Can Commercial Airlines Achieve One Level of Safety By Embarking on a Program of One Level of Training ? What is the relationship between Training and

Can Commercial Airlines Can Commercial Airlines Achieve “One Level of Safety” Achieve “One Level of Safety” By Embarking on a Program of By Embarking on a Program of

“One Level of Training” ?“One Level of Training” ?What is the relationship between What is the relationship between

Training and Safety in Commercial Training and Safety in Commercial Air Operations?Air Operations?

……continued…continued…

Experience or Training?Experience or Training?

TrainingTraining

Before the right stuff walked on the moon, they trained

Spacemen in training?Spacemen in training?

Trained, Qualified & Ready Trained, Qualified & Ready

TrainingTraining

Before the right stuff walked on the moon, they trained

Spacemen in training?Spacemen in training?

Trained, Qualified & Ready Trained, Qualified & Ready

““Level of training” Level of training”

Proficiency: Knowledge, procedures and Proficiency: Knowledge, procedures and maneuvers?maneuvers?

Substance: Number of syllabus subjects? Substance: Number of syllabus subjects?

Sophistication: Depth of syllabus-Intro, Sophistication: Depth of syllabus-Intro, basic, intermediate, advanced, special basic, intermediate, advanced, special cases & case studies? cases & case studies?

Level of training in terms of Level of training in terms of Practical LearningPractical Learning

Our argument: Our argument: – Every airline should have training at the same Every airline should have training at the same

levellevel– Not the same training, but training Not the same training, but training at the same at the same

levellevel

Let’s look at various levels of training Let’s look at various levels of training – in terms of practical learning in terms of practical learning – to see some differencesto see some differences

Level of Proficiency Level of Proficiency

Self studySelf study

1. Read an article, bulletin1. Read an article, bulletin

2. Read an article, take open book test2. Read an article, take open book test

3. Attend a lecture, media based briefing3. Attend a lecture, media based briefing


Academic StudyAcademic Study

4. Lecture with Q & A4. Lecture with Q & A

5. Seminar with interaction and discussion 5. Seminar with interaction and discussion

6. Do an exercise, do a group exercise6. Do an exercise, do a group exercise

7. Prepare for a verbal recital of knowledge, 7. Prepare for a verbal recital of knowledge, oral examoral exam


Flight SimulationFlight Simulation

8. Flight simulator for knowledge8. Flight simulator for knowledge9. Simulator for procedural training9. Simulator for procedural training10. Simulator procedural validation check10. Simulator procedural validation check11. Practice a maneuver in a simulator11. Practice a maneuver in a simulator12. Maneuver validation simulator check12. Maneuver validation simulator check13. Line Oriented Flight maneuver sim check 13. Line Oriented Flight maneuver sim check


In-Aircraft FlightIn-Aircraft Flight

14. Do line experience training14. Do line experience training15. Do line check, initial qualification, facilitated 15. Do line check, initial qualification, facilitated

debriefdebrief16. Do line operational safety audit regularly for all 16. Do line operational safety audit regularly for all

crews with facilitated debriefcrews with facilitated debrief

16 Levels of Proficiency16 Levels of Proficiency

Level of ProficiencyLevel of Proficiency

Higher the level of training, the higher the Higher the level of training, the higher the proficiency from self study to in aircraft proficiency from self study to in aircraft flight trainingflight training

Level of training in terms of Level of training in terms of substance of subjectssubstance of subjects

CRM ?CRM ?FAA ATP & Type rating require verification FAA ATP & Type rating require verification of CRM skills during 2 hour Check Rides of CRM skills during 2 hour Check Rides

Some majors provide 2 day CRM courseSome majors provide 2 day CRM course– 6 person jury personality computerized test6 person jury personality computerized test– personality profile review personality profile review – comparison to self personality testcomparison to self personality test– Multiple group exercisesMultiple group exercises

Level of training in terms of Level of training in terms of substancesubstance

CRM?CRM?Buffalo, Lexington, Tenerife….Buffalo, Lexington, Tenerife….

How well trained was crew in CRM?How well trained was crew in CRM?

