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Can Multiple Authorship Reduce Scientific Misconduct?. Sheldon R. Gelman, PhD Yeshiva University Wurzweiler School of Social Work New York, New York. 2006 ORI Research on Research Integrity Conference December, 2006 Tampa, Florida. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Can Multiple Authorship Can Multiple Authorship Reduce Scientific Reduce Scientific
Misconduct?Misconduct?Sheldon R. Gelman, PhDSheldon R. Gelman, PhD
Yeshiva UniversityYeshiva UniversityWurzweiler School of Social WorkWurzweiler School of Social Work
New York, New YorkNew York, New York
2006 ORI Research on Research Integrity Conference2006 ORI Research on Research Integrity Conference
December, 2006December, 2006Tampa, FloridaTampa, Florida
Table 1: Institutions Reporting Table 1: Institutions Reporting Misconduct Activities to ORI (1996-Misconduct Activities to ORI (1996-
2005)2005) Annual ReportAnnual Report # of Institutions # of Institutions
Reporting ActivityReporting Activity# of Institutions –# of Institutions – New AllegationsNew Allegations
# of New Cases # of New Cases Opened Opened
20052005 8585 133133 114114
20042004 120120 7676 107107
20032003 136136 8282 105105
20022002 9999 7171 8383
20012001 7878 6161 7272
20002000 8282 6060 6262
19991999 7272 4646 6363
19981998 6767 4141 5454
19971997 7373 4848 6464
19961996 8888 5454 7070
Table 2: Types of Misconduct Table 2: Types of Misconduct
Reported to ORI (1996-2005)Reported to ORI (1996-2005) Annual Annual ReportReport
FabricatioFabricationn
FalsificatioFalsificationn
PlagiarisPlagiarismm
OtherOther TotalTotal
20052005 3131 6969 3333 -- 133133
20042004 3636 4848 2222 1414 120120
20032003 3030 4848 3434 2424 136136
20022002 4545 5858 2727 3333 163163
20012001 3737 4646 1717 2727 127127
20002000 3737 2424 1919 2323 103103
19991999 2121 3737 1313 1818 8989
19981998 1515 2222 1010 2222 6969
19971997 2626 3434 88 2424 9292
19961996 3333 3434 1919 4141 127127
““Scientific Misconduct is Scientific Misconduct is ethically unacceptable ethically unacceptable
behavior that undermines the behavior that undermines the integrity of the research, that integrity of the research, that
is, it calls into question the is, it calls into question the validity of the research.” validity of the research.”
(ORI, 2000)(ORI, 2000)
Plagiarism Is A Form Of Scientific Plagiarism Is A Form Of Scientific MisconductMisconduct
Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research or reviewing research, or in reporting research results, (Definition proposed by White House Office results, (Definition proposed by White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1999).of Science and Technology Policy, 1999).
Research misconduct is not: “honest error or honest Research misconduct is not: “honest error or honest differences of opinion”.differences of opinion”.
Ryan (1996) offered that scientific misconduct is Ryan (1996) offered that scientific misconduct is “significant misbehavior that improperly “significant misbehavior that improperly appropriates intellectual property or contributions of appropriates intellectual property or contributions of others, that intentionally impedes the progress of others, that intentionally impedes the progress of research, or that risks corrupting the scientific research, or that risks corrupting the scientific record by compromising the integrity or scientific record by compromising the integrity or scientific practice.practice.
Plagiarism: The appropriation Plagiarism: The appropriation of the language, ideas, or of the language, ideas, or thoughts of another and thoughts of another and
representing them as one’s representing them as one’s own original workown original work
(ORI, 2000)(ORI, 2000)
Fabrication and Fabrication and Falsification are Fiction Not Falsification are Fiction Not
ScienceScience (ORI, 2004)(ORI, 2004)
Falsification of Data: Falsification of Data: Ranges from fabrication to Ranges from fabrication to
deceptive or selective deceptive or selective reporting of findings and/or reporting of findings and/or omission of conflicting data, omission of conflicting data, or willful suppression and/or or willful suppression and/or
distortion of datadistortion of data(ORI, 2000)(ORI, 2000)
Falsification and Fabrication Falsification and Fabrication may also involve may also involve
credentials, including credentials, including degrees and publications.degrees and publications.
