Campus Sustainability Standards - Cleveland Urban Design ... standards_screen.pdfCampus Sustainability Standards were prepared by ... they should be considered for new and existing

Campus Sustainability Standardsfor Youngstown State University

Campus Sustainability Standards were prepared byThe Urban Design Center of Northeast OhioCollege of Architecture and Environmental DesignKent State University820 Prospect Avenue, Cleveland OH 44115Phone (216) 357 3434 www.cudc.kent.edu

forYoungstown State UniversityOne University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555www.ysu.edu

in collaboration withThe Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban AffairsCleveland State University2121 Euclid AvenueCleveland, Ohio 44115

Funding for this project was provided in part by the Northeast Ohio Research Consortium, a project of the Ohio Board of Regents’ Urban University Program.

December, 2004

Campus Sustainability Standards ..................................................1

Construction and Rehabilitation ....................................................2

Energy Management ......................................................................9

Indoor Air Quality .......................................................................11

Building Maintenance .................................................................12

Water Conservation .....................................................................14

Stormwater Management .............................................................15

Erosion Control ...........................................................................16

Green Space Network ..................................................................17

Landscaping and Plant Materials .................................................18

Landscape Maintenance ..............................................................20

Circulation and Parking ...............................................................22

Appendix Native and hardy trees, shrubs, and plants ..........................23 Invasive non-native plants ....................................................30 Plant materials for green roofs ............................................32

Bibliography ................................................................................33

CONTENTS

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Youngstown State University

CAMPUS SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDSYoungstown State University is committed to principles of sustainability and

environmental stewardship, and these principles are addressed in the following Campus Sustainability Standards. Good stewardship on the YSU campus involves constructing buildings that address total life cycle costs, including construction costs, maintenance costs over the productive life of a building, long- and short-term environmental impacts, and embodied costs such as the impacts of manufacturing the materials used in building construction. Life cycle assessment also anticipates future uses for campus buildings and incorporates design standards so that buildings have the flexibility to be converted to other uses as needed. Recycled materials, renewable energy sources, and sustainable technologies are encouraged for all new buildings and building rehabilitation projects at YSU, with the goal of improving energy performance, reducing operating costs, and mitigating adverse environmental impacts of the University.

Principles of good stewardship also apply to the campus grounds at YSU. Public spaces, parking lots, and public infrastructure can be designed and constructed for long-term sustainability through techniques and practices that reduce stormwater run-off, increase native vegetation, and promote ecologically-based groundskeeping practices for the campus.

The Campus Sustainability Standards include specific strategies for the design, construction, and maintenance of campus facilities and grounds in ways that are sustainable and environmentally sound. These incremental steps toward sustainability are inter-related and can be combined in ways that will reduce costs, improve the performance of campus facilities, and lessen the University’s environmental impacts. But design decisions will invariably lead to trade-offs, where construction and maintenance costs must be balanced with competing environmental and social values. Establishing a vision of a sustainable campus and determining the University’s priorities will be an important first step in implementing these standards. Once clear goals for sustainability are in place, the standards will help to guide the University’s decision-making process for on-going campus design, construction, and maintenance.

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CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATIONNew construction and building rehabilitation are ideal opportunities to promote

the goals of sustainability on the YSU campus. Sustainability goals need to be established before beginning schematic design of any building project so that University administrators and their architects and contractors have a clear direction and share a common responsibility for implementing these goals as an integrated part of the design process.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEEDTM) is a green building rating system produced and maintained by the US Green Building Council. Adopting LEEDTM standards for all University development would help YSU achieve long term sustainability goals. The following guidelines and strategies are consistent with the requirements of LEEDTM certification, but can be implemented independently of the certification process.

Building orientation and siting Building orientation establishes the basic relationship between the campus, the University population, and the surrounding City.

• Orient main building facades parallel to the street to reinforce the street network. • Wherever possible, orient buildings to allow for natural lighting and ventila-

tion, and passive solar heating, recognizing that these goals may sometimes be in direct competition with each other and with the previous goal of orienting buildings to reinforce the street network. The siting of each campus building will depend on a variety of factors and design trade-offs may need to needed in an effort to address specific site conditions and the competing priorities of the University.

• Explore alternative building footprints; narrow building widths (of 60 to 80 feet) and central atria increase the potential for natural ventilation and daylighting.

• Avoid steeply sloped sites when siting new buildings and major building additions; when sloped sites cannot be avoided, incorporate building technologies that limit the potential for erosion and take advantage of thermal benefits involved in building into hillsides.

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Materials and equipment Durable, environmentally friendly building materials and equipment can reduce maintenance and life-cycle costs for campus buildings.