How effective was their CRM?How effective was their CRM?

Is Is competency by checkingcompetency by checking as valid as as valid as competency by trainingcompetency by training??

Is sitting for the exam as valid as training?Is sitting for the exam as valid as training?We don’t think so.We don’t think so.

Training Yields DisciplineTraining Yields Discipline

Train, train, train until:Train, train, train until:

You fly like you trainYou fly like you train

Discipline to SOPDiscipline to SOP

All crewmembersAll crewmembers

All the timeAll the time

Training is Not the same as verification by Training is Not the same as verification by checkingchecking

Levels of SubstanceLevels of Substance

Precision ApproachesPrecision Approaches– Basic ILS proceduresBasic ILS procedures– Hand flown, automationHand flown, automation– ILS with PRMILS with PRM– ILS CAT 2/3ILS CAT 2/3– ILS with engine failureILS with engine failure– ILS failure mode trainingILS failure mode training– ILS Go Around in Mountainous TerrainILS Go Around in Mountainous Terrain


Non-Precision ApproachesNon-Precision Approaches– Localizer, ILS glide slope inop, VOR, NDBLocalizer, ILS glide slope inop, VOR, NDB– beacons not collocated at field, windbeacons not collocated at field, wind– Automation modesAutomation modes– Engine failureEngine failure– Go around in mountainous terrainGo around in mountainous terrain– Special cases, Mishap scenariosSpecial cases, Mishap scenarios


Engine FailureEngine Failure– V1 CutV1 Cut– V1 Cut night IMCV1 Cut night IMC– V2 CutV2 Cut– V1 Cut in Mountainous Terrain, special engine V1 Cut in Mountainous Terrain, special engine

out proceduresout procedures– Other system failuresOther system failures– Case Studies, special scenarios, weatherCase Studies, special scenarios, weather


Wind ShearWind Shear– Crew recognitionCrew recognition– Automated annunciationAutomated annunciation– Hand flown: take off, approach, landingHand flown: take off, approach, landing– Automation flownAutomation flown– Radar ProceduresRadar Procedures– Case Studies of Wind Shear mishapsCase Studies of Wind Shear mishaps


Aircraft ManeuveringAircraft Maneuvering– Turn pattern, stall series Stall warningTurn pattern, stall series Stall warning– Unusual attitudes, Vg-Vn DiagramUnusual attitudes, Vg-Vn Diagram– Departure from controlled flightDeparture from controlled flight– Loss of ControllabilityLoss of Controllability– Angle of Attack recovery maneuversAngle of Attack recovery maneuvers– Icing effect on stall, stall warning & recoveryIcing effect on stall, stall warning & recovery– Case Studies, Aircraft MishapsCase Studies, Aircraft Mishaps


CFITCFIT– CFTI recognition and preventionCFTI recognition and prevention– CFIT warningsCFIT warnings– CFIT recovery maneuversCFIT recovery maneuvers– EGPWS trainingEGPWS training– Special case airports in airline systemSpecial case airports in airline system– Case studies from around the worldCase studies from around the world


Cold Weather Ops and Icing In FlightCold Weather Ops and Icing In Flight– Pre Flight PreparationsPre Flight Preparations– Anti-Icing, DeicingAnti-Icing, Deicing– Ground opsGround ops– In flight icing encountersIn flight icing encounters– Meteorological in-flight recognition cuesMeteorological in-flight recognition cues– Case Studies of Cold Weather and Icing Case Studies of Cold Weather and Icing

related mishapsrelated mishaps


Weight and BalanceWeight and Balance– Basic calculations, limitsBasic calculations, limits– Line procedures, Forms used, ChecklistsLine procedures, Forms used, Checklists– Responsibilities: Flight Crew, Ground Responsibilities: Flight Crew, Ground

Supervisor, Loading Crew, Supervisor, Loading Crew, – AutomationAutomation– MEL, CDL, DMP: limitsMEL, CDL, DMP: limits– Live animals, plants, medicines, high valueLive animals, plants, medicines, high value– HAZMAT proceduresHAZMAT procedures


