This document offers an overview of each federal government’s strategies and initiatives, key organizations, main women’s events & key people.

CANADA-UAE BUSINESS COUNCIL

GUIDE TO DOING BUSINESS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

1ST EDITION

This Canada-UAE Business Council Guide to Doing

Business in the United Arab Emirates is intended to educate Canadians interested in conducting business in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The Guide gives an overview of the UAE—its government structure, demographics, and economy. It presents considerations for business, including reasons to do business in the UAE, business etiquette, establishing a business, labour laws, and taxation. It also incorporates a section on Canada-UAE commercial relations to provide context for the broader bilateral business relationship.

This Guide is not an exhaustive resource on every aspect of doing business in the UAE and therefore should only be used as a starting point for Canadian businesses exploring potential opportunities in the UAE. It is not a substitute for specific business or legal advice. Section 12 provides a list of organizations in both the UAE and Canada that can be contacted for further information and assistance.

This Guide was inspired by the US-UAE Business Council Guide to Doing Business in the United Arab

Emirates designed for American businesses. The Canada-UAE Business Council (CUBC) developed this Guide after reviewing dozens of other similar guides published by various trade and investment entities and law offices active in the UAE. These tools are listed in the Sources section.

The CUBC has made every effort to provide information that is accurate and current. Feedback is welcome. This Guide is updated on a regular basis.

Please visit the Resources page of the CUBC’s website (www.canadauaebusiness.org) for other resources such as sector profiles, studies, and market intelligence reports.

Published by the Canada-UAE Business Council

Head Office: 161 Bay Street, Suite 2700 TD Canada Trust Tower Toronto, ON M5J 2S1

© Canada-UAE Business Council. All rights reserved 2019.

UAE FACT SHEET

FOUNDED

1971FOUNDER/1ST PRESIDENT HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN

POLITICAL SYSTEM CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERATION (THE MONARCH OF ABU DHABI IS THE HEAD OF STATE)

FEDERATION SEVEN EMIRATES (ABU DHABI, DUBAI, SHARJAH, RAS AL KHAIMAH, FUJAIRAH, UMM AL QUWAIN, AND AJMAN)

CAPITAL CITYABU DHABI

GEOGRAPHIC AREA 84,000 SQUARE KM

POPULATION EST. 9.4 MILLION (2017)

EMIRATI NATIONALSEST. 11%

WORKFORCE: 6,330,540 PEOPLE (2016)

RELIGIONOFFICIALLY ISLAM; OTHER RELIGIONS PRACTICED

LANGUAGEOFFICIALLY ARABIC; ENGLISH IS WIDELY SPOKEN

GDPAED 1.4 TRILLION (C$495 BILLION)

GDP PER CAPITAAED 151,000 (C$53,391)

TRADE (AS % OF GDP)93.8%

CURRENCYUAE DIRHAM (OFFICIALLY ABBREVIATED “AED”, “DH” OR “DHS”); THE DIRHAM IS PEGGED TO THE US DOLLAR; 1 DIRHAM = 0.27 US DOLLARS

CLIMATE19°C (JANUARY) TO 36°C (AUGUST)

Section 8 — Establishing a Business . . . . . . . . . 56

8.1 Mainland or Onshore Company . . . . . . . . . 58

8.2 Free Zone Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8.3 Offshore Company or Commerical Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Section 9 — Labour Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

9.1 Emiratisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

9.2 Visas for Foreign Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Section 10 — Taxation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

10.1 Corporate Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

10.2 Value-Added Tax (VAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

10.3 Customs Duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

10.4 Other Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Section 11 — Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Section 12 — Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Section 13 — Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

13.1 Business Structures Comparison Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

13.2 List of UAE Free Zones & Designated Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

13.3 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

13.4 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

CONTENTS

Section 1 — About the Canada-UAE Business Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Section 2 — President’s Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Section 3 — Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Section 4 — Why Do Business in the UAE? . . . . 12

Section 5 — About the UAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1 Beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.2 Seven Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.3 Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5.4 Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.5 Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Youth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.6 Culture & History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.7 World Expo 2020 Dubai UAE . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Section 6 — Canada-UAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

6.1 Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

6.2 investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

6.3 Agreements & Announcements . . . . . . . . 43

6.4 Successes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6.5 Key Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

6.6 Visiting Entry Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 46

6.7 Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Section 7 — Business Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

7.1 Language of Business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

7.2 Meeting & Greeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

7.3 Attire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7.4 Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

7.5 Working Hours & Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3

SECTION 1

ABOUT THE CANADA-UAE BUSINESS COUNCIL

The CUBC is the premier business-led organization facilitating greater trade and investment between Canada and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In 2013, the foreign ministers of Canada and the UAE announced the Canada-UAE Strategic Agenda to strengthen and energize the bilateral relationship. The Agenda had three pillars: Prosperity, Security, and Development. The CUBC was formally established in 2016 as one of the strategic recommendations that resulted from 18 months of deliberations between business leaders from Canada and the UAE to support the Prosperity pillar.

OUR VISIONis to achieve the shared goal of enhancing economic prosperity for both countries.

OUR ROLEis to provide value to our members by leveraging our high-level networks; and, to advance the bilateral relationship by serving as a meeting point for the private and public sectors to strategically diversify and grow trade and investment.

OUR MISSIONis to facilitate long-term relationships and strategic initiatives that will improve overall bilateral market-accessibility and will increase diverse trade and investment opportunities.

5

4

The Honourable Jean Charest CUBC Co-Chair and Partner, McCarthy Tétrault LLP

Musabbeh Al Kaabi CUBC Co-Chair and CEO Petroleum & Petrochemicals, Mubadala Investment Company

Omar Alhashmi CUBC Vice Chair and Executive Director, Asset Management, Abu Dhabi Power Corporation

Kerry Adler Founder, President and CEO, SkyPower Global

Jefferey Graham CUBC Secretary and Senior VP, SkyPower Global

Graham Richardson President, TAQA North Ltd.

Saeed Al Darei Executive VP Government Affairs and Corporate, TAQA Global

Drew MacIntyre Vice Chair, Head – Global Energy, Power & Utilities Group, TD Securities Inc.

John Prato Deputy Chair and Executive Managing Director, TD Securities Inc.

Aziz Shariff CUBC Finance Chair and Chairman, Trimark Capital Group

BOARD MEMBERS Khalifa Al Mansouri CEO, Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX)

Fatima Al Jaber Chief Operating Officer, Al Jaber Group

Otaiba Al Otaiba Chairman, Al Otaiba Group

Anuj Ranjan Managing Partner, Private Equity, Middle East and South Asia, Brookfield Asset Management Inc.

Omar Al Muhairi Director, Government Affairs, DP World

Jody Becker CUBC Vice Chair and Senior VP, Emerging Markets and Chief Strategy Officer, EllisDon

Essa Al Ghurair Chairman, Essa Al Ghurair Investment LLC

Ahmed Al Qubaisi Senior VP, Government Relations, Etihad Airways

Joe Lombard Global Managing Director, Metals, Hatch

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEEThe Honourable Jean Charest CUBC Co-Chair Partner, McCarthy Tétrault LLP

Musabbeh Al Kaabi CUBC Co-Chair CEO Petroleum & Petrochemicals, Mubadala Investment Company

Omar Alhashmi CUBC Vice Chair Executive Director Asset Management, Abu Dhabi Power Corporation

Jody Becker CUBC Vice Chair Senior VP Emerging Markets and Chief Strategy Officer, EllisDon

Jefferey Graham CUBC Secretary Senior VP, SkyPower Global

Aziz Shariff CUBC Finance Chair Chairman, Trimark Capital Group

Mustafa Sahin CUBC President and Executive Director

LEADERSHIP

7

6

This Guide to Doing Business in the United Arab

Emirates is for Canadian businesses and organizations of any size operating in any sector. Readers will learn more about a remarkable country where Canadians are already thriving and where there is great potential for others to also succeed. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a market full of opportunities for Canadian goods, services, investments, and expertise.

The Canada-UAE Business Council (CUBC) has developed this booklet as an overview for Canadians interested in the UAE. The Guide is part of a suite of business resources that the CUBC has created with input from our stakeholders in both countries. I encourage you to access those resources on our website to continue to learn more about the Canada-UAE relationship and the potential for your business.

As the global economy continues to shift and respond to new forces and challenges affecting growth, Canada and the UAE are uniquely aligned as innovative, open, and forward-thinking nations looking to meet these challenges head on. Looking to the future, there are common focuses in the two countries: diversifying international trade, major infrastructure investments, attracting talent, unlocking innovation, and enabling diversification and participation in key sectors, particularly for women. At the CUBC, we see the vast potential for further cooperation, and we have the honour of working within a great ecosystem of supports for Canadian businesses.

I am grateful to have esteemed and committed members guiding and participating in the CUBC. Our exemplary executive committee, and other passionate volunteers, work alongside our dedicated CUBC staff to identify, promote, and facilitate opportunities. Furthermore, our partners in Canada and the UAE are pillars of the relationship and as such deserve recognition. I’d

like to extend a special thank you to the embassies and consulate generals for their leadership and contribution to bilateral economic relations.

This is a particularly opportune time for Canadians to consider doing business in the UAE. Never before has Canada placed as much emphasis on trade diversification. The Government of Canada’s goal is to increase exports by 50 per cent by 2025, and many programs are focused on Canadian businesses, including small and medium-sized enterprises, accessing new markets. The UAE is a priority market for Canada; in 2018 alone, several new agreements between Canada and the UAE were signed to make doing business between the two countries even smoother.

I hope you find this Guide useful.

Sincerely,

Mustafa Sahin President and CEO

Canada-UAE Business Council canadauaebusiness.org

SECTION 2

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

8 9

On the surface, Canada and the UAE seem quite different. However, they actually share many similarities. Both countries have federal structures, both were founded on natural resources and multicultural societies, and both are strategically located close to major global markets and have similar open outlooks on tolerance, women’s empowerment, and trade and investment. This Guide highlights some of these similarities as areas of shared economic opportunity. The CUBC’s Bilateral Economic Story:

United Arab Emirates and Canada goes into more detail and is another useful resource to download from our website.

This Guide is about the UAE and doing business there as a Canadian company. The UAE has consistently been Canada’s top trading partner in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and is a growing source of foreign direct investment (FDI). There are more than 40,000 Canadians living in the UAE and over 150 Canadian brands are represented. Canadian businesses are thriving in the country, even serving other markets in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states1 and beyond. The UAE is a strategic global hub; it is a transportation and logistics superpower that provides access for Canadian companies to more than 3 billion potential customers with a combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of US$ 6.5 trillion (C$8.7 trillion).

Expatriates make up the majority of the population of the UAE. They live and work alongside UAE Nationals or Emiratis, who are the current and future leaders of the country. The UAE enjoys political stability and is ranked among the safest countries in the world. It is a global economic leader where innovation and visionary strategies are harnessing the skills and

1 The GCC is a political and economic alliance of six countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman.

energy of a youthful and highly educated Emirati population.

Canadian business leaders that experience the UAE immediately see the potential there for their businesses and investments to grow. It helps that the UAE is ranked one of the friendliest places to do business in the world. English is widely spoken in the UAE, policies and low taxes make it attractive to establish a business there, and the lifestyle is familiar for western professionals.

Nevertheless, awareness and understanding of the UAE remain low across Canada. The CUBC is actively working to educate Canadians and promote opportunities in the UAE. Contrary to Canadian opinion, the UAE has a diversified economy and is a place where women enjoy high education and equal rights. Indeed, not only are women’s rights enshrined in the constitution, but two-thirds of government employees are women, and 50 per cent of corporate board members must be women. The UAE also ranks number one in the world for women’s literacy, with more than 70 per cent of university graduates being women.

2018 was a pivotal year in Canada-UAE relations that further opened the door for increased trade and investment. The governments added more direct flights, agreed to further cooperation, finalized protections for investments, and much more. Canadian CUBC members are benefiting from their business interests in the UAE and other Canadian businesses can, too. Contact the CUBC or any one of the organizations listed in this Guide for more information on how to conduct business in the UAE.