One-third of (3000) One-third of (3000) scientist acknowledged scientist acknowledged
that they had committed that they had committed some form of research some form of research
misbehaviormisbehavior..(Guterman, 2006 – Chronicle of Higher Education)(Guterman, 2006 – Chronicle of Higher Education)
Table 3: PlagiarismTable 3: PlagiarismYEAYEA
RRINDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL PLACE OF PLACE OF
EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT DICIPLINEDICIPLINENATURE OF NATURE OF PLAGARISPLAGARIS
MMPENALTYPENALTY
19991999 John J. Schulz*John J. Schulz* Boston University (MA)Boston University (MA) International International communicationscommunications TextText
20002000 Jin QianJin Qian New Dimensions Research New Dimensions Research and Instrumentand Instrument Manager of researchManager of research Research data, Research data,
results, textresults, text
Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20002000 President Scott D. President Scott D. Miller*Miller* Wesley College (DEL)Wesley College (DEL) TextText
20012001 David R. JacobyDavid R. Jacoby Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard Medical School Former Instructor, Former Instructor, (Dept. of Neurology)(Dept. of Neurology)
Research data Research data that resulted in that resulted in publicationspublications
Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20012001 David A. PadgettDavid A. Padgett Ohio State UniversityOhio State University Assistant Professor Assistant Professor (Dentistry) (Dentistry) Research dataResearch data
Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20012001 Raghoottama S. Raghoottama S. PandurangiPandurangi
University of Missouri – University of Missouri – ColumbiaColumbia
Former Research Former Research Assistant Professor Assistant Professor TextText
Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (1 Agreement (1 years) oversight years) oversight for 3 yearsfor 3 years
20012001 Dean Winston F. FrostDean Winston F. Frost Trinity International University Trinity International University (CA)(CA) LawLaw TextText
20012001 Joseph J. EllisJoseph J. Ellis Mount Holyoke (MA)Mount Holyoke (MA) HistoryHistory TextText
20022002 Momiao Xiong Momiao Xiong University of Texas Health University of Texas Health Science CenterScience Center Researcher (genetics)Researcher (genetics) TextText
Participate in Participate in course on course on research on research on ethics write ethics write paper on paper on plagiarismplagiarism
* Behavioral scientist
Continuation Of Table 3Continuation Of Table 320020022
Louis RobertsLouis Roberts University of Albany (NY)University of Albany (NY) HumanitiesHumanities TextText
20020022
Doris Kearns Doris Kearns GoodwinGoodwin
TV Commentator: Scholar TV Commentator: Scholar LecturerLecturer HistoryHistory TextText
20020022
Stephen AmbroseStephen Ambrose University of New Orleans University of New Orleans (LA)(LA) HistoryHistory TextText
20020022
President Eugene President Eugene Tobin*Tobin* Hamilton College (NY)Hamilton College (NY) TextText
20020022
David A. LevitskyDavid A. Levitsky Cornell University (NY)Cornell University (NY) NutritionNutrition Text, student’s Text, student’s workwork
20020033
Ilya KoltoverIlya Koltover California Institute of California Institute of TechnologyTechnology
Former Former postdoctoral postdoctoral FellowFellow
Data and Data and imagesimages
Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20020033
Thonthi Thonthi KarunakarenKarunakaren Boston Medical CenterBoston Medical Center
Former Former Research Research ScientistScientist
Text, Text, falsification & falsification & Fabrication of Fabrication of datadata
Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20020033
Alvin O. JacksonAlvin O. Jackson National City Christian National City Christian ChurchChurch PastorPastor SermonSermon
20020033
Brian VanDeMarkBrian VanDeMark U.S. Naval Academy (MD)U.S. Naval Academy (MD) HistoryHistory TextText
20020033
Lindsey S. HamlinLindsey S. HamlinWilliam T. RyanWilliam T. Ryan Florida Atlantic AcademyFlorida Atlantic Academy International International
BusinessBusiness TextText
20020044
Tirunelveli S. Tirunelveli S. RamalingamRamalingam
California Institute of California Institute of TechnologyTechnology
For Post For Post doctoral doctoral Fellow Fellow (biology)(biology)
Text, figures, Text, figures, falsifications & falsifications & Fabrication of Fabrication of datadata
Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
2002004 4