Human FactorsHuman Factors– Fatigue recognitionFatigue recognition– CommunicationsCommunications– Crew Resource Management CRMCrew Resource Management CRM– Threat and Error Management TEMThreat and Error Management TEM– Man Machine AutomationMan Machine Automation– SOPSOP– ChecklistsChecklists


NavigationNavigation– Finer points of SIDS & STARS, notesFiner points of SIDS & STARS, notes– ILS Approach plate details ILS Approach plate details – Airport diagram, hot spots Airport diagram, hot spots – Runway information details, 10-9A, Runway information details, 10-9A,

GroovingGrooving

Porous Friction CoatingPorous Friction Coating

Anti Skid LayerAnti Skid Layer

CrowningCrowning

Levels of Substance TrainingLevels of Substance Training

Level of Substance should be very highLevel of Substance should be very high

Include:Include:– all details of all operations, all SOPall details of all operations, all SOP– As complete as you can make itAs complete as you can make it– All RisksAll Risks encountered, expected in line ops encountered, expected in line ops– very large investment: Time, People, Money very large investment: Time, People, Money

Will pay off with mishap free operation!Will pay off with mishap free operation!

Levels of Substance TrainingLevels of Substance Training

Or the minimum to satisfy the regulator?Or the minimum to satisfy the regulator?

ruru Seeking One Level of Safety? Seeking One Level of Safety?

If you are seeking one level of safety If you are seeking one level of safety amongst all commercial airlines,amongst all commercial airlines,

Wouldn’t you want to seek one level of Wouldn’t you want to seek one level of training amongst all commercial airlines?training amongst all commercial airlines?

Levels of SophisticationLevels of Sophistication

IntroductionIntroduction

BasicBasic

IntermediateIntermediate

AdvancedAdvanced

Special Case StudiesSpecial Case Studies


Introduction: Orientation, Big Picture, What Introduction: Orientation, Big Picture, What is it all about?is it all about?

BasicBasic


AdvancedAdvanced




Basic: Knowledge, ideas, elements, Basic: Knowledge, ideas, elements, componentscomponents


AdvancedAdvanced




BasicBasic

Intermediate: Procedural, SOPIntermediate: Procedural, SOP

AdvancedAdvanced




BasicBasic


Advanced: Maneuvers, interactionsAdvanced: Maneuvers, interactions




BasicBasic


AdvancedAdvanced

Special Case Studies & Lessons LearnedSpecial Case Studies & Lessons Learned

Level of Training MeasurementsLevel of Training Measurements

16 Levels of Proficiency16 Levels of Proficiency

40 Levels of Substance (chosen because 40 Levels of Substance (chosen because of skill importance)of skill importance)

5 Levels of Sophistication 5 Levels of Sophistication


ProficiencyProficiency

Substance Substance

Sophistication Sophistication


Proficiency plotted on the z axisProficiency plotted on the z axis

Substance plotted on the x axis Substance plotted on the x axis

Sophistication plotted on the y axisSophistication plotted on the y axis


Proficiency plotted on the z axisProficiency plotted on the z axis

Substance plotted on the x axis Substance plotted on the x axis

Sophistication plotted on the y axisSophistication plotted on the y axis

Gives a nice three dimensional graphic of Gives a nice three dimensional graphic of where each operation is in terms of where each operation is in terms of “level “level of training.”of training.”

Level of Training: ProficiencyLevel of Training: Proficiency1. Read an article, bulletin1. Read an article, bulletin2. Read an article, take open book test2. Read an article, take open book test3. Attend a lecture, media based briefing3. Attend a lecture, media based briefing4. Receive a lecture with Q & A4. Receive a lecture with Q & A5. Attend seminar with interaction and discussion 5. Attend seminar with interaction and discussion 6. Do an exercise, do a group exercise6. Do an exercise, do a group exercise7. Prepare for a verbal recital of knowledge, oral exam7. Prepare for a verbal recital of knowledge, oral exam8. Flight simulator for knowledge8. Flight simulator for knowledge9. Simulator for procedural training9. Simulator for procedural training10. Simulator procedural validation check10. Simulator procedural validation check11. Practice a maneuver in a simulator11. Practice a maneuver in a simulator12. Maneuver validation simulator check12. Maneuver validation simulator check13. Line Oriented Flight maneuver sim Check 13. Line Oriented Flight maneuver sim Check 14. Do line experience training in aircraft14. Do line experience training in aircraft15. Do line check in aircraft for initial qualification with facilitated debrief15. Do line check in aircraft for initial qualification with facilitated debrief16. Do a line operational safety audit regularly for all crews with facilitated debrief16. Do a line operational safety audit regularly for all crews with facilitated debrief

