Canada and the Cold War. - To what extent did either Canada or one Latin American country develop a...
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Canada and the Cold War. - To what extent did either Canada or one Latin American country develop a foreign policy independent of the United States after
- To what extent did either Canada or one Latin American
country develop a foreign policy independent of the United States
after 1945? Paper 3 Cold War and the Americas - In what ways, and
with what results, did the Cold War influence relations between
Latin America or Canada with the United States in the period
1945-1957? - Using specific examples assess the success of regional
cooperation in the hemisphere since 1945. - How far did the Cold
War bring changes to either Latin America or Canada in their
relations with the United States?
Slide 3
- In what ways, and with what results, did the Cold War
influence relations between either Latin America or Canada with the
United States in the period 1945 to 1957? - How did the Cold War
change relations between the United States and either Latin America
or Canada between 1953 1979? - During the Cold War, Canada and the
United States had disagreements about policies. To what extent do
you agree with this view?
http://teachersites.schoolworld.com/webpages/ASchulzki/files/p
aper%203%20master%20list%202011.pdf
Slide 4
Define and account for the main fears of Canadians in the
decade after 1945. To what extent did Canada and the USA disagree
about foreign policy during the period 1945-63. The Royal Canadian
Mounted Police defended Canada against the infiltration of
communism to what extent do you agree with this statement. Why were
there tensions between Canada and the USA in the period 1961-1963?
Assess the impact of the Cold War on Canadian domestic life in the
period 1945-1963.
Slide 5
Canada, for the most part, would cooperate with the United
States and support the idea of containment, but would struggle to
defend its sovereignty and maintain its own foreign policy. At
times, Canada would fully cooperate with the United States in its
struggle against communist aggression. At other times, Canada would
try to distance itself from the US, who it saw as the
aggressor.
Slide 6
Gouzenko Spy Affair Igor Gouzenko, a Russian working at the
Soviet Embassy in Ottawa walked into the newsroom of the Ottawa
Citizen and declared he had proof of a widespread Soviet Spy ring
operating in Canada. Involved Canadian, US and British Citizens.
Canada would get its first taste of the Cold War in 1945.
Slide 7
Gouzenko demanded asylum, but was almost turned over to Stalin.
Several were arrested. Wake up call for Canada and the West
Slide 8
Canada took part in the Marshal Plan (European Economic
Recovery Program) $2 Billion in sales.
Slide 9
Slide 10
Canada and the Berlin Airlift The British asked Canada to
contribute planes and crews. It refused primarily on the grounds
that the operation risked war and Canada had not been consulted.
American officials began to question Canadas commitment to fighting
the Cold War. Canada, upset at Londons presumption of automatic
Canadian support did not participate
Slide 11
Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King was also worried about
his health and getting Canada involved in another war. King also
wanted to avoid another conscription crisis.
Slide 12
1949 - Canada joins NATO Many Canadians wanted NATO to not only
to be a military alliance, but an economic alliance. Norman
Robertson, the Canadian High Commissioner in London How could
nations unite for defense, he asked, if they fought trade wars
against each other?
Slide 13
Canada thus found itself in a difficult position, caught
between these two foreign policy objectives. Canada was a key
founder of NATO, a military alliance to stop Soviet aggression, but
was also committed to the idea of multilateralism and the UN.
Slide 14
Canada participated in the Korean War but tension developed
between the US and Canada.
Slide 15
Korean War (1950-1953) Canada agreed that the Soviet Union
should be contained, but it also thought the United States needed
to be contained. Canada was going to recognize Communist China
before the war started despite American protest.
Slide 16
Canadian riflemen catch up on the hometown news while waiting
for orders to move up against the Chinese communist forces on the
Korean front on Feb. 29, 1951. (AP Photo).
Slide 17
Americans thought Canadians had no say in how the Korean War
was fought since their contribution was much smaller. However,
since this was supposed to be a UN mission, Canadian Prime Minister
felt that they had every right to criticize the US.
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Suez Crisis, 1956 Canada played an important part following the
Suez Crisis, sending in Peacekeepers. This "treasonable act" was
probably one reason for the defeat of the Liberals in the general
elections of 1957. However, as a member of the British
Commonwealth, many Canadians felt it should have shown more support
for Great Britain and recognized its contribution to the world
economy.
Slide 22
Lester B Pearson, Canadian Prime Minister 1963- 1968. Canadas
Secretary of State for External Affairs This is the most popular
army in history- an army which everyone fights to get into
Slide 23
Slide 24
Avro Arrow The Avro Arrow was a fighter plane designed by
Canadian Industry in the 1950s. The purpose was to develop a
fighter jet capable of shooting down Soviet bombers.
Slide 25
It could have been the fastest jet and put Canada on the
aerospace industry map, but the project was cancelled by Prime
Minister Diefenbaker in 1959. It became a 400 million dollar pile
of scrap metal. Estimates suggest that the project would have cost
over 1 billion. 14,000 people were out of work.