• Consider the full cost of building operation and maintenance when selecting building materials and choose durable, low-maintenance materials that will provide cost savings over the life-cycle of a building.

• Use rapidly renewable, recycled, or salvaged and refurbished building materials wherever possible, but keep in mind that some of these materials may have a shorter life cycle and need more frequent replacement than conventional building materials.

1. Rapidly renewable building materials are those which can be planted or harvested in a cycle of ten years or less, such as bamboo, which can be used for flooring and wall coverings.

2. For wood-based building materials, aim for a minimum of 20% that are certified in accordance with Forest Stewardship Council guidelines.

3. Consider using engineered composite wood beams instead of large-di-mension lumber for structural supports. Engineered wood beams can take long spans and have an efficient strength-to-weight ratio.

4. Specify building and site materials that contain post-consumer or post-industrial recycled content.

5. Commonly salvaged building materials include wood flooring, paneling and cabinets, auditorium seating, toilet partitions, light fixtures, doors and frames, brick, stone, and heavy timbers.

• Acquire building and site development materials from local or regional sources wherever possible. Aim for 50% of materials that are manufactured, extracted, harvested, or recycled within a 500 mile radius of the YSU campus.

• Specify materials and equipment that eliminate exposure to toxins and environmental pollutants

1. Choose flooring materials, wall coatings, adhesives, and sealants that are low in volatile organic compounds (VOC); use products that conform to the US Green Building Council’s Green Seal Standard.

2. Use solvent-free, low toxicity finishes for all non-painted interior wood and floor surfaces.

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3. Wool carpeting is typically preferable to petroleum-based synthetics, although synthetic carpets, especially those manufactured from recycled plastics, may be appropriate in high traffic areas because they tend to have lower life-cycle costs.

4. Avoid insulation materials that use chlorine-based gases in their produc-tion process.

5. Composite wood or agrifiber products should contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins.

6. Choose low-emissive furniture and equipment.7. Replace existing HVAC equipment that contains CFCs through a phase-

out plan for the University; upgrade equipment wherever possible for greater energy-efficiency.

• To the greatest extent possible, standardize hardware, plumbing, and electrical devices for buildings campus-wide.

Plumbing Plumbing systems and fixtures can be designed to conserve water and reduce operating costs.

• For new construction, the provision of separate water supply piping to toilets may be appropriate as a way to facilitate future gray water reuse.

• Where the installation of separate water supply piping is cost-prohibitive, install water-efficient plumbing fixtures.

• Consider multiple point-of-use hot water heaters for campus facilities; this equipment generates hot water on demand instead of storing heated water in tanks for future use.

Lighting and ventilation Lighting and ventilation can be designed to reduce energy costs and provide a comfortable environment for building users. However, keep in mind that there will be trade-offs between heating, cooling and energy use in each building. For example, a building designed to optimize the use of natural light may have higher cooling costs in the summer. A building with operable windows may enhance the comfort of its users but may also have higher heating costs in the winter. Competing benefits must be balanced in the design of every building in the context of overall sustainability goals for the campus.

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• Design and orient buildings to allow for maximum natural light; try to achieve a direct line of sight to clear glass windows from 90% of all regular-ly-occupied spaces (excluding copy rooms, storage areas, mechanical rooms, and laundry areas).

• Design buildings to allow for maximum natural ventilation.• Explore energy-efficient insulation, windows, air handling systems, and HVAC

systems to reduce building operation costs.• Specify double- or triple-glazing and other energy-efficient window treatments

for new and rehabilitated buildings.• Use clear glass windows, rather than tinted or mirrored glass; coated or spec-

trally-selective low-e glass can be used to reduce glare and heat gain.

Green roofs Green or vegetative roofs reduce heat gain on rooftops, lower energy costs, provide stormwater retention, improve air and water quality, improve the appearance of University buildings, and provide an amenity for the campus population. Despite the relatively high construction costs of green roof systems, they should be considered for new and existing campus buildings. In addition to the benefits listed above, green roofs, which typically incorporate a layer of growing material over a heavy waterproofing membrane, last two to three times longer than conventional commercial-grade roofing systems.

• For new buildings, plant 75% of all open roof area (remaining area not used for mechanical equipment) as roof gardens.

• Where structurally possible, retrofit existing buildings with rooftop plantings; aim for vegetation on 50% of all flat roof surfaces throughout the campus.