Level of Training: SubstanceLevel of Training: Substance1. TEM1. TEM2. CRM2. CRM3. Non Prec App3. Non Prec App4. Prec App4. Prec App5. FOM MRB5. FOM MRB6. TCAS6. TCAS7. CFIT7. CFIT8. EGPWS8. EGPWS9. Wt & Bal9. Wt & Bal10. Windshear10. Windshear11. V1 Cuts11. V1 Cuts12. Grnd Ops12. Grnd Ops13. System Failure13. System Failure14. GA/MA14. GA/MA15. Upset Recovery15. Upset Recovery16. Glass16. Glass17. EFB17. EFB18. Divert Air18. Divert Air19. MEL CDL19. MEL CDL20. RTO20. RTO

21. Incursion21. Incursion22. Icing22. Icing23. ReDispatch/ReRelease23. ReDispatch/ReRelease24. Cold Wx Ops24. Cold Wx Ops25. DRVSM25. DRVSM26. Human Factors26. Human Factors27. Comm27. Comm28. SIDs28. SIDs29. STARs29. STARs30. Wet RW Ops30. Wet RW Ops31. CAT 2/331. CAT 2/332. Hazmat32. Hazmat33. Fatigue33. Fatigue34. Int’l Ops34. Int’l Ops35. ETOPS35. ETOPS36. Radar36. Radar37. MNPS37. MNPS38. Long Range Nav38. Long Range Nav39. Intercept39. Intercept40. Security40. Security

Level of Training: SophisticationLevel of Training: Sophistication

1. Introduction1. Introduction

2. Basic2. Basic

3. Intermediate3. Intermediate

4. Advanced4. Advanced

5. Special Case Studies5. Special Case Studies

Minimum Training Level Primary Subjects

Intro Basic Intermediate Advanced SpecialTEM 1 12 7 0 0CRM 1 7 15 0 0NonPrecAp 7 12 0 0 0PrecAp 7 12 0 0 0FOM MRB 4 0 0 0 0TCAS 2 11 12 0 0CFIT 3 11 0 0 0EGPWS 0 0 0 0 0Wt & Bal 5 7 0 0 0Windshear 3 12 0 0 0V1Cuts 7 11 12 0 0Grnd Ops 5 5 12 0 0System Fail 10 12 0 0 0GA/MA 10 10 12 0 0UpsetRecvry 2 10 0 0 0

Minimum Training Level Secondary SubjectsIntro Basic Intermediate Advanced Special

Glass 8 9 10 0 0EFB 0 0 0 0 0Divert Air 4 6 6 0 0MEL CDL 4 7 0 0 0RTO 4 10 0 0 0RW Incursn 2 0 0 0 0Icing 7 0 0 0 0ReDispatch/ReRelease 0 0 0 0 0ColdWxOps 1 7 0 0 0DRVSM 4 10 0 0 0HumanFactor 1 1 0 0 0Comm 5 8 12 0 0SID 4 11 12 0 0STARS 4 11 12 0 0CDA 0 0 0 0 0Wet RW Ops 2 4 0 0 0CAT2/3 0 0 0 0 0Hazmat 3 0 0 0 0Fatigue 3 0 0 0 0Int'l Ops 0 0 0 0 0ETOPS 0 0 0 0 0Radar 3 0 0 0 0MNPS 0 0 0 0 0LongRngNav 0 0 0 0 0Intercept 2 0 0 0 0Security 1 0 0 0 0

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Can Commercial Airlines Achieve One Level of Safety By Embarking on a Program of One Level of Training ? What is the relationship between Training and