SECTION 3

INTRODUCTION

11

10

• Access to a regional population of 3.2 billion people with a collective GDP of more than US$6.5 trillion (C$8.7 trillion).

• A strategic global hub for transportation and logistics

• One-third of the world’s population lives within a four-hour flight and two-thirds within an eight-hour flight

• Two world-class airlines: Emirates Airlines (Dubai) and Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi)

• Busiest airport in the world for international travelers

• Largest airport in the world under construction

• Largest maritime port in the Middle East and the 8th largest in the world

• Modern infrastructure, ranked best in the world

• Some of the top conferences and trade shows in the world in sectors such as agriculture and agri-food, oil and gas, defense, aerospace, health, real estate, construction, and retail

• 1st in the MENA region for ease of doing business; 11th in the world

• 1st in the MENA region for innovation; 38th in the world

• Ranked consistently as one of the safest places in the world

• Least corrupt country in the MENA region

• Stable government and healthy relations with the rest of the world

• Stable currency

• 1st in the Arab region for happiness; 21st in the world

• Familiar Western brands, amenities, lifestyle, and nightlife

• English is widely spoken

• Multicultural and tolerant society

• Low taxation and low customs tariffs

• Laws to protect foreign capital

• Various business set-up options, including more than 45 free zones

• Highly educated and young population

• Women’s rights are enshrined in the constitution and women’s empowerment is a priority

• Hosting World Expo 2020 Dubai (October 2020 to April 2021): the largest event ever held in the Arab world and the first World’s Fair in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia

• Visionary leadership focused on bringing together innovation and technology from around the world to solve challenging problems facing the country and humanity

• A supportive environment in Canada and the UAE of economic development organizations and experts to help

• Large Canadian expat community (40,000) and already 150+ brands represented

• Canada’s brand and image are strong

SECTION 5

WHY DO BUSINESS IN THE UAE?

13

12

5.1 BEGINNINGS

In the early 19th century, the region now known as the UAE was a collection of independent coastal and desert settlements. The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the sheikhs or rulers of these settlements was the first of a series of agreements that would bring the emirates together. Under the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and the agreement that followed, the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, the sheikhs had to ensure peace at sea and refrain from building large ships and fortifications along the coast. Under these treaties and truces, the emirates would come to be known collectively as the Trucial States.

In 1892 the Trucial States entered into the Exclusive Agreement with Britain in which they could not form any formal relationships with any other foreign government without the consent of the United Kingdom. In return, the Trucial States became protectorates of Britain. This agreement ended in 1968, when Britain declared it would withdraw from the Gulf by the end of 1971.

His Highness Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan formed the UAE on December 2nd, 1971 as a federation between six emirates, with the seventh joining in February 1972.

The seven emirates in the UAE include: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, Umm Al Quwain, and Ajman. Abu Dhabi city is the federal capital of the UAE.

SECTION 5

ABOUT THE UAE

15

14

The real wealth is

hard work that benefits

the person and the

community. It is

immortal and eternal,

and forms the value of

the human and

the nation.

HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN,

HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN Known as the Father of the Nation for his role in forming the United Arab Emirates, the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the first President of the UAE. He served this position from the formation of the UAE on December 2nd, 1971 until he passed away in 2004. He also served as the Ruler of the emirate of Abu Dhabi from 1966 to 2004.

Sheikh Zayed is revered in the UAE and was considered a man of the people. He worked to ensure unity among the emirates and brought the UAE’s economy into the 20th century. He also laid the foundation for the UAE as an open and tolerant society. His balanced approach to foreign policy and his reputation for philanthropy are known globally. Sheikh Zayed’s enduring legacy is memorialized in the principles and philosophy that he brought to the UAE government and in the world-famous Sheikh Zayed Mosque.

UAE leaders named 2018 The Year of Zayed to commemorate the anniversary of the leader’s 100th Birthday. The Year of Zayed featured a series of events and initiatives in the UAE and internationally to promote Sheikh Zayed’s values.

Sheikh Zayed’s portrait can be seen throughout the UAE on billboards and inside of buildings.

zayed.ae

5.2 SEVEN EMIRATES

The UAE is a federation of seven emirates. Each of these emirates has different strategic industries, based on their location, their resources, and their workforce expertise.

ABU DHABI

Population: Est. 2.9 million (2016)

GDP: AED 785.6 billion (2017) (C$275 billion)

% UAE’s GDP: 55.3%

Key Industries: Oil & Gas; Business & Professional/Technical Services; Healthcare & Life Science; Aerospace & Defense.

Abu Dhabi is the largest Emirate in the UAE, occupying 84 per cent of the national landmass territory. In 2016, the estimated population of Abu Dhabi was 2.91 million. Out of the total population approximately 19 per cent were UAE nationals and 81 per cent were expatriates.

Abu Dhabi houses the federal government and is also the oil and gas hub of the UAE, with 95 per cent of the UAE’s proven oil reserves. The emirate is making key strides towards diversifying its economy away from oil reliance with sector development focused on areas such as life science, healthcare, aerospace, defense, and education.

16 17

DUBAI

Population: Est. 3.2 million (2018)

GDP: AED 389.4 billion (2017) (C$141 billion)

% UAE’s GDP: 27.4%

Key Industries: Business & Professional/Technical Services; Finance; Tourism; Trade.

Dubai is the second largest emirate in the UAE, occupying approximately 5 per cent of the national landmass territory (without islands). In 2018, the estimated population of Dubai was 3.2 million. Out of the total population approximately 8.2 per cent were UAE nationals and 91.8 per cent were expatriates.

The most internationally recognized emirate, Dubai is the commercial centre of the UAE, with its economy built on finance, tourism, and shipping and trade.

SHARJAH

Population: Est. 1.4 million (2015)

GDP: AED 92.7 billion (2017) (C$34 billion)

% UAE’s GDP: 6.5%

Key Industries: Manufacturing; Mining; Arts & Culture.

Sharjah is the third largest emirate in the UAE, occupying 3.3 per cent of the total area of the national landmass territory (without islands).

The emirate is the UAE’s industrial and manufacturing centre. It is also known for its emphasis on education, arts, and culture as confirmed by its 1998 UNESCO designation as the Cultural Capital of the Arab World and Capital of Islamic Culture 2014.

RAS AL KHAIMAH

Population: Est. 345,000 (2015)

GDP: AED 28.4 billion (2015) (C$10 billion)

% UAE’s GDP: 2%

Key Industries: Manufacturing; Agriculture; Tourism.

Ras Al Khaimah is the fourth largest emirate in the UAE, occupying 3.2 per cent of the total area of the national landmass territory.

The emirate’s economy is primarily driven by industrial activities, including cement production and pharmaceutical manufacturing, as well as agriculture. The emirate is now focused on growing itself as a tourism hub.

A JMAN

Population: Est. 504,850 (2017)

GDP: AED 17.2 billion (2014) (C$6.2 billion)

% UAE’s GDP: 1.2%

Key Industries: Manufacturing; Construction; Real Estate.

Ajman is the smallest emirate in the UAE, occupying 0.3 per cent of the total area of the national landmass territory (without islands).

The emirate’s economy is quite diversified with manufacturing and construction being two of its top sectors. The emirate has become an attractive place for investment since it offers 100 per cent freehold ownership of real estate to non-Emiratis.

18 19

5.3 GOVERNMENT

The United Arab Emirates is a constitutional federation of seven emirates, each with its own hereditary monarch as its ruler. The government of the UAE works at three levels: federal, emirate, and municipal. The federal government structure comprises five bodies: Federal Supreme Council, President, Cabinet or Council of Ministers, Federal National Council, and Federal Judiciary.

1 — THE FEDERAL SUPREME COUNCILThe Federal Supreme Council or Supreme Council is the highest constitutional authority in the United Arab Emirates. It is also the highest legislative and executive authority that develops general policies and approves various federal legislations.

The Supreme Council consists of the rulers of all seven emirates or of their substitutes. Each emirate has a single vote in the deliberations of the Council.

The Supreme Council includes:

• His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the UAE

• His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai and Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE

• His Highness Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, Ruler of Sharjah

• His Highness Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah

• His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed

Al Sharqi, Ruler of Al Fujairah

• His Highness Sheikh Saud bin Rashid Al Mu’alla, Ruler of Umm Al Quwain

• His Highness Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, Ruler of Ajman

2 — PRESIDENTThe President and Vice President are both elected from the Supreme Council’s membership for renewable five-year terms. Since confederation, the Ruler of Abu Dhabi has been President and the Ruler of Dubai has been Vice President.

3 — CABINET OR COUNCIL OF MINISTERSThe Cabinet or Council of Ministers is the executive branch of the UAE. It executes all internal and external affairs of the federation as per the provisions of the UAE Constitution and federal laws.

The Cabinet consists of:

• the Prime Minister

• two Deputy Prime Ministers

FUJAIRAH

Population: Est. 236,800 (2017)

GDP: AED 15.4 billion (2017) (C$5.6 billion)

% UAE’s GDP: 1.1%

Key Industries: Shipping & Bunkering; Agriculture; Fishing.

Fujairah is the third smallest emirate in the UAE, occupying 2.7 per cent of the total area of the national landmass territory.

The emirate is a major shipping, ship service, and bunkering location due to its position on the Gulf of Oman and its access to the Indian Ocean. In addition to its port industry, much of the emirate’s economy is based on agriculture and fishing.

UMM AL QUWAIN

Population: Est. 49,150 (2005)

GDP: N/A

% UAE’s GDP: N/A

Key Industries: Fishing; Poultry; Tourism.

Umm Al Quwain is the second smallest emirate in the UAE, occupying 1 per cent of the total area of the national landmass territory.

The emirate’s economy is primarily built on fishing, but is also growing in its touristic importance, having some of the best beaches and attractions in the UAE.

20 21

• the Ministers of the UAE

• a General Secretariat

The Cabinet is led by the Prime Minister who chooses the members from among representatives of the seven Emirates. The membership of the Cabinet is then ratified by the President.

As of 2017, there are 31 Cabinet Ministers, 9 of whom are women.

1. Prime Minister and Minister of Defence — Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

2. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior — Sheikh Saif bin Zayed Al Nahyan

3. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidential Affairs — Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan

4. Minister of Finance — Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum

5. Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation — Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan

6. Minister of Tolerance — Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan

7. Minister of Cabinet Affairs and Future — Mohammed bin Abdullah Al Gergawi

8. Minister of Economy — Sultan bin Saeed Al Mansouri

9. Minister of Health and Prevention and Minister of State for Federal National Council Affairs — Dr. Abdul Rahman bin Mohammed bin Nasser Al Owais

10. Minister of State for Foreign Affairs — Dr. Anwar bin Mohammed Gargash

11. Minister of State for Financial Affairs — Obaid bin Humaid Al Tayer

12. Minister of State for International Cooperation — Reem bint Ibrahim Al Hashimy

13. Minister of Energy and Industry — Suhail bin Mohammed Faraj Al Mazroui

14. Minister of Education — Hussain bin Ibrahim Al Hammadi

15. Minister of Infrastructure Development — Dr. Abdullah bin Mohammed Belhaif Al Nuaimi

16. Minister of Justice — Sultan bin Saeed Al Badi

17. Minister of State for Defence Affairs — Mohammed bin Ahmed Al Bowardi

18. Minister of Culture and Knowledge Development — Noura bint Mohammed Al Kaabi

19. Minister of Climate Change and Environment — Dr. Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi

20. Minister of Human Resources and Emiratisation — Nasser Thani Al Hameli

21. Minister of Community Development — Hessa bint Essa Buhumaid

22. Minister of State for General Education — Jameela bint Salem Al Muhairi

23. Minister of State for Higher Education and Advanced Skills and Chair of the Federal Authority for Human Resources — Dr. Ahmad bin Abdulla Humaid Belhoul Al Falasi

24. Minister of State — Dr. Sultan bin Ahmed Sultan Al Jaber

25. Minister of State — Dr. Maitha bint Salem Al Shamsi

26. Minister of State for Happiness and Wellbeing — Ohood bint Khalfan Al Roumi

27. Minister of State for Youth Affairs — Shamma bint Sohail Faris Al Mazrui

28. Minister of State — Zaki Anwar Nusseibeh

29. Minister of State for Future Food Security — Maryam bint Mohammed Saeed Hareb Al Mehairi

30. Minister of State for Advanced Sciences — Sara bint Yousuf Al Amiri

31. Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence — Omar Sultan Al Olama

32. Abdullah Mohammad bin Touq is the Secretary General of the UAE Cabinet.

4 — THE FEDERAL NATIONAL COUNCILThe Federal National Council (FNC) is the consultative council and parliamentary body of the UAE. It examines proposed new legislation and provides advice to the Cabinet, as required. The FNC is empowered to call and question Ministers in regard to their own performance, providing an additional degree of accountability to the system. Half of the FNC members are indirectly elected while the other half are nominated by the ruler of each Emirate.