President Richard L. President Richard L. Judge*Judge*
Central Connecticut State Central Connecticut State University University TextText
* Behavioral scientist
**
20020055
Ward ChurchillWard Churchill University of University of ColoradoColorado
Ethnic Studies Ethnic Studies ProfessorProfessor Research DataResearch Data DismissalDismissal
20020055
Christopher Christopher Sawyer-Sawyer-LaucannoLaucanno
Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Institute of Technology (MIT)Technology (MIT)
LecturerLecturer TextText
20020055
Kathryn EdinKathryn Edin University of University of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania SciologistSciologist Ideas & conceptsIdeas & concepts
20020066
Zack AsackZack Asack DukeDuke StudentStudent TextText SuspensionSuspension
20020066
Liu HuiLiu Hui Tsinghua University Tsinghua University (China)(China)
Dean of Medical Dean of Medical SchoolSchool TextText
20020066
Scott D. MillerScott D. Miller Wesley CollegeWesley College PresidentPresident SpeechSpeech Dismissal from Dismissal from University (?)University (?)
20020066
Jiangyu Zhu & Jiangyu Zhu & Kayoko KimbaraKayoko Kimbara
Harvard Medical Harvard Medical SchoolSchool
Former Postdoctoral Former Postdoctoral FellowsFellows ResearchResearch
20020066
Vaughn Vaughn VandegriftVandegrift
Southern Illinois Southern Illinois UniversityUniversity ChancellorChancellor SpeechSpeech Dismissal from Dismissal from
UniversityUniversity
20020066
Kaavya Kaavya ViswanthanViswanthan Harvard UniversityHarvard University StudentStudent TextText
Continuation Of Table 3Continuation Of Table 3
* Behavioral scientist
**
Table 4: Table 4: Falsification/Fabrication Falsification/Fabrication
YEARYEAR INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL PLACE OF PLACE OF EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT
POSITION/ POSITION/ DISCIPLINEDISCIPLINE
NATURE OF NATURE OF FALSIFICATION/FALSIFICATION/FABRICATIONFABRICATION
PENALTYPENALTY
19981998 Harry L. June*Harry L. June* Indiana University – Indiana University – PerduePerdue Dept. of PsychologyDept. of Psychology DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years); ethics years); ethics trainingtraining
19991999 Karrie Recknor*Karrie Recknor* University of University of WashingtonWashington
Former Graduate Former Graduate Research Assistant Research Assistant (Psychology)(Psychology)
Electronic mail Electronic mail responsesresponses
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (2 Agreement (2 years)years)
19991999 Nellie Briggs-Nellie Briggs-BrownBrown
Rush-Presbyterian – Rush-Presbyterian – St. Luke’s Medical St. Luke’s Medical CenterCenter
Former Employee Former Employee (Neurology)(Neurology)
Monthly Monthly screening logs, screening logs, IRB approval IRB approval formsforms
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
19991999 Deborah Deborah Arenburg*Arenburg*
University of University of MarylandMaryland
Former Research Former Research Associate (Psychiatric Associate (Psychiatric Researcher)Researcher)
Tests & RecordsTests & RecordsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
19991999 Christopher Christopher Leonhard*Leonhard*
Dartmouth Dartmouth UniversityUniversity
Graduate student Graduate student (Psychology)(Psychology) DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
19991999Rocio del Rocio del Carmen Carmen Restrepo*Restrepo*
University of Illinois University of Illinois (Chicago)(Chicago)
Department of Department of PsychologyPsychology DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20002000 Michael K. Michael K. HartzerHartzer
Oakland University Oakland University Eye Institute Eye Institute
Former Associate Former Associate Professor (Biochemical Professor (Biochemical SciencesSciences
Status of 11 Status of 11 manuscriptsmanuscripts
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20002000 John L. HoJohn L. Ho Cornell UniversityCornell UniversityAssociate Professor Associate Professor (Medicine & (Medicine & Microbiology)Microbiology)
Data & textData & text
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years); Ethics years); Ethics training training
* Behavioral scientist
Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 420002000 Evan B. DreyerEvan B. Dreyer
Mass Eye and Ear/ Mass Eye and Ear/ Harvard Medical Harvard Medical SchoolSchool
Former Associate Former Associate Professor Professor (Ophthalmology)(Ophthalmology)
ExperimentsExperimentsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (10 Agreement (10 years)years)