• Choose hardy, low-growing plants and grasses that can tolerate the extreme temperatures and dryness of a roof environment. Larger trees and shrubs may also be incorporated into a roof garden, if the structure of the roof is sufficient to bear the increased load. These larger plant materials are character-defining elements and are most appropriate in applications where a green roof will be used as a gathering place for the campus community and/or the general public. The increased costs of using more substantial plant materials must be balanced against the added benefit of a green roof as a campus amenity.

Source: American Wick Drain Corporation

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• Plant materials should be selected based on the orientation, exposure, and structure of a given roof, but a general list of appropriate roof garden plants can be found on page 32.

• Where building structure or other factors will not permit a green roof, use roofing materials that have high reflectance and low emissivity (in compliance with EPA Energy Star Roofing Guidelines). An acceptable standard is an initial reflectance of at least .65 and three-year aged reflectance of at least .5 when tested in accordance with ASTM E408.

Acoustics The following guidelines aim to reduce the volume and impact of building noise.

• Design buildings and install equipment so that the decibel level (inside or out-side the building) does not exceed 50 decibels with all equipment running.

• Specify mechanical devices, ductwork, and plumbing that generate the least noise possible and dampen the noise generated.

• Locate noise-generating mechanical functions and equipment away from the most heavily used building spaces.

• Enclose noise-generating equipment with sound-absorbing walls, floors, and ceilings.

• When developing floor layouts for new buildings, use corridors, lobbies, stairwells, janitorial closets, and storage rooms as buffers between mechanical rooms and occupied spaces.

• Place vibrating equipment on isolation pads.• Avoid locating outside air intake or exhaust openings near windows, doors, or

vents where noise can re-enter a building.• Consider the use of sound-rated acoustic doors and doors with acoustic seals.• Use floating slabs and sound insulation around wall, ceiling, and floor partitions.

Trees For new construction and utility projects, the YSU Department of University Facilities will specify which existing trees may be removed and which must stay. These decisions should be based on a campus-wide inventory of existing trees, listing species, height, trunk diameter, approximate size of crown, and drip line for each tree. Tree protection measures to be used during construction include:

• Fencing, which should be installed at the drip line of each tree.• Geotextile and mulch, which should be spread over the entire critical root zone.

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Indoor air quality Construction projects (particularly renovations and additions to existing buildings) can lead to indoor air quality problems unless appropriate precautions are taken.

• Specify containment strategies, including the control and monitoring of pollutant sources, the protection of HVAC systems from construction dust and odors, enhanced housekeeping measures, and coordinated building schedules to minimize disruption to building occupants.

• Temporarily seal exposed or open ductwork during construction.• Do not use existing HVAC systems to ventilate construction areas.• Clean ducts and replace filters when construction is complete.• Specify the installation of absorptive materials (i.e. insulation, carpet, ceiling

tiles, and gypsum products) after the prescribed dry or cure time of wet finishes to prevent the absorption of off-gas odors or toxins.

Alternative energy sources Electricity, natural gas, and oil are used to meet the University’s energy requirements. Alternative technologies may reduce the environmental impacts of campus facilities and reduce long term operating costs.

• Consider the use of solar energy for water-heating or preheating in buildings where the highest volumes of water are used; solar water heating should be evaluated against the use of point-of-source water heating to determine which provides more benefit at less cost in a given application.

• Design passive solar heating into new buildings by orienting buildings to cap-ture and benefit from the heat of the sun.

• Incorporate passive cooling from trees, window films and shades, and smart window technologies to reduce solar heat gain in warmer months.

• Supplement existing electrical supplies with photovoltaic systems wherever feasible to reduce the University’s grid power demand.

• Explore the use of wind turbines to generate supplemental electricity; campus windmills would require sufficient regular winds in excess of 15 miles per hour to operate effectively.

• Consider geothermal wells as an alternative heating source for campus buildings.

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Construction waste Rehabilitating existing University buildings for an extended life cycle is a key component of reducing construction waste, as rehabilitation typically produces less waste than demolition and new construction. The following guidelines will help to reduce construction waste for new buildings, as well as for rehabilitation and additions to existing buildings.

• During construction projects, implement a waste management plan and quantify materials diverted by weight, with the goal of recycling 75% of wood scrap, 100% of metal scrap, and 90% of cardboard generated at the site.

• Assess the local demand for recycled construction waste. If there is a market for recycled building materials, specify “deconstruction” versus “demolition” for building removal. Deconstruction results in cleaner, well-sorted waste streams that are more easily and effectively processed by commercial recyclers.

• Require a recycling area at construction sites with separate dumpsters for material separation.

• Use licensed haulers and processors for recyclable materials.

Operational waste Waste reduction can be accomplished if recycling is easy and efficient for students, faculty, and staff. To facilitate waste reduction:

• Identify the types of marketable recyclable waste likely to be generated by building occupants.

