Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 1 / 15
TEST REPORT
Project Name: TTSL - Brake Rotors
Testing: 1) Tensile Testing Items Tested: 1) Tensile test specimens prepared from sample brake rotors Goal of Testing: 1) Measure yield and ultimate tensile strength of rotor material prior to and
following Thermal Cycling treatment process to quantitatively establish benefit of treatment
For questions regarding this test report, please contact: ________________________________________________________________ Dr. Thomas Bruce, PhD, PEng General Manager FORT - BRUCE TESTING INC [email protected] www.fortbrucetesting.com 519-630-2185 251 Alder Road Ingersoll, Ontario N5C 3Z1
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 2 / 15
Table of Contents
Title Page
1. Executive Summary ………………………………………….…..……..…. 3
2. Introduction ….…………………………….……..…………………..…..…. 4
3. Methods …….………………………………………………….…...……..… 5
4. Results ….………..……………………………………….……….………… 7
5. Discussion / Interpretation ………………………………….……..……..… 9
6. Conclusion ……………….………………….………………………………. 10
7. Recommendations ……..…………………….…………….……….……… 10
Appendix A ………………………………..……….…………….……….……… 11
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 3 / 15
1. Executive Summary The aim of the report is to perform the following:
1. Measure yield and ultimate tensile strength of rotor material prior to and following Thermal Cycling treatment process.
2. Quantitatively establish benefit of treatment through this testing.
In summary, treating the rotors with the Thermal Cycling process resulted in the following changes to the mechanical properties of the rotor material. Yield Strength: Increased by 14.5% Ultimate Tensile Strength: Increased by 13.1% Elongation to Failure: Increased by 22.6% The Thermal Cycling treatment therefore improved the strength and elongation of the brake rotor material. This analysis identifies that Thermal Cycling has a positive effect on the mechanical properties of brake rotors with regards to strength and elongation. It is recommended that metallurgical examination of the brake rotor material be performed to correlate measured mechanical property changes with microstructural and chemical transformation within the material. It is also recommended that similar studies be performed on other products that may benefit from the Thermal Cycling treatment process.
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 4 / 15
2. Introduction
Thermal Cycling is an innovative and cost effective process of enhancing the mechanical properties of many materials commonly used in commercial and industrial technologies.
Testing was performed on brake rotors that were treated with the Thermal Cycling process (treated) and standard brake rotors that did not receive the treatment (untreated). The goal of the testing was to determine the change to the strength of the rotor material resulting from application of the Thermal Cycling treatment process. The testing conducted for this project consisted of standard tensile testing in accordance with ASTM E8 / E8M - 11 Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials. From this test, the Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus and Elongation to Failure are determined. Test results of the material from the two brake rotors were compared to evaluate the relative change in material strength resulting from the treatment process. The two rotors provided for testing are shown below.
rotor, untreated rotor, treated
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 5 / 15
3. Methods Tensile Testing Tensile specimens were machined from the rotor materials. 6 specimens were fabricated from each material. Fabricated specimens are shown below. Specimens are 100 mm long with a 25 mm gauge length. Specimens are 9 mm wide (thickness of the rotors), 6 mm wide at the gauge section and 3 mm thick.
Treated Untreated
Machined Tensile Specimens
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 6 / 15
Tensile testing consisted of applying a load to the specimens at a steady rate of strain, resulting in an increasing application of load with extension. Specimens were aligned with an alignment block to ensure axial loading was applied without introducing a bending or torsional loading component. Load was applied with a servo-hydraulic load frame to ensure a highly consistent rate of loading. An extensometer was applied to the specimens to precisely measure deformation as a function of applied load. A photograph of the technician testing one of the specimens is shown below.
Tensile testing resulted in load versus displacement data. From this data, a stress versus strain curve is calculated. The stress-strain curve was then used to determine the Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus and percent elongation to failure of the material.
