformism and the necessities ofrevolutionary praxis . Dwelling on the uneasy tension between the apologiaof liberal parliamentarism and the revolutionary impulse of Marxism,Layton's argument is of prophetic importance for an active appreciation ofthe contradictions inherent within the political philosophy of "socialdemocracy" . It is, moreover, an elegant description of how the prescrip-tions of social democratic thought enable a bourgeoisie under-siege to saveitself from the twin "catastrophes" of fascism and genuine libertarian com-mitments . This critical revision of the tradition of liberal democracticthought is eloquently sustained in Phillip Hansen's examination of thepolitical thought of T. H . Green. In his article "T . H. Green and theMoralization of the Market", Hansen carefully explicates the ontologicalpresuppositions of Green's political thought, and provides a provocativeestimation of Green's contribution to the defense of capitalism . Hansencontends that the thrust of Green's thought, particularly in its movementfrom Utilitarian to Idealist categories, was directed towards a "develop-mental" reconceptualization of the human essence in accordance with the

shifting imperatives of industrial capitalism . "Positive .freedom", in thissense, becomes but the opening gambit in a two-pronged liberal demo-cratic defense of the rights of capitalism : (i) an attempt to satisfactorilyresolve the worst "abuses" of early industrial capitalism; and (ii) thecreation of a new "moral personality" in line with predetermined beliefsin the justice of the market economy and in the "right", indeed, the moralright, of individual appropriation .

In a final Commentary, Howard Aster provides a stimulating reflection onthe debilitation of political education in a "corporate-dominated en-vironment ." Aster's contribution, "A Philosophical Commentary on theCanadianization of Political Education", combines both a retrospective sur-vey of the dissolution of the educative function, and a prospectivediscussion of the possibility for its reconstitution . The article begins with athoughtful passage on "the loss of the sense of responsibility, the in-capacity of the tragic experience and the decadence of the personal" intoday's educational experience . Refusing to be placated by the dictates of aconventional nationalism, Aster submits that the transformation of politicaleducation must be undertaken within the broader context of providing anexplanation for the "character of our own civilization ." Ultimately, such anexplanation is held to involve the creation of active dialogue among par-ticipants in Canadian intellectual life: a dialogue that seeks to weavetogether the different modalities of our historical heritage into some "re-flective whole which has shape, character, and form."

Arthur and Marilouise Kroker

Pr6face des r6dacteurs

La Revue canadienne de la th6orie politique et sociale est r6gie par les troisprincipes suivants :Premi6rement La publication de la Revue a pour but d'apporter, A la

g6n6ration, un point croissant et vital, celui d'une nouvelle tradition d'uneth6orie politique et sociale cr6ative et critique . Lors de sa cr6ation, la Revue, _au lieu d'assumer une mise au point th6orique 6tablie, se d6clare fidble b latradition de l'intellectualit6 . Par cons6quent, la Revue, bien que consacr6e bI'appr6ciation de la diversit6 des perspectives th6oriques rivalisantes,s'engage surtout envers ces points de vue th6oriques qui, en plus de leurcritbre d'6rudition, sont des manifestations d'une intellectualit6 vivante . LaRevue, en tant qu'6tude "6labor6e" de la th6orie politique et sociale, mettraI'accent sur les articles "saisissants" des dialectiques de drsveloppement etdont ('expression finale, et partant I'enti6re Evaluation, pourrait entrainer deprofondes transformations dans le cours de fhistoire humaine . Cette ap-proche "6labor6e" de la pens6e politique et sociale se propose d'en-courager la r6flexion critique quant au projet meme de la th6orie - sesmodalit6s historiques, ses principes philosophiques et ses perspectives dereconstruction - et d'engendrer un dialoque cr6atif sur la question prin-cipale i3 laquelle sont confront6s les th6oriciens contemporains: "Comment('actualisation des possibilit6s peut-elle maitriser la concrdtisation des ac-tualit6s?"Deuxi6ment La Revue est consacr6e A ('application des cat6gories de

pens6es th6oriques vers une nouvelle compr6hension de la situationpublique au Canada, et par extension, vers une interpr6tation d6cisive destransformations plus g6n6rales de la conjoncture historique contemporaine .Ce projet se base sur la ferme d6termination de maitriser I'Mitisme inh6rentaux th6ories traditionnelles pass6es et I'actuelle indiff6rence de lapopulation environnante, en d6montrant une connection "rcdle" entre lesr6sultats d'une recherche th6orique et la r6alisation momentan6e des"grands" probl6mes de ('existence humaine, personnels ou collectifs . Leprojet fut intolerablement distancd par la tradition humaine et ce, pour unefoule de raisons, incluant le d6fi soutenu 6 d6velopper la mentalit6 thdoriquedans fire technocratique et le manque de th6oriciens maitrisant, enpratique, "la cat6gorisation institutionnelle" de la pens6e. Une des Achesde la Revue est de rdsoudre I'alirsntation de la th6orie par rapport auxpratiques de I'histoire, en encourageant des discours intellectuels sur desquestions publiques d'importance historique accentude. Bien que de tellesquestions publiques subsistent, tout en faisant place h des manifestationsde principes th6oriques immanentes, leur clarification a toujours servi debase aux consid6rations politiques et sociales les plus aigues .