Slide 26
The launch of Sputnik was also a game changer. The Avro couldnt
defend against a satellite missile. Bomarc Missile
Slide 27
After the cancellation of the Arrow, A brain drain occurred.
Hundreds of scientists and engineers went south to work for
American aerospace and engineering projects. Some project
scientists committed suicide
Slide 28
Canada purchased Voodoo Jets from the United States instead.
The Voodoo were replaced by CF-18s in the 1980s.
Slide 29
CBC's "The Arrow"
Slide 30
The U.S. may have pressured Canada into canceling the Avro
Arrow project in 1959 because the high-tech jet was capable of
intercepting and exposing the secret U.S. spy planes, a new book
says. The Avro Arrow fighter jet was so technologically advanced
that it threatened both U.S. aerospace industry and the Central
Intelligence Agency's (C.I.A) secret U-2 spy missions, author Paul
Campagna said during a weekend speech to the Aerospace Heritage
Foundation. The U.S. urged Canada to buy into its Bomarc missile
system, knowing the country couldn't afford both missiles and the
Avro Arrow program, Campagna said.
Slide 31
Nuclear Weapons NORAD was created by the US and Canada to
protect North American Airspace from a Soviet Attack. The US wanted
Canada to have nuclear weapons. North American Aerospace Defense
Command (1957)
Slide 32
Prime Minister Pearson agreed to have them as a result of the
Cuban Missile Crisis. From 1963 to 1984, Canada fielded a total of
four tactical nuclear weapons systems which deployed several
hundred nuclear warheads
Slide 33
Diefenbaker and Kennedy
Slide 34
Diefenbaker was supportive of American action during the
crisis, but did not give them the unequivocal support that Kennedy
had expected. Much to Kennedys annoyance, Diefenbaker recommended
that independent United Nations inspectors should go into Cuba and
survey the nuclear sites.
Slide 35
Diefenbaker refused to put Canadian troops on alert, and
deliberated for several days over raising the military awareness
level to DEFCON 3 as Kennedy had requested. Personal animosity may
have influenced Diefenbakers delay during the crisis, as relations
between the Canadian leader and American President were
particularly uneasy.
Slide 36
Some blame Diefenbakers sour relationship with Kennedy for the
reason he lost the 1963 election to Pearson and the Liberals.
Slide 37
The Diefenbunker was built from 1959-61. It was meant to hold
the Canadian Government in the event of a nuclear attack.
Louis St. Laurent John DiefenbakerLester Pearson Pierre Trudeau
Mackenzie King 1921-1930, 1935-19481948-1957 1957-1963 1963-1968
1968-1984
Slide 41
Lester Pearsons Social Reforms After defeating Diefenbakers
Conservatives in the 1963 election, Pearson was determined to
introduce social reforms he considered essential for Canada to move
forward as a modern democracy. Many of these reforms were
criticized due to the climate of the Cold War. There were some
similarities between Canadas welfare state and Soviet style
control.
Slide 42
- Canada Pension Plan - Canada Assistance Plan - Universal
Healthcare (1966 Medical Care Act) - Canada Student Loan
Program
Slide 43
Canada-United States Automotive Agreement (Auto Pact) In 1965,
a landmark agreement with the United States transformed Canada's
tiny car-making industry into a world leader. The Auto Pact created
thousands of Canadian jobs and was the backbone for a generation of
economic growth. But the Auto Pact also tied Canada's fortunes more
closely than ever to its southern neighbor.
Slide 44
New Canadian Flag Pearson instigated the great flag debate.
Symbolic of Canada becoming more independent of Great Britain and
its colonial ties. 1965
Domestic Security RCMP Profunc Prominent Communist
Functionaries - Identified individuals who might be a threat during
a war with the USSR or a state of emergency. - The plan was to
imprison them and their families during such an event. - Focused on
communist sympathizers and union members - charities, debating
clubs, human rights organizations
Slide 48
Slide 49
Richard Cavell, Canadian Cold War historian said. If one of the
aims of the Cold War was to preserve national identity For Canada,
that threat was coming from the South of the border, not from the
Soviets.
Slide 50
Canadian Woman and the Cold War During WWII, millions of women
were called upon to work in Canadas factories to work. After the
war, all political parties and religious groups urged women to give
these jobs up to men and return to traditional roles.
Slide 51
Women that did not comply came under suspicion. The RCMP
investigated these woman and their possible ties to left wing
unions. During the war, the RCMP investigated Tupperware and tea
parties. This increased after the war.
Slide 52
Feminism increased in the late 1950s. Women began complaining
about the rise in prices, national healthcare system, quality of
housing. RCMP investigated these women who were angered by social
and employment inequality.
Slide 53
RCMP investigated humanitarian Dr. Lotta Hitschmanova. Born in
Czechoslovakia, she worked closely with war refugees. She formed
the Unitarian Services Committee (USC) FBI told the RCMP that the
Boston branch was under Red control.
Slide 54
Unitarianism didnt see communism as a threat like other
religious groups so the RCMP thought it might offer communism a way
into Canadian society.