20002000 Randall P. Randall P. FrenchFrench
Fox Chase Cancer Fox Chase Cancer CenterCenter
Postdoctoral Associate Postdoctoral Associate (Cancer Center)(Cancer Center)
Research Research resultsresults
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20002000 Lingxum DuanLingxum Duan Jefferson Medical Jefferson Medical CollegeCollege
Former Research Former Research Assistant Professor Assistant Professor (Infectious Diseases)(Infectious Diseases)
DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (2 Agreement (2 years)years)
20002000 William A. William A. SimmonsSimmons
University of Texas University of Texas Southwestern Southwestern Medical CenterMedical Center
Graduate StudentGraduate Student DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20002000 Caroline E. Caroline E. GareyGarey Boston CollegeBoston College Former doctoral Former doctoral
studentstudent DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20012001 Malabika Malabika Sarker*Sarker*
University of University of Alabama-Alabama-Birmingham Birmingham
Former Doctoral Fellow Former Doctoral Fellow (Epidemiology)(Epidemiology)
Questionnaire Questionnaire datadata
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20012001 Ayman SalehAyman Saleh University of University of PittsburghPittsburgh
Former postdoctoral Former postdoctoral research associate research associate (Medicine)(Medicine)
Data Data representatiorepresentationn
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20012001 David D. David D. SanchezSanchez
Public Health Public Health Foundation Foundation EnterprisesEnterprises
Former Research Former Research AssistantAssistant
Data time Data time sheetssheets
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20012001 Kuie-Fu LinKuie-Fu Lin University of South University of South CarolinaCarolina
Former grad student Former grad student (Biochemistry)(Biochemistry) DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
(2003(2003))
Violation of Violation of materialmaterialProvisions of Provisions of previous VEAprevious VEA
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
* Behavioral scientist
Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 420012001 Karen M. Ruggiero*Karen M. Ruggiero* Harvard UniversityHarvard University Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
(Psychology)(Psychology) DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20012001 Sherman Smith*Sherman Smith*
Division of Division of Occupational and Occupational and Environmental Environmental Medicine – university Medicine – university of California at SFof California at SF
Former research Former research techniciantechnician
Interviews, Interviews, datadata
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement Agreement (5years)(5years)
20012001 Steven F. ArnoldSteven F. Arnold Tulane University Tulane University Medical CenterMedical Center
Research Assistant Research Assistant ProfessorProfessor DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20012001 Vilma Valentin*Vilma Valentin* Boston UniversityBoston University CounselorCounselor RecordsRecordsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 M. Renuka PrasadM. Renuka PrasadUniversity of University of Kentucky School of Kentucky School of MedicineMedicine
Former Research Former Research Professor of SurgeryProfessor of Surgery DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Matthew A. LipskiMatthew A. Lipski Washington Washington University (St. Louis)University (St. Louis)
Former Research Former Research AssistantAssistant DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Joao Carlos de Joao Carlos de Sales*Sales*
San Francisco Dept. San Francisco Dept. Public HealthPublic Health
Former study Former study counselorcounselor DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Atsushi HandaAtsushi Handa National Institutes of National Institutes of HealthHealth
Former visiting Former visiting FellowFellow DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Michael ShishovMichael Shishov Bingham and Bingham and Women’s HospitalWomen’s Hospital
Former Laboratory Former Laboratory Technician Technician (Physiology)(Physiology)
Data, testsData, testsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Tatsumi ArichiTatsumi Arichi National Cancer National Cancer InstituteInstitute
Former Visiting Former Visiting FellowFellow DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
* Behavioral scientist
* Behavioral scientist
Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 420022002 James C. James C.
