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Can plant breeding safeseed production – if

pesticides disappear?

Rasmus L. HjortshøjWinterbarley breeder

06/01/2018

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• Starting point…Frames for commerciel breeding.

• Tools…Which methods are available?

• The future…What will it take (in my view) for breeding to deliver?

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Overview of the breeding process

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A x B Double single plants 6x1m row 1y. yield (Sejet) 2y. yield officiel trials

haploid (Sejet) (Sejet) (Sejet + Fyn) (Sejet + Fyn +2) (min. 2 år)

~ 15.000 ~ 8.000 ~ 300 ~ 60 4-5

(2014) (2015) (2016) (2017) (2018) (2019) (2020-21) (2022)

Marketing!

Maintenance breeding/multiplication

Selection – yieldtrials

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From crossing to market– ex. winterbarley.

(Royalties from ca. 100 tons certified seed pays for DUS and VCU of a single variety in one year)

År* Antal linjer** Generation Certificering Areal Høstet vare Andre formål

3 10.000 1. år i mark 1 m2 10 aks

4 300 1. år udbytte fsg 2*1 m2 1 kg

5 60 2. år udbytte fsg 30 m2 50 kg VCU forsøg

6 6 NL 1 400 m2 500 kg VCU + Supl. Forsøg

7 2 NL 2 Forædl. Mat. 0,5 ha 4 tons

8 1 Sortsliste-LF Præ-Basis 20 ha 130 tons Industri test

9 1/2 Sortsliste-LF Basis 500 ha 3.250 tons evt nedgrad. til C2

10 …. Sortsliste-LF C1 800 ha 5.200 tons C2 + eksport

11 … Sortsliste-LF C2 3000 ha 20.000 tons Solgt til landmand

*year from crossing** lines to be tested in a given generation

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Registration & IP protection – UPOV og Tystofte- paying the breeding program.The basis for royalty collection and access to other breeders genetics is regulated via CPVO (PVR) and Variety Listing.

SES(DUS);Distinctness – to be separated phenotypically from other varieties.Uniformity – purity level 0,1%.Stability – the same over generations.

Value-Cultivation & Ude (VCU);A new variety has to add value to the market!

Certification of seed is ensure the genetics is true – in Denmark carriedout by

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• Starting point…Frames for commerciel breeding.

• Tools…Which methods are available?

• The future…What will it take (in my view) for breeding to deliver?

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Scald coverage in % in official disease nurseries

Matros Zirene Padura

• Matros in off. trials since 2008• Padura og Zirene in off. trials from

2011• Multiplication Padura i ‘14 og ‘15 ca.

380 ha (each!).• Padura og Zirene crosses made in

2006!

Brakedown of resistance can go fast- An example from winter barley

www.sortinfo.dk

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To eksempler;

PPP-I; 2012-14PPP-II; 2015-17PPP-III; 2018-20

Udvikling af mlo resistens in hvede mod meldug.

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University

GUDP; 2014-17

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PPP - Public Private Partnership in Pre-Breeding

Screening of;- lines from partners, representing the

Scandinavian region.- Genbank material.

Field

50K Illumina Barley chip.Data-set with app. 44000 markers for each line.

Agronomic parameters:

Early growth rateEarlinessStraw strength

Genome Wide Association MappingMildew resistance Nematode resistance

Disease resistance:ScaldFusariumRamulariaLeaf spotsRustNematode

Laboratory

PPP I – High diversity

Large variation in floweringtime

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High diversity in growth types

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31 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

100 bp

mlo-5mlo-8

mlo 9

mlo-13mlo-17

mlo-1mlo-4 D

mlo-10 D mlo-7 mlo-26 mlo-3 D

The barley genemlo

Elliot et al Biochem. J. 385, 243-254, 2005

mlo resistance in wheat

P. Schulze-Lefert, Max-Planck, Germany

Recessive trait – it takes both alleles in same stage to give phenotype (on both chromosomes).In species with more genomes, like wheat, allgenomes must have mutation.

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mlo resistance in wheat

• Hereford (6x) EMS mutant population (M4)

• TILLING populations (EMS mutated)

Cristobal Uauy, John Innes Centre, Norwich> 1,200 linjer af hexaploid Cadenza (breadwheat)

> 1,500 linjer af tetraploid Kronos (durumwheat)(Krasileva et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1619268114)

Mutations populationer:

Hereford HRM screenLines Unique Exon Nonsense Missense Splice variant Used

MloA 1637 49 31 0 15 1 6

MloB 1637 25 21 0 16 1 8

MloD 1637 30 25 1 14 0 6

Ingvardsen et al.

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mlo resistance in wheatMutated populations:

AABB

AmBm

mmBB

AAmm

Ammm

mmBm

mmmm#49

WT

#66

Mlo B

4966

Segregating F2 Kronos (4x) population:Resultat of EMS mutagenesis:

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mlo resistance in wheat- using TALEN and a GMO approach!

They had to create a GM plant to get TALEN enzyme into the cell!

Yin et al.,2017

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Wang et al., 2014

mlo resistance in wheat- using TALEN and a GMO approach!

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GMO’er

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• Starting point…Frames for commerciel breeding.

• Tools…Which methods are available?

• The future…What will it take (in my view) for breeding to deliver?

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NBT – New Breeding TechniquesOptimized mutation breeding v 2.0

Præcisionsforædling – af NBT core group 2015

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IP protection that works!

UPOV/CPVO Patenter/EPOXTransparentCheap (relatively)Maximise competitionPrevent monopolisationWell defined protectionOpen source system via Breeders ExemptionRoyalty collection on FSS to be improved!

ExpensiveIncrease monopolisationDecrease competitionUnclear protection (”matter of skillfull writing”)

Blocks research and development

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Can breeding safeseedproduction – ifpesticides disappear?

Perhaps – it’s definately a part of the solution!

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Thanks for your attention!

And thanks to Lene Krusell and Finn Borum (Sejet) and Christina Ingvardsen(AaU) for illustrations to the PPP og GUPD/mlo projects.