The Federal National Council has 40 members, with the number of seats being assigned proportionately to each Emirate’s population.

5 — THE FEDERAL JUDICIARYThe Federal Judiciary includes the Federal Supreme Court, Federal Courts, and Public Prosecution. The Federal Supreme Court as the highest judicial authority in the UAE. The Supreme Court decides on the constitutionality of federal laws and arbitrates on inter-Emirate disputes between the Federal Government and the Emirates. The Supreme Court consists of five judges appointed by the Supreme Council.

22 23

Construction:

Construction is the fourth largest sector in the UAE. As of 2018, the UAE has an estimated US$800.0 billion (C$1.06 billion) worth of major projects in the works. It is projected that an additional US$40.0 billion (C$53.2 billion) worth of construction contracts will be awarded each year for the next three years in the country. A key driver of this construction activity is infrastructure development, which continues to receive major injections of capital as the country continues to expand and modernize. In Dubai alone, infrastructure spending has reached unprecedented levels as of 2018, much of it allocated to build the facilities and transportation needed for hosting Expo Dubai 2020.

TRADEInternational trade is highly important to the UAE’s overall economic wellbeing. The country’s trade to GDP ratio is 93.8 per cent. Over 45 per cent of goods exported to the UAE are re-exported to other markets such as India, China, and countries across Africa and the Middle East.

A large part of the UAE’s trade success is derived from its many free zones. The UAE has more than 45 free zones across the country, some of which are industry-specific and serve and regional headquarters for many multinational corporations (MNCs). Free zones allow foreign entities to retain 100 per cent ownership of their companies and they also offer many other benefits, such as exemption of corporate, personal, and import/export taxation.

Free Trade Agreements:

The UAE is part of the GCC, which allows for free trade between its six members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. It is also

a customs union, with a common tariff of 5 per cent imposed on all imports coming from outside the GCC to any GCC state. Additionally, the GCC takes responsibility for negotiating any trade agreements on behalf of its members. Thus far, the GCC has concluded free trade agreements with Singapore and the European Free Trade Association. It has ongoing negotiations with Australia, China, the European Union, India, Japan, Mercosur, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, and Turkey.

The UAE has signed bilateral preferential agreements with some Arab Countries (Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Iraq). According to these agreements, the UAE and its partners accord each other preferential access for a specified list of goods.

Major Markets and Products for Trade:

In 2017, the UAE exported US$142 billion and imported US$175 billion.

The UAE’s top markets for export in 2017 were:

1. India (US$22.1 billion) (C$28.6 billion)

2. Japan (US$18.8 billion) (C$24.4 billion)

3. China (US$11.4 billion) (C$14.8 billion)

4. Oman (US$10.1 billion) (C$13.1 billion)

5. Switzerland (US$10.0 billion) (C$13 billion)

The UAE’s top markets for import in 2017 were:

1. China ($28.6 billion) (C$37 billion)

2. India (US$28.0 billion) (C$36.3 billion)

3. Germany (US$12.2 billion) (C$15.8 billion)

4. United Kingdom (US$9.6 billion) (C$12.4 billion)

5. Turkey (US$9.2 billion) (C$11.9 billion)

5.4 ECONOMY

TOP SECTORSThe UAE’s four top sectors are: oil and gas, wholesale and retail trade, finance, and construction. Almost two-thirds of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) is derived from industries other than oil and gas, and measures are in place to increase this amount. Already an internationally-recognized centre for business, finance, tourism and trade, the UAE has now set its sights on becoming a world leader in innovation across various sectors including renewable energy, transportation, education, health, technology, water, and space. Developing a ‘competitive knowledge economy’ is also one of the six pillars of the UAE’s National Agenda in line with Vision 2021. These pillars are:

1. World-Class Healthcare;

2. Competitive Knowledge Economy;

3. Safe Public and Fair Judiciary;

4. Cohesive Society and Preserved Family;

5. First-Rate Education System;

6. Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure.

Oil and Gas:

The UAE is an energy powerhouse, having the seventh largest proven reserves of oil and seventh largest proven reserves of natural gas in the world. The UAE produces approximately 3 million barrels per day. Most of the oil and gas activity (94 per cent) in the country is in Abu Dhabi. In 1980, 79% of the UAE’s GDP came from oil and gas, that figure is now down to 30%. Diversification within the oil and gas sector and diversification among sectors is a focus for the

UAE as it sets short and long-term targets and embraces technology and innovation to reach those targets.

Wholesale and Retail Trade:

The second largest sector in the UAE is wholesale and retail trade. Building on its strategic location between Asia, Europe, and Africa, the UAE has evolved into a global trade and logistics hub through major investments in port and airport infrastructure. This position is further enhanced through the development of the UAE’s various free zones, which exempt international companies from customs duties on imports and re-exports and provides exemptions from corporate taxes. The UAE also has a strong consumer base that drives the local retail trade, boosted by high salaries and a robust shopping culture. In 2016 consumer expenditure per household was highest in the UAE when compared to all other GCC countries.

Finance:

The UAE’s large amount of wealth and its investments (in and out) contributes greatly to the country’s finance and insurance sector, which is the third largest by GDP value. The UAE has built up strong financial reserves and has some of the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world. The country is a consistent spender on public projects and invests heavily in assets across the globe. As a hub for international business, the UAE also attracts high levels of investment from foreign entities; the country attracted approximately US$10.4 billion (C$13.5 billion) of foreign direct investment in 2017.

24 25

TOP EXPORT & IMPORT PRODUCTS BY VALUE — UAE (2017)

TOP EXPORTS TOP IMPORTS

1. Petroleum Oils 2. Gold3. Diamonds4. Aluminum5. Articles of Jewelry &

Parts

1. Gold2. Articles of Jewelry &

Parts3. Diamonds4. Cars/ Motor Vehicles5. Refined Petroleum

Source: Observatory of Economic Complexity, 2017

INVESTMENTThe total UAE outward FDI stock2 in 2017 was valued at US$124.4 billion (C$161.6 billion) and inward stock was US$129.9 billion (C$168.7 billion).

The UAE ranked 19th in the world for FDI outflows in 2017, making it a major investor worldwide. The country is home to four of the 30 largest sovereign wealth funds in the world: The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, the Investment Corporation of Dubai, Mubadala Investment Company, and the Emirates Investment Authority. The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority is the largest sovereign wealth fund in the UAE and has an estimated US$697 billion (C$929.8 billion) in assets under management.

With respect to inflow investment, all seven emirates have adopted measures to create a more favourable environment for foreign investors. New laws in recent years make investing in the UAE more attractive and easier.

2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a term used to define foreign ownership in a company. FDI stock (inward and outward) are the value of equity and net loans measured at a point in time. Stocks are accumulated over time by inflows and/or depleted by outflows. FDI flows (inflow and outflow) are measured over an interval and affect stocks. In other words, stocks are the “bank statements” and flows are the deposits and withdrawals.

The UAE’s Vision 2021 supports attracting more foreign direct investment to the UAE, and so do the eight strategies launched in 2018 to enhance UAE’s competitiveness.

Major Markets and Sectors for Investment:

The UAE’s top investor countries (inward stock) in 2017 were:

1. United Kingdom (US$19.8 billion) (C$25.6 billion)

2. India (US$6.6 billion) (C$8.5 billion)

3. United States (US$5.2 billion) (C$6.7 billion)

4. France (US$4.9 billion) (C$6.3 billion)

5. Iran (US$4.8 billion) (C$6.2 billion)

TOP INVESTED SECTORS BY %

1. Wholesale and retail trade2. Real Estate3. Financial and Insurance4. Manufacturing5. Mining6. Construction

At the end of April 2017, the UAE had signed 65 agreements related to the encouragement and protection of investment and signed 102 agreements on the avoidance of double taxation with different countries.

CURRENCYThe unit of currency in the UAE is the UAE dirham and has been pegged to the US dollar at a rate of AED 3.67 to USD 1 since 1980. The UAE has no currency exchange controls.

26 27

5.5 DEMOGRAPHICS

POPULATIONThe total population of the UAE is 9.4 million (2017). Approximately 11 per cent of the UAE’s population are UAE nationals, while the majority is expatriates. Only UAE nationals are citizens of the country.

All UAE citizens in the seven emirates carry the unified nationality of the UAE, which is recognized internationally. The demonym is Emirati.

The largest expatriate communities come from India (27.5%), followed by Pakistan (12.7%), Bangladesh (7.4%), Philippines (5.6%), Iran (4.8%), and Egypt (4.23%). There are an estimated 40,000 Canadians living in the UAE. To put that number into context, there are an estimated 50,000 Americans, 25,000 French, 16,000 Australians, and more than 130,000 Brits living in the UAE.

DIVERSITYThe UAE is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. More than 200 different ethnic and culture backgrounds are represented. Indians form the largest foreign community in the UAE, followed by Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, other Asians, Europeans, and Africans.

RELIGIONIslam is the official religion of the UAE and is practiced by approximately 76% of the population. Much of the national values and culture revolve around Islam. The UAE does, however, believe in and advocate for freedom of religion.

Year of Tolerance

His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE, proclaimed 2019 “The Year of Tolerance.” The aim of the year is to highlight the UAE as a global capital for tolerance and emphasize tolerance as a universal concept. UAE is implementing legislation and policies aimed at entrenching the values of tolerance, dialogue, coexistence and openness to different cultures, especially among youth.

The Year of Tolerance embodies the approach adopted by the UAE since its establishment to be a bridge of communication between the people of the world and their various cultures, in an environment of openness and respect that rejects extremism and promotes coexistence.

Pope Francis visited the UAE in February 2019. It was the first ever visit by a sitting pontiff to the Gulf. In the presence of a global audience of religious leaders from Christianity, Islam, Judaism and other faiths, Pope Francis and the Grand Imam of Al Azhar, Islam’s most prestigious seat of learning, signed a historic declaration of fraternity calling for peace between nations, religions, and races.

LANGUAGEArabic is the UAE’s official language, but English is spoken widely. Other widely spoken languages include Bengali, English, Farsi, Hindi, Malayalam, Mandarin, Nepali, Russian, Sinhalese, Tagalog and Urdu.

28 29

GENDER The UAE leads the region in women’s economic empowerment and education. Women constitute more than 25 per cent of the UAE Cabinet. As much as 60 per cent of the government workforce is made up of women and 30 per cent occupy senior leadership positions. The UAE ranks 1st in the world in women’s literacy and more than 70 per cent of the country’s graduates are women. Women-owned businesses contributes to 10 per cent of total value to the private sector and there are an estimated 21,000 women employers in the country.

One of the challenges that the UAE faces is translating the high levels of education among Emirati women into jobs. Once in the workforce, women still face similar barriers to career advancement as do women in other developed countries. Lack of support within organizations and preconceptions of women’s roles and responsibilities are the two factors identified as hindering women’s career progression the most.

The UAE Government embraces and encourages employers to support women through diversity and inclusion programs, and policies such as good maternity and paternity leave, providing nurseries at work, and offering flexible work schedules for men and women with families. All corporate boards in the UAE must now include women. The UAE Cabinet also recently approved a law on equal wages.