Troisibment La Revue s'engage 6 contribuer, d'une manibre significative,au d6veloppement d'une sensibilit6 intellectuelle canadienne distincte. Ain-

si, une telle "sensibility" ne se dyveloppera pas qu'a partir des activitys decette Revue, mais encore par une conjonction croissante dans la viecanadienne, des dispositions intellectuelles provenant d'ycrivains, de proseou de poysie, d'artistes, de dramaturges, de commentateurs politiques et detous les autres participants 6 la critique et y la ryvision de la vie publique .Cependant, un tel examen thyorique implique la responsability particuliyrede dycrire, d'une manibre rdflychie et systymatique, les obstacles 6 maitriser

; et les directives A prendre dans la renaissance littdraire et culturelle ac-tuellement instaurye dans ce pays . D'ailleurs, un examen thyorique doit seconformer aux valeurs permanentes du savoir qui ont constammentcaractyrisy les meilleures tendances de ('intellectuality canadienne :inquiytude passionnye pour le sort des perspectives historiques canadien-nes ; ryelle conscience du monde; tolyrance active des perspectives op-poses; et sensibility au droit moral de la vyrity, dans un monde soutenu parles politiques pathologiques du pouvoir . La croyance dans le fait que famede la tradition intellectuelle d'un pays a toujours yty la quality de sespensyes thyoriques est propice b la violence historique de I'ac-complissement fidble de cette responsability particulibre . Que I'on dytruisela tradition de la th6orie politique et sociale, soit par une attaque active de latechnocratie, soit par la paralysie de I'indiffdrence populaire, et un pays -meme dans une pleine are historique - rompra avec sa conscience de sadestinye philosophique, se retrouvant perdu dans un monde d'yvynementssypards et provisoires, sans la grace cygissante du savoir auto-conscient deses principes .

Les articles contenus dans cette ydition de la Revue en illustrent par-faitement les buts .

La premiyre partie : Perspectives de la Critique, inclut trois points de vuedivergents sur les possibilitys et les problymatiques de la th6orie politique etsociale du vingtiyme sibcle . Dans ('article initutly : "La Sensibility de laDialectique 1 : Thyorie de la Critique, du Scientisme et de I'Empirisme", BenAgger dyveloppe, d'une manibre productrice et inovye, les catygoriesthdoriques pour un Marxisme "repolitisd" et de ce fait revitalisy : unMarxisme qui a pour principes une myta-vision de la "subjectivity con-stitutive active" et une rygynyration d'un role "consultatif" de la thyorie dela critique . Ce but est bast' sur la critique persuasive de 1'ychec des prin-cipaux thyoriciens de I'Ecole de Sociologie de Francfort, en particulierTheodor W. Adorno et Max Horkheimer, de transcender le pessimismeradical de "fidyologie critique" a la reconstruction de la pensye critique aulieu de la conjoncture historique transformye . Michael A. Weinstein, dansson article "Philosophie Politique et Situation Publique" remet en questionla ryciprocity de la th6orie et de la praxis d'un role consultatif de la th6oriede la critique . Weinstein pynytre dans ('essence de la crise contemporainede la philosophie politique en explorant la disjonction tragique existant, aprysent, entre ses tendances transcendentes et immanentes . Cette ex-ploration mele les deux fils complymentaires de la pensye. Weinstein

soutient, premierement, que, en enlevant les politiques d'une dimensionapocryphe de ('existence humaine, le "nouvel universalisme" de la philo-sophie politique du vingtieme siecle - decouverte de I'entiere dimension de"fintra-subjectivite" et de "I'intra-conscience" - a fait de la philosophiepolitique une activite radicalement impracticable . Deuxiement, Weinsteindemontre que le transcendentalisme de la philosophie de I'intra-subjectivitea ete bloque lors de son actualisation par . l'implacable fait social d'une"situation publique depossedee", maintenue par des instrumentalistesorganises. Weinstein conclut, dans une note dure, en affirmant le senstragique des politiques b savoir : le caractere equivoque et paradoxal detous les modes contemporains d'experience politique . Cette coupure entrela philosophie politique et le royaume public est implicitement, si nonevidemment, critiquee dans ('article d'Arthur Kroker : "Sur I'EconomieMorale" . Alors que ('analyse de Kroker, quant aux coordonnees du "con-glomerat de tous les conglomerats", est semblable e la description deWeinstein de "la situation publique depossedee", une conclusion radicale-ment differente surgit . A partir de ('image evocative "de la generation",philosophiquement conque, de Jose Ortega y Gasset, Kroker eclaircit lesideaux regulateurs pour une sensibilite intellectuelle canadienne rearmeemoralement et empiriquement . Dans un eventail de categories d'economiemorale, Kroker retrace, ensemble, I'epistemologie de I'empirisme recon-structif, perspective historique du corporatisme mondial, et un reseau deproblematiques, en correlation, pour de plus amples recherches . A ladifference de Weinstein qui embrasse le sens tragique des politiques, lathisse de Kroker envisage que l'inherente fragilite du corporatisme mondialsoit maitrisee par le developpement de nouveaux modes de politiquesphilosophiques, en marge, comme au Canada .Dans la deuxieme partie, Retrospectives de la Critique, deux importantes,

