Canada and The Cold WarCanada and The Cold War

1945-19681945-1968

USSR in 1945USSR in 1945

6,000,000 Soldiers6,000,000 Soldiers 50,000 Tanks50,000 Tanks 20,000 Air Craft20,000 Air Craft Occupied Central and Occupied Central and

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Occupied Manchuria Occupied Manchuria

and North Korea in Asiaand North Korea in Asia Established communist Established communist

governments in governments in occupied countriesoccupied countries

Canada and the Marshall PlanCanada and the Marshall Plan UK and USA wanted Europe to recover after WWIIUK and USA wanted Europe to recover after WWII USSR wanted Europe to remain in despair to make USSR wanted Europe to remain in despair to make

communism appealingcommunism appealing Canada loaned the UK large sums of money from Canada loaned the UK large sums of money from

1945 -1948 to help in their recovery1945 -1948 to help in their recovery 1948, Secretary of State George Marshall came up 1948, Secretary of State George Marshall came up

with a plan to help Europe recover with a plan to help Europe recover Canada and the US jointly contributed 13.5 billion Canada and the US jointly contributed 13.5 billion

dollars (mostly from the US) in supplies and loans dollars (mostly from the US) in supplies and loans from 1948 -1953from 1948 -1953

The recovery in Europe was beyond the expectations The recovery in Europe was beyond the expectations of those who created the planof those who created the plan

Stability and prosperity returned to Western Europe Stability and prosperity returned to Western Europe within a decade within a decade

United NationsUnited Nations

Formed in San Formed in San Francisco in April 1945Francisco in April 1945

Aimed at preventing Aimed at preventing new wars and new wars and establishing good establishing good relations amongst relations amongst nationsnations

Headquartered in NYCHeadquartered in NYC Members with security Members with security

council veto were USA, council veto were USA, UK, France, USSR and UK, France, USSR and ChinaChina

Igor GouzenkoIgor Gouzenko

Russian diplomat Russian diplomat working in Ottawaworking in Ottawa

Decided to defect to Decided to defect to Canada in 1945Canada in 1945

Warned the RCMP of Warned the RCMP of Soviet spy activity in Soviet spy activity in CanadaCanada

Canada gave him a Canada gave him a new identity and police new identity and police protection for the rest protection for the rest of his lifeof his life

King and the Gouzenko AffairKing and the Gouzenko Affair PM Mackenzie King was PM Mackenzie King was

shocked by Gouzenko’s shocked by Gouzenko’s claims about the USSR’s claims about the USSR’s international spy ringsinternational spy rings

Immediately warned Immediately warned President Truman and President Truman and UK PM AttleeUK PM Attlee

Canadian Government Canadian Government arrested suspected arrested suspected spies and King ordered a spies and King ordered a royal commissionroyal commission

World’s first Cold War World’s first Cold War Scandal happens in Scandal happens in Canada Canada

Louis St. LaurentLouis St. Laurent As Canada’s Minister of As Canada’s Minister of

External Affairs, he was External Affairs, he was instrumental in Canada’s initial instrumental in Canada’s initial involvement in NATOinvolvement in NATO

Replaced King as PM in 1948Replaced King as PM in 1948 Believed in stopping the Believed in stopping the

spread of communism world spread of communism world wide and was supportive of US wide and was supportive of US Foreign Policy of containmentForeign Policy of containment

Ordered Canada’s military Ordered Canada’s military involvement in Korea as part involvement in Korea as part of the UN Forceof the UN Force

Canada in KoreaCanada in Korea Canadian Government Canadian Government

sent troops, three navy sent troops, three navy destroyers and air craftdestroyers and air craft

Over 22,000 Canadian Over 22,000 Canadian fought in Korea between fought in Korea between June 1950 and July 1953June 1950 and July 1953

309 were killed, 1,203 309 were killed, 1,203 were wounded and 32 were wounded and 32 became POWsbecame POWs

Canadians took on a Canadians took on a peacekeeping role after peacekeeping role after the armistice was signedthe armistice was signed