PenningtonPennington Brown UniversityBrown UniversityFormer Graduate Former Graduate Student (Cognitive & Student (Cognitive & Linguistic Sciences)Linguistic Sciences)
DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Heather J. Heather J. MuenchenMuenchen
University of University of MichiganMichigan
Former Post doctoral Former Post doctoral fellowfellow DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20022002 Robert B. TraceyRobert B. Tracey
University of University of California at DavisCalifornia at Davis University of University of Southern CaliforniaSouthern California
Former doctoral Former doctoral studentstudentFormer Post DoctoralFormer Post Doctoral
DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (4 Agreement (4 years)years)
20022002 Aaron J. MorrowAaron J. Morrow Saint Louis Saint Louis UniversityUniversity Former research fellowFormer research fellow Data, Data,
experimentsexperiments
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Shaan F. MungeeShaan F. Mungee Wake Forest Wake Forest UniversityUniversity Former research fellowFormer research fellow ExperimentsExperiments
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Jason ElsterJason Elster Saint Louis Saint Louis UniversityUniversity
Undergrad research Undergrad research assistantassistant DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20022002 Zhenhai YoZhenhai YoUniversity of North University of North Carolina at Chapel Carolina at Chapel HillHill
Associate Professor Associate Professor (Anesthesiology)(Anesthesiology) DataData
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)
20032003 Jianhua XuJianhua Xu University of AlbertaUniversity of Alberta Former TechnicianFormer Technician Data, Data, experimentsexperiments
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (4 Agreement (4 years)years)
20032003 Timothy R. SmithTimothy R. Smith Michigan State Michigan State UniversityUniversity
Former postdoctoral Former postdoctoral fellow (Biochemistry & fellow (Biochemistry & Molecular Biology)Molecular Biology)
DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
20032003Lajuane WoodardLajuane WoodardKhalilah CreekKhalilah CreekSheila BlackwellSheila Blackwell
University of University of MarylandMaryland
Former Contractual Former Contractual Employee (Dept of Employee (Dept of Pediatrics) Pediatrics)
Interview Interview recordsrecords
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)
**
Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 420020033
John W. RooneyJohn W. Rooney Columbia UniversityColumbia University Former postdoctoral fellow Former postdoctoral fellow (Molecular and Cell Biology)(Molecular and Cell Biology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion
Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)
20020044
Regina D. HorvatRegina D. Horvat Northwestern Northwestern UniversityUniversity
Former postdoctoral fellow Former postdoctoral fellow ( Molecular Biology)( Molecular Biology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion
Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)
20020044
Charles N. Charles N. RudickRudick
Northwestern Northwestern UniversityUniversity
Graduate Student (Neurobiology & Graduate Student (Neurobiology & Physiology)Physiology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion
Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)
20020044
Nancy J. Strout*Nancy J. Strout* University of Southern University of Southern MaineMaine Former InterviewerFormer Interviewer Interview dataInterview data Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion
Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)
20020044
Pat J. Palmer*Pat J. Palmer* University of IowaUniversity of Iowa Former Assistant Research ScientistFormer Assistant Research Scientist Credentials, Credentials, interviewsinterviews
Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)
20020044
Bernd HoffmanBernd HoffmanNew Jersey University New Jersey University of Medicine and of Medicine and DentistryDentistry