et partant dramatiques, re-interpretations des penseurs politiques du passe,sont offertes . Dans le premier article, "Harold Laski : Les Paradoxes d'unMarxisme Liberal", Irving Layton examine la reconcialiation infructueuseachevee dans la pensee politique de Laski, entre I'altruisme du reformismeet les necessites de la praxis (du morvement) revolutionnaire . S'etendantsur .l a tension genante entre la justification d'un parlementarisme liberal et('impulsion revolutionnaire du Marxisme, I'argument de Layton traite ('im-portance prophetique pour une appreciation active des contradictionsinherentes e la philosophie politique de la "democratie sociale" . C'estd'ailleurs une elegante description de la maniere par laquelle les preceptesde la pensee democratique sociale permettent aux bourgeois "sous-siegeant" de s'epargner les "catastrophes" jumelles, provenant desengagements du fascisme et des engagements authentiques libertaires . Cetexamen critique de la tradition de la pensee liberale democratique estsoutenu, avec eloquence, dans I'examen de la pensee politique de T . H .Green, examen realise par Phillip Hansen . Dans cet article "T . H . Green et laMoralisation du Marche", Hansen explique soigneusement les pre-

suppositions ontologiques de la pensee politique de Green et apporte unjugement provocateur sur la contribution de Green b la defense ducapitalisme . Hansen pretend que la poussee, de la pensee de Green, en par-ticulier dans son mouvement partant de categorie Utilitaire h categorieIdealiste, fut dirigee vers une reconceptualisation "developpee" de ('essen-ce humaine, conformement aux imperatifs mouvants du capitalisme in-dustriel . Ainsi, "la liberte positive" devient le gambit-cle, dans une defense,democratique liberale a deux fourches, des droits du capitalisme, a savoir :(i) une tentative pour resoudre avec satisfaction les plus graves "abus" dudebut du capitalisme industriel et (ii) la creation d'une nouvelle "per-sonnalite morale" en accord avec les croyances pre-determinees en lajustice de I'economie du marche et dans le "droit", et meme le droit moralde I'appropriation individuelle .

Dans le Commentaire final, Howard Aster apporte une considerationstimulante sur la debilite de ('education politique "dans un environnementconstitue-doming" . La contribution d'Aster "Un CommentairePhilosophique sur la Canadiennalisation de ('Education Politique" combineune etude retrospective de la dissolution de la fonction educative et unediscussion future de la possibilite de sa reconstitution . L'article debute parun passage reflechi sur "la perte du sens de la responsabilite, I'incapacite de('experience tragique et la decadence de I'individualite" dans ('experienceeducative d'aujourd'hui . Refusant d'etre apaise par les exigences d'unnationalisme conventionnel, Aster allegue que la transformation de ('educa-tion politique doit etre assumee dans un contexte plus large, quant eI'apport d'une explication pour "le caractere de notre propre civilisation" .Finalement, une telle explication est amenee a inclure la creation d'un dia-logue actif entre les participants a la vie intellectuelle canadienne, dialoguequi cherche a tisser, ensemble, les differentes modalites de notre heritagehistorique, dans "un tout reflechi, possedant une configuration, un carac-tere et une forme" .

Arthur et Marilouise Kroker

Foreign Exchange

Marya Fiamengo

Damnation has stunted youinto a frizzled teddy bearwith mad glazed eyessand hair dyed a sick yellowlike the colour of urine .

So burn in sulphur ;it is your colour, your odour .By all the miracle-working ikons,by the holy standards of a brave pastI will not spare you.

Not for your coward's fleshthe hard stones of the Lubiankawhich incarcerated the bonesof heroes.

For you,May you die as you have lived ;

fraudulenton the cheap rateof foreign exchange .

Marya Fiamengo, In Praise of Old Women (Oakville, Ontario : Mosaic Press/Valley Editions, 1976) . Printed with the permission of both author andpublisher .