Key Initiatives/Steps:

• In April 2018, the UAE Cabinet approved the Law on Equal Wages and Salaries for Men and Women.

• In May 2015, the UAE established the UAE Gender Balance Council to ensure that Emirati women continue to play a leading role in the development of the UAE. The Council

supports the UAE’s vision to become one of the world’s top 25 countries for gender equality by 2021.

• In September 2017, the Gender Balance Council launched the UAE Gender Balance Index.

• The UAE launched the National Strategy for the Empowerment of Emirati Women 2015-2021.

YOUTHThe overall median age for the UAE is 37.2. 35 per cent of the population is under the age of 24 and the majority of this group are women.

The UAE Government attaches great importance to the role of youth and their empowerment in order to enable them to shoulder responsibilities, innovate, and contribute to the welfare of the UAE. In February 2016, the Prime Minister announced the government of the future as part of major structural changes to the UAE Government. The government of the future focuses on happiness, innovation, tolerance, youth, and climate change. To emphasize the focus on youth, the UAE established a Minister of State for Youth Affairs, who is herself a youth.

After restructuring the Cabinet, the Prime Minister announced the establishment of the Emirates Youth Council. The Council presents youth ideas, aspirations, and solutions to the government. Her Excellency Shamma Al Mazrui, Minister of State for Youth Affairs heads the Council. The Council includes 13 young members of mixed gender who serve as government advisors on youth issues.

In 2017, the UAE Government launched Youth Hub, a community space for UAE youth where they can meet and connect. Youth Hub caters to young people between the ages of 15 and 35 irrespective of whether they are studying or working.

The question of whether to empower women to progress is no longer a matter of debate — it is simply the right thing to do socially and economically, it is the norm. All over the world, the benefit of inclusiveness is evident in the growth of various sectors. Women’s participation in the economy not only boosts development, it also diversifies national economies and opens a nation up to new ideas and approaches.

HER EXCELLENCY NOURA BINT MOHAMMED AL KAABI, UAE MINISTER OF CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT

30 31

5.6 CULTURE & HISTORY

There are many resources to learn more about Emirati culture, history, and contemporary society. Below is a short list.

IN PRINT:• Spirit of the Union by Sheikh Mohammed bin

Rashid Al Maktoum

• My Vision: Challenges in the Race for Excellence by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

• My Story: 50 Memories of 50 Years of Service by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

• City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism by Jim Krane

• Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the

United Arab Emirates by Michael Quentin Morton

• UAE 101: Stories & Cultural Learnings by Roudha Al Marri and Ilaria Caielli

• UAE – Culture Smart! – The Essential Guide to

Customs and Culture by John Walsh

• Abu Dhabi Residents Guide by Explorer Publishing

• Uncommon Dubai edited by Hind Shoufani

• From Rags to Riches: A Story of Abu Dhabi by Mohammed Al Fahim

ONLINE:• Culture — The Official Portal of the UAE

Government governmnet.ae/en/about-the-uae-culture

• Cultural Foundation UAE culturalfoundation.ae

• Abu Dhabi Culture tcaabudhabi.ae

• Dubai Culture dubaiculture.gov.ae

32 33

5.7 WORLD EXPO 2020 DUBAI UAE

From October 20, 2020 to April 10, 2021, the UAE will be the first country in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia to host the World’s Fair.

WHAT IS THE WORLD EXPOSITION/EXPO OR WORLD’S FAIR?The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) is the intergovernmental organization in charge of overseeing and regulating World Expos, since 1931. BIE defines expos as “large-scale, global events organized and facilitated by governments that serve to educate the public, share innovation, promote progress, and foster cooperation.” The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London was the first fair. Since then, there have been dozens of others around the world, including Expo ’67 in Montréal and Expo ’86 in Vancouver.

World expositions are some of the greatest events on earth. They showcase the best of mankind’s ingenuity, debut innovations, and with national pavilions, give each country a chance to showcase their culture. World expos can have a major impact on a city and a country’s infrastructure and their respective economies, identities, global brands, and business environments.

WHAT MAKES THE DUBAI EXPO SPECIAL?The largest event ever staged in the Arab world is set to welcome 190 participating countries. More than 25 million visitors are expected over 6 months, and organizers expect that over 70 per cent of these visitors will come from outside the UAE. They will experience Emirati hospitality, as

well as the UAE’s values of inclusion, tolerance, and cooperation. Expo 2020 aspires to create a meaningful legacy that will benefit generations to come, both locally and globally, spanning everything from innovations and architecture to friendships and business opportunities.

WHAT IS THE THEME?The main theme of Expo 2020 is “Connecting Minds, Creating the Future” and is underpinned by three interwoven sub-themes: Opportunity, Mobility, and Sustainability. The Expo 2020 Dubai UAE website describes these themes as follows:

Opportunity: We all have the power to shape the future. Expo 2020 aims to unlock this potential in multiple ways, such as supporting solutions to social problems through the Expo Live program and introducing visitors to new ideas that inspire them to act.

Mobility: When we enable smarter movement of knowledge, ideas, and goods, a new world of possibilities unfolds. Expo 2020 looks at how this has helped explore new frontiers, and how humanity is making greater leaps than ever through digital connectivity.

Sustainability: The need to live in balance with the world we inhabit has never been more critical. Expo 2020 is embracing alternative sources of food, water, and clean and renewable energy, and encouraging us all to reassess how we can preserve the planet.

34 35

WHERE IS THE EXPO 2020 DUBAI SITE?The site is located between Dubai and Abu Dhabi near the Al Maktoum International Airport and the Jebel Ali Port, approximately a 30 min drive and short metro ride from downtown Dubai. The Expo site covers 438 hectares.

WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE EXPO?Expo 2020 revealed its legacy plans in 2017. The Expo site will be repurposed into a ‘city’ called District 2020. District 2020 will house a combination of office, retail, residential, and leisure developments, as well as all the amenities and public facilities required for a vibrant campus-style business community and lifestyle hub.

The focus on legacy is a departure from previously held world expos in other parts of the world. Ill-conceived legacy plans can cause considerable adverse impacts on the host’s economy rather than meaningful regenerative or growth opportunities.

Expo 2020 is an economic driver in the UAE and is projected to bring returns of over US$35 billon (C$46.7 billion). Currently, billions are being spent each year on long-term infrastructure.

WHAT BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ARE AVAILABLE FOR CANADIAN COMPANIES?The Expo 2020 Dubai Online Marketplace (OMP) is a free of charge, interactive business to business (B2B), government to business (G2B) and business to consumer (B2C) platform. This is a site created for businesses to network, advertise products and services, and compete for opportunities across borders. The OMP is

matching buyers to suppliers and is designed to help small and medium enterprises (SMEs), home businesses, and individuals to grow and integrate into global supply chains. The OMP was inspired by the Expo 2020 Dubai theme and has a commitment to allocating 20 per cent of the overall spend to local and international SMEs, representing billions of dirhams in opportunities. This includes Canadian businesses.

Canadian companies interested in growing their business through the OMP are encouraged to sign up. There are resources available through the Canada-UAE Business Council (CUBC) and the Canadian Trade Commissioner Service (TCS) to further support interested companies. In February 2019, the CUBC and TCS partnered with the Expo Procurement Team to host a webinar for Canadian companies. A copy of that presentation is available online at canadauaebusiness.org.

Visit CanadaExpo2020.ca, Canada’s official Expo website for more information about business opportunities related to Expo 2020 Dubai. With the eyes of the world on

Dubai, our presence at Expo 2020 affirms the vitality of Canada-UAE relations, while showcasing the best Canada has to offer. We only need to look at the lasting effects that hosting two world fairs has had on the fabric of our own nation to understand the potential this represents for Canada and for Canadians.

THE HONOURABLE JIM CARR, CANADA’S MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE DIVERSIFICATION

Expo Live is a flagship program that recognizes innovation and will allocate approximately C$120 million to back projects offering creative solutions to challenges that affect people’s lives and help preserve the world – or both. Grants are about C$120,000 per initiative. Three Canadian companies were chosen among 1000 applicants in the 2017 intake. Enersion Inc. won for its green chillers that reduce the cost and environmental impact of air conditioners and refrigerators. Attolllo won for its talking-stickers that help children read. Plastic Bank received an Expo Live grant to offer incentives to the poorest people in developing countries to recycle plastics that would otherwise end up in the world’s oceans.

36 37

According to the RFP, Canada’s pavilion theme will be “The Future in Mind.” It is intended to be expressive of the Exposition’s theme and will serve to deliver Canada’s message that it is an innovation powerhouse, a leader in global governance and progressive ideas, sustainably managing its natural resources, and is open for business and tourism. Canada’s pavilion will also feature three sub-themes titled: (1) Diversity: The Source, (2) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The Enablers, and (3) Space and Aerospace: The Next Frontier.

The Pavilion will be the physical and visual representation of Canada. The overarching objective of the Canada Pavilion is to present an image of a Canada as a global leader, innovator, and ally—particularly in innovation and sustainability—with solutions to offer the world in many different sectors, and as an ideal place for study, tourism, business, investment, and immigration. The Canadian government will use the Pavilion as a platform to

achieve its key objectives of diversifying its international markets, attracting foreign investment, promoting Canadian innovation and international education to build support for Canadian initiatives and values on the world stage, and to strengthen our relationship with the UAE.

Future RFPs related to content, programming, communications and other areas are anticipated.

WHAT IS CANADA’S PARTICIPATION IN EXPO 2020 DUBAI?Canada officially confirmed its participation in World Expo 2020 Dubai UAE on January 25th, 2019, becoming one of 190 confirmed participating countries. This will be Canada’s first pavilion at a World Expo since Shanghai in 2010. Expo 2020 provides a platform to showcase Canada’s innovation, knowledge, and expertise in business and cultural pursuits for which Canada is recognized around the globe. Participating in Expo 2020 aligns with Canada’s trade diversification strategy which helps Canadian exporters and investors access more opportunities around the globe so they can compete and succeed in thriving global markets abroad. In 2018, the Government of Canada announced that it will invest C$1.1 billion over the next six years to develop infrastructure that will boost international trade.

Canada’s participation in Expo 2020 Dubai is led by the Government of Canada – Global Affairs Canada. In January 2019, Canada’s official expo team was announced. The team is based in Ottawa and works closely with Canadian diplomats on the ground in the UAE.

In March 2019, the Government of Canada opened the first Request for Proposals (RFP) for the Canadian pavilion at Expo 2020 on its procurement site www.buyandsell.ca. The scope is for Design-Build-Operate-Maintain-Dismantle professional services. This includes:

1. the design and construction of the Pavilion and site;

2. the design and development of the Public Presentation/Exhibition element;

3. the continuing operation and maintenance of the Pavilion and the Public Presentation/Exhibition throughout the six-month Expo operation period; and

4. the dismantling and removal of the Pavilion and Pavilion components, restoration of the site to its original state and the completion of related documentation.

It is welcome news that Canada is rejoining the Expo movement to participate at Expo 2020 Dubai. We are looking forward to leveraging the Expo platform to continue to build on investment ties with Canada, Canadian companies, and the Canadian community here who call the UAE their home.

HIS EXCELLENCY MOHAMMAD AL SHAIBANI, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE DUBAI RULER’S COURT

For up-to-date information about Expo 2020 Dubai and Canada’s participation, stay tuned to the following social media accounts:

@Expo2020Dubai Expo2020

@CanadaExpo2020 Canada’s official expo account run by Global Affairs Canada

@CanadainUAE Embassy of Canada to the UAE; Consulate General of Canada in Dubai

@UAEembassyCA Embassy of the UAE in Ottawa

@UAEConsulateTO Consulate General of the UAE in Toronto

@CanUAEBusiness Canada-UAE Business Council

@CanadaGoExpo2020 Canadian cultural and business leaders that support Canada’s participation in Expo 2020 Dubai

38 39

Canada and the UAE enjoy a positive and prosperous relationship. Despite a setback in the relationship between 2010 and 2012, when landing rights were an issue that temporarily strained relations, Canada and the UAE have been close allies and friendly nations for decades. The landing rights issue pointed to a desire by the UAE to increase the flow of people and goods between the two countries by increasing the number of flights and the destinations within Canada for Emirates Airlines and Etihad Airways. Canada was purportedly concerned about its own airlines. Air Canada launched its non-stop service between Toronto and Dubai in November 2015.