Former Postdoctoral Fellow Former Postdoctoral Fellow (Pharmacology)(Pharmacology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion
Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)
20020055
Brad ViceBrad Vice University of University of MississippiMississippi ProfessorProfessor TextText Short Fiction Award Short Fiction Award
RevokedRevoked
20020066
Hwang Woo SukHwang Woo Suk
(Gerald Shatten)(Gerald Shatten)
Seoul National Seoul National UniversityUniversity(University of (University of Pittsburgh)Pittsburgh)
ScienceScience(Embrionic Stem Cells)(Embrionic Stem Cells) Research dataResearch data
FIRED/FIRED/Withdrew name from Withdrew name from paperpaper
20020066
Dalibor SamesDalibor Sames Columbia UniversityColumbia University Professor (Chemistry)Professor (Chemistry) Research dataResearch data
20020066
UMDNJ (NJ Dental UMDNJ (NJ Dental School)School) 20 students20 students CheatingCheating Barred from Barred from
GraduationGraduation
20020066
Kazunari TairaKazunari Taira University of TokyoUniversity of Tokyo Professor (Chemistry)Professor (Chemistry) Research dataResearch data
20020066
Chen JinChen Jin Shanghai Jiaotong Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityUniversity Former Dean and ProfessorFormer Dean and Professor
Fabrication of Fabrication of Research (on Research (on computer computer chip)chip)
DismissalDismissal
* Behavioral scientist
**
20020066
Eric T. PoehlmanEric T. Poehlman University of University of VermontVermont
Former Medical Former Medical ProfessorProfessor Research DataResearch Data
One year in Prison, One year in Prison, two years of two years of ‘supervised ‘supervised release’release’
20020066
Gerald P. SchattenGerald P. Schatten University of University of PittsburghPittsburgh BiologyBiology Research Research
MisbehaviorMisbehavior
20020066
Luk Van ParijsLuk Van Parijs MITMIT Professor (Biology)Professor (Biology) Research Research MisbehaviorMisbehavior
20020066
Rusi P. TaleyarkhanRusi P. Taleyarkhan Perdue UniversityPerdue University PhysicsPhysics Research DataResearch Data
20020066
Steven Anthony Steven Anthony LeadonLeadon
University of North University of North Carolina Carolina
Former Professor Former Professor (radiation oncology)(radiation oncology) Research DataResearch Data ResignationResignation
20020066
Meira WeissMeira Weiss Hebrew UniversityHebrew University ProfessorProfessor ResearchResearch
Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 4
* Behavioral scientist
Data Sources for CasesData Sources for Cases Chronicle of Higher EducationChronicle of Higher Education
New York TimesNew York Times
Washington PostWashington Post
Lexis-NexisLexis-Nexis
ProQuestProQuest
ORI Reports and PublicationsORI Reports and Publications
(Full citations for cases are provided in the formal paper)(Full citations for cases are provided in the formal paper)
Possible ExplanationsPossible Explanations Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors
Predisposition or propensity toward Predisposition or propensity toward wrongdoing personality characteristics wrongdoing personality characteristics (status, power, entitlement)(status, power, entitlement)
EnvironmentalEnvironmental Pressure (Competition for Pressure (Competition for
funding/publication expectations)funding/publication expectations) CultureCulture
Opportunity (ease/lack of oversight)Opportunity (ease/lack of oversight)
Calculating risk of detectionCalculating risk of detection
ConsequencesConsequences
While there are serious adverse While there are serious adverse consequences to some individuals consequences to some individuals who face allegations of FFP which who face allegations of FFP which have included loss of position, have included loss of position, incarceration and death (suicide), incarceration and death (suicide), most demonstrate a general lack of most demonstrate a general lack of remorse.remorse.
Being found guilty does not Being found guilty does not necessarily end ones career.necessarily end ones career.