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 7 / 15
4. Results Tensile Testing Six (6) specimens were tested for the treated and untreated rotors. Standard deviation was calculated for the sample set and data for the test specimen which exhibited the most extreme statistical variation was discarded. Average values for modulus, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are based on the 5 remaining sets of data for each material. Tested specimens are shown below.
Treated UnTreated
Machined Tensile Specimens
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 8 / 15
Tensile test results are summarized in the table below. For reference, Appendix A provides stress-strain curves for each specimen.
Specimen ID gauge width
gauge thickness
Young's Modulus
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Elongation to Failure
units mm mm GPa MPa MPa %
TREATED
1 6.08 3.03 55.5 196 384 1.83
2 6.02 3.07 54.7 233 375 1.73
3 6.01 3.07 53.3 225 387 1.69
4 6.03 3.05 56.1 213 375 1.56
5 6.01 3.07 53.7 240 423 1.60
AVERAGE 6.03 3.06 54.7 221 389 1.68
Std Dev 0.03 0.02 1.2 17 20 0.11
UNTREATED
B 6.01 3.05 53.4 159 334 1.46
C 6.01 3.09 56.0 188 334 1.25
D 6.1 3.05 56.8 201 357 1.48
E 6.01 3.07 55.7 223 346 1.40
F 6.02 3.04 56.9 192 348 1.26
AVERAGE 6.03 3.06 55.8 193 344 1.37
Std Dev 0.04 0.02 1.4 23 10 0.11
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 9 / 15
5. Discussion / Interpretation For the treated and untreated rotor materials, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus and the percent strain to failure were calculated and average values were calculated. From the table above, the standard deviation for the data set indicates highly controlled machining of the specimens and highly consistent material and testing conditions. From the calculated average values, it can be seen that both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength have increased in the material due to application of the Thermal Cycling treatment process. Additionally, the elongation to failure of the material has also increased as well. Young’s modulus has remained essentially unaffected. In summary, treating the rotors resulted in the following changes to the mechanical properties of the rotor material. Yield Strength: Increased by 14.5% Ultimate Tensile Strength: Increased by 13.1% Elongation to Failure: Increased by 22.6% This analysis therefore quantitatively identifies that Thermal Cycling has a positive effect on the mechanical properties of brake rotors with regards to strength and elongation.
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 10 / 15
6. Conclusion Testing quantitatively establishes that the Thermal Cycling treatment improved the strength and elongation of the brake rotor material. Yield Strength: Increased by 14.5% Ultimate Tensile Strength: Increased by 13.1% Elongation to Failure: Increased by 22.6% 7. Recommendations It is recommended that metallurgical examination of the brake rotor material be performed to correlate measured mechanical property changes with microstructural and chemical transformations within the material. It is also recommended that similar studies be performed on other products that may benefit from the Thermal Cycling treatment process.
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 11 / 15
APPENDIX A
Treated 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
% Strain
Str
ess (
MP
a)
Treated 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
% Strain
Str
ess (
MP
a)
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 12 / 15
Treated 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80%
% Strain
Str
ess
(M
Pa
)
Treated 4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80%
% Strain
Str
ess
(M
Pa
)
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 13 / 15
Treated - 5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80%
% Strain
Str
ess (
MP
a)
Untreated B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60%
% Strain
Str
ess
(M
Pa
)
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 14 / 15
Untreated C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40%
% Strain
Str
ess
(M
Pa
)
Untreated D
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60%
% Strain
Str
ess (
MP
a)
Statement of Confidentiality: This document is proprietary to Fort-Bruce Testing Inc. This document is distributed with the understanding that it will be not be disclosed or used, in whole or part, for any other purpose than for what it is intended, without the prior written consent of Fort-Bruce Testing Inc.
FORT BRUCE TESTING INC
Your Materials & Mechanical Testing Specialists
www.fortbrucetesting.com
Title: TTSL – rotors
Report # # 2
Revision: rev 1
Date: Jan 7, 2013
Page: 15 / 15
Untreated E
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60%
% Strain
Str
ess
(M
Pa
)
Untreated F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40%
% Strain
Str
ess
(M
Pa
)