In 2013, the foreign ministers of both countries began to rebuild relations and further reinforce the bilateral foundation. They jointly released the Canada-UAE Strategic Agenda based on three core themes: Prosperity, Security, and Development. Part of the Agenda and their shared vision was the establishment of a Canada-UAE Business Council, which eventually became a formal organization in 2016. The creation of a UAE Consulate in Toronto and other important measures were also taken to strengthen ties.

In May 2018, Canada and the UAE agreed to increase the number of direct flights for major airlines—Air Canada, Emirates Airlines, and

Etihad Airways—between Toronto, and Dubai and Abu Dhabi. There are still no direct flights from the UAE to other major Canadian cities despite the UAE’s interest in expanding to other parts of Canada. There are, however, many more agreements that signal positive relations and continued progress between the two countries. Many of these agreements were signed in 2018.

Canada and the UAE share common values, especially with respect to tolerance, diversity, women’s rights, and free trade. Companies from Canada and the UAE are doing business successfully in both markets. One of the largest investments into Ontario’s economy in the past decade was by a UAE company, and one of the largest developments in Dubai’s history is managed by a Canadian company. There are many successes, but there is a long way to go to realizing the full potential of the bilateral commercial relationship. The good news is that private and public sector stakeholders in Canada and the UAE are working together closely to achieve greater mutual prosperity.

Canada is represented in the UAE at the Embassy of Canada in Abu Dhabi and Consulate General of Canada in Dubai. The UAE is represented at the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Ottawa and the Consulate General of the United Arab Emirates in Toronto.

SECTION 6

CANADA-UAE

41

40

MAIN SECTORS AND COMPANIES OF INVESTMENT FROM THE UAE TO CANADA (UAE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, 2018)

SECTORS COMPANIES

• Wood products industry• Aircraft and parts

industry• Aluminum industry• Oil and natural gas

production• Chemical products and

plastics industry• Real estate activities• Power generating• Shipping and storage• Tourism and Travel• Healthcare services

• Dubai World• Emaar Properties• Emirates Global

Aluminum (EGA)• Drydocks World• TAQA• Abu Dhabi Investment

Company• Danta• Mubadala Investment

Company • S.S.Lootah Group• Crescent Petroleum

MAIN SECTORS OF INVESTMENT FROM CANADA TO THE UAE (UAE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, 2018)

SECTORS

• Real estate activities• Wholesale and retail trade• Repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles• Professional, scientific and technical activities• Construction• Manufacturing• Financial and insurance activities• Administrative and support service activities• Information and communication• Education

6.3 AGREEMENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

2019 Canada confirms its participation in World Expo 2020 Dubai UAE

2019 Canada and the UAE sign an agreement to boost cooperation in clean energy

2019 Canada joins the UAE-based International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

2018 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to cooperate for the peaceful use and exploration of space

2018 Agreement on Consular Affairs and Services: to cooperate on bilateral consular affairs and services

2018 Visa exemption for Emirati citizens

2018 Canada expands its air transport agreement with the UAE, effectively increasing the number of direct flights

2018 Canada and the UAE announce the successful completion of a foreign investment promotion and protection agreement (FIPA)

2017 Defence Cooperation Agreement

2016 Joint Economic Committee

2013 Canada-UAE Strategic Agenda

6.1 TRADE

The UAE has consistently been Canada’s top trading partner in the MENA region. Canada is the UAE’s second largest export market in North America. In terms of overall trade, there is room to grow. The UAE ranks 22nd for Canada, while Canada ranks 56th for the UAE.

BILATERAL MERCHANDISE TRADE — CANADA AND THE UAE (millions of Canadian dollars)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

C$1,864.4 C$2,166.3 C$1,918.5 C$1,791.5 C$1,657

Source: Statistics Canada, 2019

TOP EXPORT PRODUCTS BETWEEN CANADA AND UAE (2018, BY NAICS)

CANADA’S TOP EXPORTS TO UAE UAE’S TOP EXPORTS TO CANADA

1. Oilseed2. Aerospace Product & Parts3. Dry Pea and Bean (Lentils)4. Wheat5. Automobile & Motor Vehicle Parts

1. Ferro-Alloys (Steel)2. Plastic Products 3. Jewelry & Silverware4. Aluminum5. Petroleum Oils

Source: Trade Data Online, 2018

6.2 INVESTMENT

The UAE is Canada’s largest investor market from the MENA region and is among Canada’s top 20 investors globally.

DIRECT INVESTMENT IN 2017 (In millions of Canadians dollars)

UAE DIRECT INVESTMENT TO CANADA CANADA DIRECT INVESTMENT TO UAE

C$3,874 C$165

Source: Statistics Canada, Table 36-10-0008-01

42 43

SUPPLYING CANADIAN-MADE SOLAR POWER TECH TO THE UAE: In June 2017, Canadian Solar, one of the world’s largest solar power companies, was selected as the sole module supplier to provide more than 800,000 double-glass Dymond modules (equivalent to 268MW) for the third phase of the 800MW Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai.

UAE INVESTMENT INTO CANADIAN PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES: In 2009, Mubadala Investment Company, a state-owned holding company of Abu Dhabi, acquired Calgary-based petrochemicals manufacturer Nova Chemicals, for US$2.3 billion (C$2.37 billion). Through this deal, Mubadala gained petrochemical assets across Canada and the USA. In 2017, Mubadala made a significant investment of C$2 billion to upgrade and expand two Nova Chemical facilities in the Sarnia-Lambton area of Ontario. This investment was the

2nd largest manufacturing investment in the last century in Ontario.

MA JOR CANADIAN OIL & GAS ASSET ACQUISITION BY UAE: TAQA North—subsidiary of TAQA, a flagship company of the Abu Dhabi National Energy Corporation—has made significant acquisitions in Canadian oil and gas. In 2007, the company acquired Calgary-based Northrock Resources for US$2 billion (C$2.2 billion), Calgary-based PrimeWest Energy Trust for C$5 billion and the Canadian assets of Texas-based Pioneer Natural Resources for US$540 million (C$580 million). Through these acquisitions, TAQA has extensive land holdings in North America with exploration and production rights. In Canada, TAQA has at least two million acres of producing land and one million acres of non-producing land. The majority of this land is in Alberta, where they operate gas plants in Sousa, Chinchaga, Valhalla, Whitecourt, Bearberry, Caroline, Columbia, Sundre, and Brewster.

6.4 SUCCESSES

Below are just a few examples of recent bilateral successes.

CANADIAN FIRMS INVOLVED IN MAJOR UAE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: Canadian engineering, architecture, and construction firms are well represented in the UAE and have been involved in a number of large developments that reflect Canada’s commitment to the region. Many have established local subsidiaries and have also expanded into neighboring markets in the GCC region. Some key ongoing construction projects that involve Canadian firms include: Rosemont 5-Star Hotel & Residence (ZAS Architects + Interiors); ICD Brookfield Place (Brookfield); and Dubai Hills Estates (EllisDon). The project values are US$550 million (C$713 million), US$1 billion (C$1.3 billion), and US$10 billion (C$13 billion) respectively.

COLLABORATION FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TECH DEVELOPMENT: In January 2019, Manitoba Hydro International, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, and the Abu Dhabi Transmission and Dispatch Company (TRANSCO) signed a collaboration

agreement to build industrial-level software to monitor, predict, and interact with network operators in real time and enable renewable energy integration within the UAE power system. The software aims to help the integration and reliable operation of existing power systems with large scale renewable energy sources. The project also aims to develop the knowledge and capability of future engineers to cope with systems employing renewable technology.

HEALTH PARTNERSHIP FOR KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: In January 2018, The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) in Toronto and Danat Al Emarat Hospital for Women & Children (part of United Eastern Medical Services Group) in Abu Dhabi began a clinical partnership to bring advanced pediatric care to the UAE. The partnership covers the exchange of experience and knowledge, the training of physicians and nurses, and placing SickKids-trained physicians at Danat Al Emarat Hospital to care for complicated cases utilizing SickKids International clinical protocols and standards.

44 45

6.5 KEY SECTORS

There are many opportunities for Canadian companies in the UAE for technology, goods, and services, including training and knowledge transfer.

The UAE is particularly interested in areas where Canadian companies traditionally excel, such as Technology (Artificial Intelligence, blockchain, etc.), Aerospace, Agriculture and Food, Clean Technology, Education, Healthcare, Infrastructure and Construction, Life Sciences (Health innovation), Oil and Gas, Renewable Energy, Information, and Communications.

To learn more about some of these sectors, see the Canada-UAE Business Council’s Sector Profiles. The Sector Profiles showcase multiple sectors in Canada and the UAE and include information about key statistics, recent government policies, strategies, and investments, as well as existing bilateral partnerships, current projects, and opportunities for business.

6.6 VISITING ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

A visa prior to arrival is not required for entry into the UAE for Canadian citizens travelling with a Canadian passport that is valid for at least 6 months beyond the date of entry. Visitors are able to stay for 30 days, with the option to renew beyond those 30 days.

As of June 2018, a visa prior to arrival is no longer required for entry into Canada for UAE nationals. However, UAE nationals will need an Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) to fly to, or transit through, a Canadian airport. Visitors are able to stay up to six months.

46 47

6.7 TRAVEL

There are two ways to fly from Canada to the UAE: direct and indirect.

INDIRECTAir Canada is a member of Star Alliance, so it leverages its partner airlines and their connections from Europe (Lufthansa, Austrian, Swiss, and Turkish Airlines) and Asia (Singapore, Thailand) as alternative routes for passengers traveling from Canadian cities other than Toronto.

Emirates Airlines flies daily direct to 11 US cities from Dubai. This includes direct flights to New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle, which all provide convenient connections to Canadian cities through their codeshare agreements with WestJet, Alaska Airlines, and JetBlue.

Etihad Airways operates direct flight to New York, Washington, Chicago, and LA in the US and to most major European cities. They enjoy codeshare agreements with Air Canada, WestJet, and JetBlue in North America to allow for connections through Toronto or their US destinations from other Canadian cities for their direct flights to Abu Dhabi.

The distance between Dubai and Abu Dhabi is approximately 130 kilometres with a driving time of about 90 minutes so air travel to either city is fairly convenient depending on your itinerary for work and meetings in the UAE.

DIRECTAccording to the most recent flight agreement between the countries, there is an allowance for up to 17 direct flights per week between the UAE and Canada: 7 for Air Canada (to Dubai); 5 for Emirates Airlines (to Dubai); and, 5 for Etihad Airways (to Abu Dhabi). All direct flights operate from Toronto. There are currently no direct flights to other Canadian cities. Typical flight times are 12-14 hours depending on the direction of travel and the prevailing winds.

48 49

The UAE is an international business hub. For Westerners, the UAE offers an environment that is in many ways very familiar. The UAE is welcoming and tolerant of tourists and foreign businesses. Nevertheless, anyone interested in doing business in the UAE should have some awareness of the local culture and the basic business etiquette common in the Middle East.

7.1 LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS

English is generally understood to be a language of business and is spoken widely. Although generally not required, efforts should be made to print business cards, at the very least, and even presentation materials, in both English and Arabic, the official language of the UAE.

COMMON ARABIC EXPRESSIONSAs-salamu alaikum Peace be upon you (a customary greeting)

Wa alaikum as-salam And upon you be peace (the customary reply)

Ma’a salamaa Goodbye

Min Fadlek Please

Shukran Thank you

Insha’Allah God willing (a very common response when discussing next steps that does not mean ‘yes’ or ‘no’)

Mabrook Congratulations

SECTION 7

BUSINESS ETIQUETTE

51

50

7.3 ATTIRE

Emirati nationals typically wear traditional dress when doing business in the UAE and Western attire when in a Western country.