Battle of KapyongBattle of Kapyong American and Australian troops American and Australian troops

retreated from the front line after a retreated from the front line after a Chinese attack in late April, 1951 Chinese attack in late April, 1951

This left the Canadians on Hill 677 This left the Canadians on Hill 677 outnumbered, surrounded and without outnumbered, surrounded and without their supply routetheir supply route

From April 24 – 25, 1951, Canadian From April 24 – 25, 1951, Canadian soldiers of the Princess Patricias dug soldiers of the Princess Patricias dug trenches and held off 7,000 advancing trenches and held off 7,000 advancing Chinese soldiers and held the front lineChinese soldiers and held the front line

Supplies, medicine, and ammunition Supplies, medicine, and ammunition had to be air dropped to the Canadians had to be air dropped to the Canadians until the Chinese retreateduntil the Chinese retreated

10 Canadians were killed and 23 were 10 Canadians were killed and 23 were woundedwounded

Only Canadian soldiers in history to be Only Canadian soldiers in history to be awarded a US Presidential Unit Citation awarded a US Presidential Unit Citation for valour for valour

Anti-Communism in CanadaAnti-Communism in Canada US Senator Joseph McCarthy US Senator Joseph McCarthy

started anti-communist started anti-communist investigationsinvestigations

led to a “Red Scare” led to a “Red Scare” hysteria in the United Stateshysteria in the United States

Canada responded by Canada responded by having the RCMP carry out having the RCMP carry out illegal and secret inquiriesillegal and secret inquiries

known communists were known communists were deported or not allowed deported or not allowed entry into Canadaentry into Canada

the US Government shut the US Government shut down McCarthydown McCarthy

the McCarthy Hearings the McCarthy Hearings destroyed thousands of destroyed thousands of people livespeople lives

Suez CrisisSuez Crisis In 1956, Egypt seized the In 1956, Egypt seized the

Suez Canal from France Suez Canal from France and Britainand Britain

France, Britain and Israel France, Britain and Israel joined forces and joined forces and attacked Egypt to take attacked Egypt to take back control of the Canalback control of the Canal

The Soviet Union sided The Soviet Union sided with Egypt and demaded with Egypt and demaded an withdrawl of the an withdrawl of the invading armiesinvading armies

The fighting increasedThe fighting increased Looked as if this crisis Looked as if this crisis

would ignite a Third World would ignite a Third World WarWar

The Start of UN PeacekeepingThe Start of UN Peacekeeping Canada’s Acting Minister of Canada’s Acting Minister of

External Affairs, Lester Pearson, External Affairs, Lester Pearson, came up with a plan to end the came up with a plan to end the conflictconflict

He went to the UN and He went to the UN and suggested creating a suggested creating a peacekeeping force to run the peacekeeping force to run the Suez Canal until a settlement Suez Canal until a settlement could be reachedcould be reached

The UN agreed and the battle The UN agreed and the battle forces withdrew from the canalforces withdrew from the canal

Lester Pearson was awarded the Lester Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in ending the Suez Crisisin ending the Suez Crisis

NATONATO North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationOrganization Formed in 1949 by Canada, Formed in 1949 by Canada,

USA and 10 European nationsUSA and 10 European nations Purpose was to defend Purpose was to defend

Europe and the North Atlantic Europe and the North Atlantic from Soviet aggressionfrom Soviet aggression

In response, USSR formed the In response, USSR formed the Warsaw Pact with Soviet Warsaw Pact with Soviet satellite countries of Eastern satellite countries of Eastern Europe in 1955Europe in 1955

NORADNORAD North American Aerospace North American Aerospace

Defence CommandDefence Command 1957 treaty between Canada and 1957 treaty between Canada and

USAUSA Aim is to protect North America Aim is to protect North America

from a Soviet air or nuclear attackfrom a Soviet air or nuclear attack Links Canadian and US fighters, Links Canadian and US fighters,

missiles and radar units under a missiles and radar units under a single command centre located single command centre located deep inside a mountain in deep inside a mountain in ColoradoColorado