Longevity in an academic career is Longevity in an academic career is directly linked to the tenure directly linked to the tenure system and the granting of system and the granting of
tenure, in most institutions of tenure, in most institutions of higher education, depends on higher education, depends on
publishing.publishing.(Berger, 1990)(Berger, 1990)
The emphasis on scholarly The emphasis on scholarly productivity has brought with it productivity has brought with it the concomitant obligation to the concomitant obligation to
conduct research.conduct research.(Gibelman & Gelman, 2000)(Gibelman & Gelman, 2000)
In the United States the emphasis In the United States the emphasis on scholarly production appears on scholarly production appears
to have contributed to an to have contributed to an increase in collaboration among increase in collaboration among faculty members, resulting in an faculty members, resulting in an
increase in multiple authored increase in multiple authored publications.publications.
(Gibelman and Gelman, 1999a; 1999b; 2000)(Gibelman and Gelman, 1999a; 1999b; 2000)
Table 5: Trends in Table 5: Trends in AuthorshipAuthorship
Single Single authoautho
rr
MultiplMultiple e
authorauthorss
Single Single authorauthor
MultiplMultiple e
authorauthorss
Single Single authorauthor
MultiplMultiple e
authorauthorss
Single Single authoautho
rr
MultiplMultiple e
authorauthorss
British Journal of Social British Journal of Social WorkWork 8686 1818 109109 6060 109109 7777 101101 8686
Social WorkSocial Work 222222 9191 168168 129129 162162 134134 8686 118118
Social Work EducationSocial Work Education 3131 1616 6565 5656 6464 5858
Journal of Social Work Journal of Social Work EducationEducation 143143 7272 7979 6868 5454 9797 5252 100100
TotalTotal 451451 181181 387387 273273 390390 364364 303303 362362
1973-771973-77 1983-871983-87 1993-971993-97 2001-052001-05
Benefits of Collaborations and Benefits of Collaborations and Multiple Authorship:Multiple Authorship:
Creates a system of checks and balances Creates a system of checks and balances among collaborators that may help among collaborators that may help ensure research integrity.ensure research integrity.
The quality of the product may be The quality of the product may be increased because of complimentary increased because of complimentary expertise, integration of multiple expertise, integration of multiple perspectives, intellectual exchange, perspectives, intellectual exchange, cross-editing, and oversight.cross-editing, and oversight.
Provides an opportunity for the Provides an opportunity for the development of a mentoring relationship.development of a mentoring relationship.
Mentoring can be viewed as an Mentoring can be viewed as an exercise in accountability and exercise in accountability and
contribute to responsible research contribute to responsible research conduct. conduct.
Mentoring provides input to and Mentoring provides input to and oversight of research activity oversight of research activity and creates a process through and creates a process through
which responsible research which responsible research conduct can be modeled. conduct can be modeled.
Prevention StrategiesPrevention StrategiesMentoringMentoring as a mechanism for research oversight as a mechanism for research oversight
Positive Positive faculty role modelingfaculty role modeling (“do as I do”) (“do as I do”)
Encouraging faculty Encouraging faculty collaborationcollaboration in research and writing; creates checks and in research and writing; creates checks and balancesbalances
Interdepartmental and institutional Interdepartmental and institutional education on responsible research education on responsible research conductconduct
““WhistleWhistle blowingblowing” as acceptable behavior without retribution” as acceptable behavior without retribution
Enriched Enriched curriculacurricula on ethical behavior on ethical behavior
Open discussionOpen discussion about academic integrity about academic integrity
Honor codesHonor codes; development of group norms; development of group norms
EnforcementEnforcement of honor codes and policies and procedures related to academic of honor codes and policies and procedures related to academic integrityintegrity
Written guidelinesWritten guidelines of academic behavioral expectations for faculty and of academic behavioral expectations for faculty and students students
Real Real penaltiespenalties; zero tolerance; zero tolerance