MEN’S ATTIRE Men wear the kandura, also known as the thawb, thobe, or dishdash(a). The kandura is an ankle length, loose-fitting robe, usually white in colour. The gutrah is a typical headscarf worn by men in various colours and patterns. It is draped in various styles depending on preference. The gutrah covers the ghafiya or hat worn over the head. The agal is a black band secured tightly around the gutrah to keep it in place. On their feet, men typically wear sandals with the kandura.

WOMEN’S ATTIREWomen wear the abaya, an elegant long cloak, traditionally black in colour, which covers the whole body. Abayas can be plain or include embellishments and embroidery. Some women may choose to wear a hijab to cover their hair, ears, and neck. One of the most popular styles of hijab in the UAE is the shayla, which consists of a long, rectangular scarf that crosses over the shoulder, and is traditionally black in colour. Women may also choose to wear a gishwa or a burqa, which are different ways to provide more coverage including to the face, though these are not typical to see in a UAE business setting. It is not uncommon for Emirati women in business to wear makeup and high heels.

WHAT TO WEAR?Canadians doing business in the UAE should dress conservatively and professionally. Men should wear suits in high-level meetings and business casual in other settings when appropriate. Sport jackets are recommended regardless. Women should wear business clothing that covers their arms and legs at least to the knee. It is not necessary for women to wear a headscarf. It is recommended that women carry a light jacket or a scarf to be prepared for a more conservative situation and even air-conditioned interiors that can be chilly.

Outside of business hours, and in certain parts of the country, foreigners can be seen wearing typical casual hot-weather western clothing such as shorts, bikinis, dresses, workout gear, and t-shirts. Signage throughout the UAE reminds visitors to dress modestly and appropriately for the venue or activity. Dubai is more lenient during the evenings in locations where nightlife comes alive.

In short, the UAE is very open compared with other countries in the region; anything goes. One should remember, however, that they are representing their company and country while in the UAE, which is a progressive, yet Islamic nation.

7.2 MEETING & GREETING

The UAE is very multicultural. When it comes to business, western-style etiquette is common. In the case of dealing with Arabs, specifically UAE and GCC nationals, the following are norms to consider.

In the UAE it is important to take the time to build personal relationships and establish trust. A hard-hitting approach to business is generally not welcome. Business deals and decisions may take time and many meetings to develop.

It is important to be punctual to meetings. In Arabic culture, people may be kept waiting before a meeting, but this is less common than in the past. It’s best to be patient and not take tardiness as a sign of disrespect.

Always greet and acknowledge the most senior person first when meeting a group of people. This is a sign of respect.

Status is important. Use Sheikh or Sheikha or Your Highness to address members of the ruling family. When addressing government ministers or senior ranking diplomats, use Your Excellency. Find out beforehand if the minister is royalty and should therefore be addressed as Your Highness. When addressing others, one should use Sayed (Mr.) or Sayeda (Mrs.). It is common to hear someone referred to Mr./Mrs. [First name]. E.g. Mr. John for John Smith.

One should always use their right hand for handshakes. Handshakes may last a long time. It is recommended that one waits for the other to withdraw their hand first before doing the same.

When introduced to a member of the opposite sex, it is advisable to wait and see if a hand is extended first. If not, refrain from the initial handshake and do not take

this as a sign of disrespect as it is likely due to cultural reasons. One may wish to place a hand over their heart or nod as a sign of acknowledgement instead.

Gifts are a nice touch but are not expected. If one wants to give a gift, it should be something personal such as a company memento or something related to the other’s background or hobbies.

As part of the hospitality culture in the UAE, guests will be offered refreshments in a meeting. Often guests will be served tea or coffee, and sometimes dates. When cardamom-flavoured Arabic coffee is offered, a coffee server will keep filling the small coffee cup until the recipient shakes it left to right to communicate being done.

Meetings should start with a brief conversation, rather than jumping straight into business. It is always good to ask about the health and well-being of the counterpart’s family in general terms. It is best not to directly ask questions about a wife or daughter as this is considered private information.

It is common for meetings to be interrupted by other guests, telephone conversations, or text messages. Do not take this as a sign of disrespect.

One’s word means a great deal. In the UAE, oral agreements can be considered binding and any negotiator must be careful not to commit verbally unless they intend to do.

52 53

7.4 GENDER

One of the most common questions Canadians ask before doing business in the UAE is about the status of women. Previous sections of this Guide explained the UAE’s progress and emphasis on women’s empowerment.

Other frequently asked questions are:

• How do I conduct business with Emirati women?

• How do I conduct business as a Canadian woman?

When doing business with an Emirati woman, be respectful and professional. A man should only shake hands if she shakes his hand first.

As a Canadian woman doing business in the UAE, do not shake a man’s hand unless he does so first. Dress modestly and conservatively.

Women are welcome to participate fully in meetings and often do. Women may also lead the meetings and could be the most senior people in the room.

7.5 WORKING HOURS & HOLIDAYS

WORKING HOURS IN THE UAEThe UAE’s typical work week runs from Sunday to Thursday, with Friday and Saturday being the official weekend. Government offices typically open at 7:30am and close at 2:30 or 3:00pm. Private offices tend to keep longer hours, adopting either a “straight shift” (ex. from 9am to 5pm) or a “split shift” (ex. from 8am to 1pm and 4pm to 7pm).

During Ramadan, working hours are shortened by two to three hours with most of the work accomplished in the early hours of the morning or much later in the evening after the day’s fast is broken (at sunset).

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN THE UAEHOLIDAY DATE (GREGORIAN) DATE (ISLAMIC) DAYS OFF

New Year’s Day January 1 N/A 1 Day

Al Isra'a Wal Mi’raj – Ascension Day* N/A 27 Rajab 1 Day

Eid Al Fitr* N/A 1 Shawwal 3 Days

Arafat Day* N/A 9 Dhu al Hijjah 1 Day

Eid Al Adha – Feast of Sacrifice* N/A 10 Dhu al Hijjah 3 Days

Al Hijri - Islamic New Year* N/A 1 Muharram 1 Day

Commemoration Day November 30 N/A 1 Day

National Day December 2 N/A 2 Days

Birthday of Prophet Mohammad* N/A 12 Rabi al Awwal 1 Day

* Islamic holidays are determined according to the lunar calendar and thus the dates change annually.

Source: Official Portal of the UAE Government, 2019

In March 2019, the UAE Government approved public holidays for the public sector and granted the private sector equal holidays in an effort to bring balance and further support the economy.

54 55

Once an individual or company decides to setup a business in the UAE, their first decision is whether they should setup an entity in one of the Emirates in the UAE (also known as mainland or onshore company), in a free zone, or as an off-shore company or commercial agency.

Every company setup in the UAE is provided a ‘license’ for its activities. The license types or categories can be broadly classified into four types: (1) service license; (2) commercial or trading license; (3) industrial license; and (4) professional license.

ONSHOREBusinesses can be either licensed through the economic department of one of the Emirates or through free zones. Companies licensed through the economic department of an Emirate are entitled to undertake those activities covered by its license within that Emirate. These are mainland or onshore companies.

FREE ZONESFree zones are separate geographical areas located in various Emirates. A free zone, which is also often called a free trade zone or economic zone, is a designated area where certain tax restrictions on business, employment or trade do not apply in the same manner that they apply to the country in which the zone is located. In a free zone, goods may be landed, handled,

manufactured, reconfigured or re-exported without the intervention of the customs authority. Only when the goods are moved to consumers within the country do they become subject to the prevailing customers duties. There are more than 45 free zones in the UAE. Each has its own licensing regime and regulatory authority.

OFFSHOREIndividuals and companies that do not set up a physical presence in the UAE are called offshore companies. They can only conduct limited business through specified free zones. Another way to do business in the UAE without setting up a physical presence is through a commercial agency or local agent that handles all trading, buying, and selling.

There are advantages and disadvantages to each structure. It is advised that Canadians work with professionals to know these well before making a decision.

Read the following section to learn more, and see the Appendix for a Business Structures Comparison Chart.

SECTION 8

ESTABLISHING A BUSINESS

57

56

Both types of offices require the appointment of a UAE national as a local service agent (LSA). The LSA is not involved in the operations of the

company but is paid to assist the company in obtaining the proper documentation and deal with administrative matters.

As of October 30, 2018, the restrictions on onshore company ownership have been loosened through the UAE’s Federal Law No. 19 of 2018 on Foreign Direct Investment. This new law allows up to 100 per cent foreign ownership of onshore companies working in specific strategic sectors. These sectors (called “the positive list”) are currently being decided by an FDI Committee and will be proposed to UAE Cabinet for approval at an unspecified date.

8.2 FREE ZONE COMPANY

Free zones were introduced throughout the UAE to attract foreign investment. They are a one-stop-shop option that offer incentive packages to make setting up a company easier. Free zones allow companies (either LCCs, Branch Offices, or Representative Offices) to have 100 per cent foreign ownership as well as provide incentives such as easy start-up and licensing procedures, zero or low taxes, and various supports. Companies located in a free zone are not permitted to carry out business activities in mainland UAE.

The decision to choose between establishing an onshore company or locating in a free zone depends greatly on the location of clients and customers, and on the nature of the business activity. For example, locating in a free zone may make more sense if the customer base is across the MENA or GCC regions rather than purely in the UAE. The choice between free zones depends largely on the industry or sector of the business, since most each free zone has its own geographic, sector-specific, and service benefits to compare and consider.

There are approximately 45 free zones in the UAE. Each one caters to specific activities and or industries. A list of these free zones can be found in the appendix of this guide. The following is a list of some of the largest free zones in the UAE, and two main financial free zones in the UAE:

DUBAI MULTI COMMODITIES CENTRE (DMCC) DMCC was established in 2002 to enhance commodity flows through Dubai. Today, it is a global centre for 15,000 businesses in a wide range of industries and sectors, such as agriculture, energy, finance, diamonds, gold, and base metals.

RAS AL KHAIMAH ECONOMIC ZONE (RAKEZ) In 2017, RAKEZ was established to oversee and consolidate the specialized parks and clients of both Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK FTZ) and Ras Al Khaimah Investment Authority (RAKIA). RAKEZ is an investment destination for over 13,000 companies from 100 countries.

8.1 MAINLAND OR ONSHORE COMPANY

Companies established on the mainland (onshore) are governed by the UAE’s Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies (CCL). The application of this law and the list of licensed activities allowed is different in each emirate. Under the CCL, business entities shall take one of the following five structures (only those listed in italics may have part foreign ownership):

1. Joint Liability Company: a company formed by two or more partners who are jointly liable to the extent of their entire personal wealth for the company’s obligations;

2. Simple Commandite Company: a company formed by two or more partners who are jointly liable to the extent of their entire personal wealth for the company’s obligations and other partners, who have invested in the company but are not involved in its management, ie limited partners, who are liable for the company’s obligations only to the extent of the capital contributed by them;

3. Limited Liability Company: a company formed by one or more people who are not personally liable for the company’s obligations;

4. Public Joint Stock Company: a company in which shares of the company’s stock can be bought and sold by the public as shareholders;

5. Private Joint Stock Company: a company in which shares of the company’s stock can be bought and sold privately by a relatively small number (no more than 200) of shareholders or company members.

Businesses wanting to establish onshore are restricted in that a UAE partner(s) must hold at least 51 per cent of share capital of the company. Ownership structure does not necessarily dictate how profits and management is allocated. Often protections are put in place to provide the foreign shareholder with a higher level of comfort in regard to benefits and controls of a company. These protections are implemented through a series of contractual agreements to govern the relationship between UAE partner(s) and the foreign shareholder.

MAINLAND BRANCH & REPRESENTATIVE OFFICESEstablishing a branch office or representative office are two other options for companies wanting to locate onshore. These options allow firms to retain 100 per cent ownership. Unlike the other business structures, branch or representative offices can only carry out specific activities and are usually excluded from commercial and trading activities. The activities allowed of these businesses vary depending on the emirate.