In direct contact with American In direct contact with American President and Canadian Prime President and Canadian Prime MinisterMinister

Battle over Bomarc MissilesBattle over Bomarc Missiles PM Diefenbaker backed away PM Diefenbaker backed away

from an agreement to place from an agreement to place the US made Bomarc Nuclear the US made Bomarc Nuclear Missiles in CanadaMissiles in Canada

This enraged President John This enraged President John KennedyKennedy

Diefenbaker and Kennedy did Diefenbaker and Kennedy did not like each othernot like each other

The Conservatives were The Conservatives were defeated in February 1963 by defeated in February 1963 by Lester Pearson’s LiberalsLester Pearson’s Liberals

PM Pearson quietly placed the PM Pearson quietly placed the missiles in Canada and missiles in Canada and improved relations with improved relations with President KennedyPresident Kennedy

DEW: Distant Early WarningDEW: Distant Early Warning Canada is geographically Canada is geographically

between the USSR and the USAbetween the USSR and the USA 1957: Canada and the US build a 1957: Canada and the US build a

line of long range warning line of long range warning stationsstations

Stations monitor northern Stations monitor northern airspace for potential attacksairspace for potential attacks

If there was a threat, NORAD If there was a threat, NORAD would be warned immediatelywould be warned immediately

The cost was$250,000,000 and The cost was$250,000,000 and was paid for by the US was paid for by the US

Avro ArrowAvro Arrow This was a Canadian made jet This was a Canadian made jet

built by the A.V. Roe Companybuilt by the A.V. Roe Company Fasted and most innovative jet of Fasted and most innovative jet of

it’s timeit’s time A.V Roe expected international A.V Roe expected international

sales would be around 600 jetssales would be around 600 jets Price went from 2 million to 12.5 Price went from 2 million to 12.5

millionmillion Canada felt the cost to build was Canada felt the cost to build was

too high too high PM Diefenbaker said Canada PM Diefenbaker said Canada

would buy US made jets instead would buy US made jets instead and cancelled the project in and cancelled the project in February 1959February 1959

Led to the loss of 14,000 jobsLed to the loss of 14,000 jobs Canadians were upset at Canadians were upset at

Diefenbaker’s decisionDiefenbaker’s decision

Vietnam WarVietnam War Communist North Vietnam Communist North Vietnam

invaded capitalist South Vietnaminvaded capitalist South Vietnam The United States entered the The United States entered the

war to stop Vietnam from war to stop Vietnam from becoming a united communist becoming a united communist nationnation

The US were involved militarily in The US were involved militarily in Vietnam from the early 1960s Vietnam from the early 1960s until they withdrew in 1975until they withdrew in 1975

The comminists took control of The comminists took control of VietnamVietnam

The war divided the people of the The war divided the people of the United StatesUnited States

1.3 million Vietnamese and 1.3 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans were killed as 58,000 Americans were killed as a result of the conflicta result of the conflict

Canada and VietnamCanada and Vietnam In 1965, PM Lester Pearson In 1965, PM Lester Pearson

criticized US involvement in criticized US involvement in Vietnam in a speech he gave at an Vietnam in a speech he gave at an American universityAmerican university

US President Lyndon Johnson met US President Lyndon Johnson met Pearson the next day at the White Pearson the next day at the White HouseHouse

In the Oval Office, Johnson lifted In the Oval Office, Johnson lifted Pearson off the floor by his coat Pearson off the floor by his coat collar and told him, “You came into collar and told him, “You came into my house and pissed on my rug!”.my house and pissed on my rug!”.

The Canadian Government also let The Canadian Government also let US Draft Dodgers and US Draft Dodgers and conscientious objectors into conscientious objectors into Canada during the Vietnam WarCanada during the Vietnam War

This also angered the US This also angered the US Government who felt that these Government who felt that these people should be tried as criminals people should be tried as criminals in the United Statesin the United States

1968 - 1991: The Cold War Thaws1968 - 1991: The Cold War Thaws