• Branch Office: an office that is an extension of the parent company and is permitted to perform contracts and conduct other activities locally as specified in its license;

• Representative Office: an office limited to gathering information, carrying out marketing, and or soliciting orders and projects to be performed by the company’s head office.

58 59

8.3 OFFSHORE COMPANY OR COMMERICAL AGENCY

For those wishing to carry out business in the UAE without a physical presence, there are two options: establishing an offshore company or establishing a commercial agency.

• An offshore company is a company that cannot conduct commercial activities, but can carry out other activities such as international trading, consulting, or owning assets or real estate;

Offshore companies can only be established in free zones, specifically, Jebel Ali Free Zone in Dubai, the Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone in Ras Al Khaimah, or the Ajman Free Zone in Ajman. Offshore companies established in one of these three free zones are governed by the rules and regulations of that specific free zone, which are dictated by its regulatory authority. Each free zone also has a licensing authority which is responsible for issuing licenses to offshore companies.

• A commercial agency is a company that enlists a local commercial agent to represent them within the UAE through distribution, selling, or providing goods and services.

Commercial agencies are an attractive option for foreign companies wishing to trade onshore in the UAE with minimal investment and less risk. They are governed by the UAE’s Federal Law 18 of 1981 Concerning the Organisation of Commercial Agencies as amended, also known as the Commercial Agencies Law (CAL), and must be registered with the UAE Ministry of Economy.

JEBEL ALI FREE ZONE (JAFZA) Founded in 1985, Jafza has grown from 19 companies to over 7,500 today, which includes 100 Global Fortune 500 companies. Jafza is a leading free trade zone in the world and the region’s most efficient logistics hub, located next to Jebel Ali Port (8th largest in the world) and Al Maktoum International Airport (largest in the world). Jafza accounts for approximately 32 per cent of total FDI flow into the country and contributes 21 per cent of Dubai’s GDP. Member companies serve more than 3.5 billion customers.

SHARJAH AIRPORT INTERNATIONAL FREE ZONE (SAIF-ZONE) Sharjah’s SAIF ZONE is accessible to seaports on the Gulf of Oman (Port Khor Fakkan) and the Arabian Gulf (Port Khalid), and is built adjacent to the Sharjah Airport. SAIF-ZONE offers its 4,000+ clients base manufacturing facilities, storage, workforce aid, and networking opportunities with world-class companies operating in the region.

DUBAI AIRPORT FREE ZONE (DAFZA) DAFZA hosts over 1,450 free zone entities. It is a services and logistics hub located in the centre of Dubai near the Dubai International Airport, which allows for express cargo clearance.

DUBAI INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTRE (DIFC) DIFC is a free zone in established in 2004 in Dubai that has its own civil and commercial laws, and its own English-language common-law courts. DIFC is modeled on international best practice and has been designed to appeal to the international business community. The currency used in the DIFC is the U.S. dollar.

ABU DHABI GLOBAL MARKET (ADGM) ADGM is an international financial center that opened in October 2015. Established by UAE Federal Decree, ADGM plays a pivotal role in augmenting Abu Dhabi’s position as a global business and financial hub, connecting the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia and the rest of the world. ADGM helps financial entities and firms to operate and grow within an international regulatory framework that is based on Common Law.

60 61

Private sector labour is governed by the UAE’s Federal Law No. 8 of 1980 Regarding the Organisation of Labour Relations as amended, also known as the UAE Labour Law.

The Labour Law handles matters related to working hours, vacation and public holidays, sick leave, employing juveniles, maternity leave, employee records, safety standards, termination of employment, medical benefits, and end of service gratuity payments.

Some free zones have their own rules and regulations as dictated by their respective free zone authority.

The Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation is responsible for overseeing employer-employee relations and maintaining labour rights for the private sector.

9.1 EMIRATISATION

UAE nationals are called Emiratis. Emiratisation is a set of procedures aimed at including more nationals in the workforce in order to reduce reliance on an expatriate workforce, empower the local population, and build multi-sectoral capacity and skill sets among employable citizens.

There are a series of Ministerial Resolutions that mandate certain businesses in the private sector to employ nationals: companies with over 50 employees or more must have 2 per cent of their employees as UAE Nationals; Emiratis should make up 5 per cent for the insurance sector, and 4 per cent of the banking sector; companies with 100 employees or more must employ a UAE or GCC national as a public relations officer; companies with more than 1,000 employees must employ at least two UAE nations to access and enter data on the national labour system; construction companies with more than 500 employees or more should have a UAE National as an occupational health and safety officer.

SECTION 9

LABOUR LAWS

63

62

9.2 VISAS FOR FOREIGN WORKERS

To live and work in the UAE, an expatriate or foreigner, also called a foreign national, must be sponsored on the basis of ownership of a business in the UAE or through an employment contract with an employer in the UAE. The sponsorship requirements include obtaining a work permit (issued by the Ministry of Labour) and a residence visa (issued by the General Directorate of Residency and Foreign Affairs, specific to the emirate of choice).

FOREIGN NATIONAL BUSINESS OWNER/ PARTNEROnce a license to do business is received, a company must designate a UAE national as the Public Relations Officer (PRO) who will then deal with the Ministry of Labour and the General Directorate of Residency and Foreign Affairs on behalf of the company. If a partner of a company is a foreign national, then the PRO will act as the sponsor for their work permit and residency visa.

FOREIGN NATIONAL EMPLOYEEIt is the employer’s responsibility to process and obtain permits and visas for foreign national employees. To apply for a work permit and residence visa, an employment offer, signed by both the employer and the employee, must first be submitted to the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (or free zone authority if the employer is established in the free zone).

Fixed-term contracts cannot exceed a two-year term on the mainland and a three-year term in a free zone. The contract can be renewed at the end of the fixed term for equal or shorter periods.

64 65

The UAE currently does not charge personal income tax, capital gains tax, withholding tax, or foreign exchange controls on the remittance of profits or repatriation of capital.

10.1 CORPORATE TAX

The UAE does not currently have a federal corporate tax system; instead, the responsibility of taxation is up to the individual emirate, with four of the seven emirates having their own tax decrees (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, and Fujairah). These decrees impose corporate taxes on all corporate entities carrying out trade or

business in their respective emirate. However, in practice, taxes are only enforced on oil and gas companies and foreign banks.

If a business is established in a free zone, they receive a tax holiday (no corporate tax) of 50 years.

10.2 VALUE-ADDED TAX (VAT)

The UAE has a value-added tax (sales tax) of five per cent on most goods and services. The equivalent to VAT in Canada is the Goods and Services Tax (GST). The UAE’s VAT was implemented in 2018 and is governed by the UAE’s Federal Law No. 8 of 2017 on Value-Added Tax and the Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 on the Executive Regulations of the Federal Law No 8 of 2017 on Value Added Tax.

Businesses with a taxable turnover of AED 375,000 (approximately C$135,000) are required to register for VAT, while businesses under this threshold may voluntarily register. Once registered, businesses and traders must charge VAT (output tax) to all of their customers at the standard rate (5%) and incur VAT on goods/services that they buy from suppliers (input tax). The input tax can be reclaimed by businesses provided that they have a tax invoice or other evidence of having paid VAT on their business expenses.

SECTION 10

TAXATION

67

66

10.3 CUSTOMS DUTY

The UAE generally applies a flat-rate of 5 per cent customs duty on the cost, insurance, and freight of all imported/exported goods. However, specific goods can expect to pay higher duties, namely alcoholic products (duty of 50%) and tobacco (duty of 100%).

Custom duty exemptions include:

• Imports of diplomatic corps, consulates, international organizations, and the members of the diplomatic and consular corps accredited by government;

• Imports for all sectors of the military forces and internal security forces;

• Imports by philanthropic societies (charities);

• Imports into free zones;

• Imports of national goods originating in GCC member states and member countries of the Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA) and Singapore.

The same customs duty and exemptions are applied across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries as part of the GCC Customs Union (established in 2002). The law that governs customs duty is the GCC’s Common Customs Law.

10.4 OTHER TAXES

MUNICIPALITY TA XESService fees (also known as tourism fees) are often imposed on accommodation services, restaurants, and entertainment across the UAE. The rates vary among the emirates, but generally fall between 3.5 per cent and 7 per cent, as of 2018. These service fees are usually included in the customer’s bill, which the municipality then collects from the restaurant and hotels.

Most emirates also impose a tax on the annual rental value of residential properties for expatriates. The rates vary among the emirates, however, both Abu Dhabi and Dubai charge a rate of 5 per cent. The overall amount is divided by 12 months and charged with the utility bill.

EXCISE TA XExcise tax was introduced across the UAE in 2017 under Federal Law No 7 of 2017 on Excise Tax. Excise tax is a form of indirect tax levied on specific goods which are typically harmful to human health or the environment. These goods are referred to as “excise goods”. These taxes are applied to carbonated drinks (50%), energy drinks (100%), and tobacco products (100%).

ZERO-RATE VAT & EXEMPTIONSAlthough most goods and services are subject to the standard VAT rate there are some zero-rate items. These are goods and services that are still VAT taxable, but the rate is zero per cent. These include:

• Goods and Services for Export;

• International Movement of Goods;

• International Passenger Travel;

• Certain Preventative and Basic Health Care Services;

• Certain Educational Services;

• First Sale/Rent of Residential Buildings;

• Certain Investment Precious Metals;

• Aircrafts or Vessels Designated for Rescue and Assistance by Air or Sea;

• Crude Oil & Natural Gas.

There are also goods and services that are exempt from the VAT. VAT is not charged and the

supplier cannot recover any VAT on expenses incurred in making exempt supplies. These include:

• Local Passenger Transportation;

• Residential Buildings (not including zero-rated);

• Bare Land;

• Certain Financial Services.

DESIGNATED ZONESDesignated zones are free zone areas treated for tax purposes as though they are outside of the UAE. Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 on Executive Regulations classifies a number of free zones in the UAE as Designated Zones. These zones are also subject to special rules regarding VAT (see table below).

A list of designated zones can be found in the appendix of this guide.

VAT TAXABILITY ON SUPPLY OF GOODS FOR DESIGNATED ZONES

FROM TO TAX

Designated Zone Designated Zone Non-Taxable

Designated Zone Mainland Taxable at 5% VAT

Mainland Designated Zone Taxable at 5% VAT

Designated Zone Overseas/ GCC Countries Non-Taxable

Overseas/ GCC Countries Designated Zone Non-Taxable

Source: TallySolutions, 2018

68 69

1. Success in your home market does not guarantee success abroad. Take time to conduct proper due diligence, study the market thoroughly, and consider things like cultural adaptations to products, services, marketing, etc.

2. Follow up is very important. Email is fine, but phone and WhatsApp, which is widely used in business, can bring a better response rate.

3. Build personal relationships before entering into a business deal. Make efforts for regular face-to-face engagements.

4. Business people in the UAE are just as astute as anywhere else and there are varying degrees of wealth throughout the country. It is incorrect to assume that everyone has extreme wealth or that they are willing to invest without due diligence.

5. The UAE is an ideal base to capture opportunities across the GCC and Middle East. However, each country has its own unique culture, market, system of government, laws, and ways of doing business which could vary greatly from the UAE.

6. Local laws and regulations are constantly being updated. Be aware of these updates and be prepared to adapt quickly as transition periods tend to be shorter than in Western countries. Also, local laws between Emirates could vary as well.

7. Do not assume free-zones are the best options for establishing a business or that restrictions on foreign ownership should be avoided at all costs. Take time to determine the best legal set-up options based on your intended business activity. Professional advice is strongly advised.

8. Businesses in doubt as to whether they, or others in their supply chain are covered by a Designated Zone, should seek counsel from UAE-based law, accounting, and/or business consulting firms.

9. Contact the many federal, provincial, and Emirate-based resources that are available to Canadian companies interested in seeking new markets. They will point you in the right direction. See the list provided in Section 12.

10. Join a business council to become a member of the right group to support your business goals in the UAE and the many countries that the UAE serves as a strategic business and logistics hub. See the list provided in Section 12.

SECTION 11

TIPS

71

70

CANADA

FEDERAL• Embassy of Canada to the United Arab

Emirates in Abu Dhabi

• Consulate General of Canada in Dubai

• Canadian Trade Commissioner Service

• Export Development Canada

• Invest in Canada

• Global Affairs Canada; International Trade Diversification Canada

PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES

Alberta:

• Alberta Department of Economic Development and Trade; Invest Alberta

British Columbia:

• Trade and Invest British Columbia

Manitoba:

• Manitoba Department of Growth, Trade, and Investment

Newfoundland and Labrador:

• Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Tourism Culture, Industry, and Innovation

New Brunswick:

• Opportunities New Brunswick

Northwest Territories:

• Northwest Territories Department of Industry, Tourism, and Investment

Nova Scotia:

• Nova Scotia Department of Business

Ontario:

• Ontario Department of Economic Development, Job Creation, and Trade

Prince Edward Island:

• Prince Edward Island Department of Economic Development and Tourism; Innovation PEI/Trade Team PEI

Québec:

• Québec Department of Economy and Innovation

Saskatchewan:

• Saskatchewan Investment and Economic Development; Saskatchewan Trade & Export Partnership

Yukon:

• Yukon Economic Development

MA JOR CITIES• Consider Canada City Alliance

• Toronto Global

SECTION 12

RESOURCES

73

72

BUSINESS COUNCILS AND CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE• Canada-UAE Business Council

• Canadian Business Council of Abu Dhabi

• Canadian Business Council of Dubai and Northern Emirates

• Canada-Arab Business Council

• Business Council of Canada

• Canadian Chamber of Commerce

• UAE Federation of Chambers of Commerce & Industry

• Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry

• Ajman Chamber of Commerce & Industry

• Dubai Chamber of Commerce & Industry

• Fujairah Chamber of Commerce & Industry

• Ras Al Khaimah Chamber of Commerce & Industry

• Sharjah Chamber of Commerce & Industry

• Umm Al Quwain Chamber of Commerce & Industry

• Montreal International

• Vancouver Economic Commission

• Calgary Economic Development

• Invest Ottawa

• Edmonton Global

• Québec International Economic Development

• Economic Development Winnipeg

• Hamilton Economic Development

• Waterloo Economic Development Corporation

• London Economic Development

• Halifax Partnership

• Saskatoon Region Economic Development Authority

UAE

FEDERAL• Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in

Ottawa

• Consulate General of the United Arab Emirates in Toronto

• UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

• UAE Ministry of Economy

EMIRATES

Abu Dhabi:

• Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development; Abu Dhabi Council for Economic Development; Abu Dhabi Investment Office

Dubai:

• Department of Economic Development Dubai; Dubai Investment Development Agency (Dubai FDI); Dubai Export Development Corp.; Dubai Trade

Sharjah:

• Sharjah Economic Development Department; Sharjah Investment and Development Authority (SHUROOQ); Sharjah FDI Office (Invest in Sharjah)

Ras Al Khaimah:

• Ras Al Khaimah Department of Economic Development

Ajman:

• Ajman Department of Economic Development

Fujairah:

• Fujairah Department of Economic Development

Umm Al Quwain:

• Umm Al Quwain Department of Economic Development

74 75

13.1 BUSINESS STRUCTURES COMPARISON CHART

BUSINESS STRUCTURE OWNERSHIP REGULATION & LICENSING ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS

MAINLAND/ONSHORE

Joint Liability Company UAE Nationals Only

Governed by Federal CCL; Licensed by Emirate

N/A

Simple Commandite Company UAE Nationals Only

Governed by Federal CCL; Licensed by Emirate

N/A

Limited Liability Company UAE National 51%, Foreign 49%

Governed by Federal CCL; Licensed by Emirate

N/A

Public Joint Stock Company UAE National 51%, Foreign 49%

Governed by Federal CCL; Licensed by Emirate

N/A

Private Joint Stock Company UAE National 51%, Foreign 49%

Governed by Federal CCL; Licensed by Emirate

N/A

Branch Office Foreign 100% Governed by Federal CCL; Licensed by Emirate

May only perform contracts and conduct other activities on the mainland as an extension of the parent company and as specified in its license. Must have a local service agent.

Representative Office Foreign 100% Governed by Federal CCL; Licensed by Emirate

May only gather information, carry out marketing activities, and or soliciting orders and projects to be performed by the company’s head office. Must have a local service agent.

FREE ZONE

Limited Liability Company Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed by Free Zone Authority

Cannot perform business activities on mainland.

Branch Office Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed by Free Zone Authority

Cannot perform business activities on mainland. May only perform contracts and conduct other activities on the mainland as an extension of the parent company and as specified in its license. Must have a local service agent.

Representative Office Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed by Free Zone Authority

Cannot perform business activities on mainland. May only gather information, carry out marketing activities, and or soliciting orders and projects to be performed by the company’s head office. Must have a local service agent.

OFFSHORE

Offshore Company (LLC) Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed by Free Zone Authority

Can only be established in three specific UAE free zones—Jebel Ali Free Zone, Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone, or Ajman Free Zone. Cannot conduct commercial activities.

Commercial Agency Foreign 100% Governed by CAL, Registered with UAE Ministry of Economy

Must enlist a local commercial agent.

SECTION 13

APPENDIX

77

76

Dubai Studio City

Dubai Textile City (See Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority)

International Humanitarian City

Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority

Jumeirah Lakes Towers Free Zone (See Dubai Multi Commodities Centre)

Dubai Production City

Free Zone Area in Al Quoz

Free Zone Area in Al Qusais

FREE ZONES IN SHARJAH Hamriya Free Zone Authority

Sharjah Airport International Free Zone

USA Regional Trade Center

Free Zones in Ras Al Khaimah

RAK Maritime City

Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone

Ras Al Khaimah Media Free Zone

FREE ZONES IN FUJAIRAHCreative City Fujairah

Fujairah Free Zone

Fujairah Oil Industry Zone

FREE ZONES IN UMM AL QUWAINUAQ Free Trade Zone

FREE ZONES IN A JMAN

Ajman Free Zone

13.2 LIST OF UAE FREE ZONES & DESIGNATED ZONES

Free zones have existed in the UAE for decades. They are geographical areas where special business rules apply. Designated Zones are free zones established in 2017 in the UAE that are subject to special rules regarding value-added tax (VAT). Free Zones that are also classified as Designated Zones are italicized.

FREE ZONES IN ABU DHABI Abu Dhabi Airports Free Zone

Abu Dhabi Global Market

Khalifa Industrial Zone Abu Dhabi

Masdar City Free Zone

TwoFour54 Abu Dhabi

FREE ZONES IN DUBAIDubai Airport Free Zone

Dubai Auto Zone

Dubai Aviation City

Dubai Cars and Automotive Zone

Dubai Design District

Dubai Flower Centre

Dubai Gold and Diamond Park

Dubai Healthcare City

Dubai Industrial Park

Dubai International Academic City

Dubai International Financial Centre

Dubai Internet City

Dubai Knowledge Park

Dubai Logistics City

Dubai Maritime City Authority

Dubai Media City

Dubai Multi Commodities Centre

Dubai National Industries Park

Dubai Outsource City

Dubai Science Park

Dubai Silicon Oasis

78 79

PwC. (2015). Doing Business in the UAE – A Tax and Legal Guide. Source: https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/tax/documents/doing-business-guides/doing-business-guide-uae.pdf

RSM International (2018). A Guide to Doing Business in the UAE. Source: https://www.rsm.global/uae/sites/default/files/media/publications/dbi_uae_3.4.2.pdf

Statistics Canada. (2018). International Investment Position, Canadian Direct Investment Abroad and Foreign Direct Investment in Canada, by Country, Annual (x 1,000,000). Table 36-10-0008-01 Source: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610000801

Tally Solutions. (2018). VAT on Designated Zone in

UAE. Source: https://tallysolutions.com/mena/designated-zone-uae-vat/

UHY. (2015). Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: http://www.uhy.com/wp-content/uploads/Doing-Business-in-United-Arab-Emirates.pdf

US-UAE Business Council. (2018). Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: https://www.usuaebusiness.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Doing-Business-in-the-UAE-2018.pdf

World Trade Organization. (2018). United Arab Emirates Trade Profile. Source: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/daily_update_e/trade_profiles/AE_e.pdf

13.3 SOURCES

Baker, McKenzie, Habib Al Mulla. (2017). Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2017/05/doingbusinessuae/bk_uae_dbi_2017.pdf?la=en

CIA World Factbook. (2018). The United Arab Emirates. Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html

Dechert LLP. (2018). The Essential Guide to Setting UP Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: https://www.dechert.com/content/dam/dechert%20files/publication/2018/1/The%20Essential%20Guide%20to%20setting%20up%20business%20in%20the%20UAE%20-%2001-18.pdf

Government of Canada. (2018). Trade Data Online. Source: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/tdo-dcd.nsf/eng

Government of the United Arab Emirates. (N.D.). About the UAE. Source: https://www.government.ae/en/about-the-uae

Government of the United Arab Emirates. (2018). Federal Law No. 19 of 2018 on Foreign Direct Investment. Source: http://www.economy.gov.ae/LawsAndRegulationsEn/Federal%20Law%20Regarding%20Foreign%20Direct%20Investment.pdf

Government of the United Arab Emirates. (2017). Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 on the Executive Regulations of the Federal Law No 8 of 2017 on Value Added Tax. Source: https://www.mof.gov.ae/en/lawsAndPolitics/CabinetResolutions/Documents/Cabinet%20Decision%20No%2052%20of%202017.pdf

Government of the United Arab Emirates. (2017). Federal Law No. 8 of 2017 Federal Law 18 on

Value-Added Tax. Source: https://government.ae/-/media/Information-and-services/Finance-and-Investment/En-VATDecreeLawNo8of2017.ashx?la=en

Government of the United Arab Emirates. (2015). Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies. Source: http://ejustice.gov.ae/downloads/latest_laws2015/federal_law_2_2015_commercial_companies_en.pdf

Government of the United Arab Emirates. (1981). Federal Law No. 18 of 1981 Concerning the Organisation of Commercial Agencies. Source: http://www.unindustria.bo.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/D.89c45713e2df5d541d60/P/BLOB:ID%3D27762

Gulf Cooperation Council Secretariat-General. (2002). Common Customs Law, Rules of Implementation and Explanatory Notes. Source: https://www.dubaicustoms.gov.ae/en/Publications/Documents/GCCCommonCustomsLawEnglish.pdf

Gulf News. (2017). 45 Free Zones in the UAE: Find the Right One for your New Business. Source: https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/community/45-free-zones-in-the-uae-find-the-right-one-for-your-new-business-1.1716197

Netherlands Worldwide. (2017). Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: https://www.netherlandsworldwide.nl/binaries/en-nederlandwereldwijd/documents/publications/2017/10/29/doing-business-in-the-uae/Doing+Business+in+the+UAE.pdf

HSBC Group and Grant Thornton. (2016). Doing Business in the UAE. Source: https://www.business.hsbc.co.in/-/media/library/markets/uae/pdf/uae-countryguide.pdf

80 81

13.4 ACRONYMS

AED UAE Dirham / Emirati Dirham (official currency abbreviation); “DH” or “DHs”

B2B Business to Business

B2C Business to Consumer

CAL Commercial Agencies Law

CCL Commercial Companies Law

CUBC Canada-UAE Business Council

ETA Electronic Travel Authorization

FNC Federal National Council

FIPA Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement

G2B Government to Business

GAFTA Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement

GCC Gulf Cooperation Council

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GST Goods and Service Tax

IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

LSA Local Service Agent

MENA Middle East Norther Africa

MNCs Multinational Corporations

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

OMP Online Marketplace

RFP Request for Proposal

SMEs Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

TSC Canadian Trade Commissioner Service

UAE United Arab Emirates

VAT Value-Added Tax

82 83

Connect with us on Twitter and Instagram @canadauaebusiness.

To learn more about our membership, sponsorship, and service options, please contact info@canadauaebusiness.org.

canadauaebusiness.org