• Provide an easily accessible area in each University building that is dedicated to the separation, collection, and storage of recyclable materials.

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ENERGY MANAGEMENTIn addition to the standards for energy conservation listed in the previous section

on new construction and building rehabilitation, there are several key strategies for reducing energy use and costs on campus.

Heat islands In urban settings, concentrations of buildings, parking lots and other paved areas can increase air temperatures on warm summer days. Higher temperatures in urban heat islands increases air conditioning use and pollution levels. Trees, shrubs, and plants can mitigate heat island effects by intercepting solar radiation and cooling the air through evapotranspiration, thus reducing urban temperatures and saving energy.

• Minimize heat island effects in the campus environment by planting large canopy, deciduous street trees to shade sidewalks, parking areas, and other exposed surfaces.

• Where space permits, consider a double row of street trees.• Provide trees in and around parking lots and adjacent to on-street parking

areas; this helps to improve air quality by reducing summer temperatures.• Investigate the use of cool concrete pavements, instead of asphalt, for parking

lot surfaces. Concrete has an albedo (reflectance) of approximately twice that asphalt. This higher reflectance reduces heat island effects; as an added benefit, concrete also has a lower life-cycle cost than asphalt in most parking applications. White portland cement with reflective aggregates will reduce heat island effects even more than standard gray portland cement concrete, although the benefit of reduced heat generation must be weighed against the added cost of white-cement concrete.

• Plant deciduous trees to shade the south and west sides of buildings from the summer sun. Plant evergreen trees to the west and northwest to protect buildings from winter winds.

• Plant trees in groups to more effectively reduce heat island effects; trees planted in groups are also more likely to live longer.

• Install green roofs on campus buildings (also discussed in the Construction and Rehabilitation section on page 4) to reduce heat island effects.

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Lighting Lighting can be designed to reduce energy costs.• Specify high-efficiency light fixtures for all new construction; and retrofit

high-efficiency fixtures for existing campus facilities; high-efficiency electronic ballasts and low-e T-8 lamps reduce electricity use and lower the heat load of a building.

• Arrange fixtures to support building use patterns.• Use motion sensors and daylight dimmers so that lights operate only on demand.

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INDOOR AIR QUALITYMaintaining and improving indoor air quality requires adequate ventilation,

control of airborne contaminants, and stable indoor temperatures and relative humidity. Air quality issues are building-specific and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, but the following standards and policies apply to all campus facilities.

• Ban indoor smoking in University buildings and facilities.• Provide designated smoking areas outside campus buildings in places where

secondhand smoke cannot re-enter buildings or ventilation systems, and away from areas of high pedestrian traffic.

• Ensure that intake sources for ventilation systems are not blocked or located near parking lots, loading areas, building exhaust fans, cooling towers, trash containers, dumpsters or other sources of fumes.

• Maintain relative humidity between 30% and 40%.• Design cooling coil pans to ensure complete draining.• Clean and replace air-conditioner and humidifier filters regularly.• Have all friable asbestos removed by a licensed contractor.• Avoid the purchase of products with high levels of formaldehyde and PCBs,

and steam clean new carpets and furniture prior to use to avoid potential expo-sure to these chemicals.

• Install carbon monoxide monitoring systems in all facilities where generation of CO is expected.

• Install permanent carbon dioxide monitoring systems in campus buildings to provide data on space ventilation performance; initial operational setpoint param-eters should maintain indoor CO2 levels no higher than 1,000 parts per million.

• Calibrate carbon dioxide monitoring systems as frequently as the manufactur-er’s recommendations, but not less than once per year.

• Install independent system(s) to monitor for contaminants such as ozone, radon, nitric oxide, sulphur dioxide, fungus, and mold, or make monitoring for these contaminants a function of each building’s automation system.

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BUILDING MAINTENANCECleaning products

• Seek out cleaning supplies that are non-toxic and phosphate-free.• Check Materials Safety Data Sheets (available from product manufacturers)

to determine the main ingredients and toxicity levels for cleaning products; choose products based on low-toxicity, as well as effectiveness and cost.

• Implement an environmentally preferred purchasing program. Environmentally preferred purchasing entails the use of products that have a lessened effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products that serve the same purpose. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maintains a product database on its web site (http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp/tools/toolsuite.htm) to help guide purchasing decisions for maintenance prod-ucts and other University purchases.

• Pilot-test new products before making a university-wide switch, to ensure that the products are effective and maintenance staff are properly trained in their use.

• Use cleaning products that are available in a concentrated form; use central mix-ing and dispensing units to ensure proper dilution rates and to reduce waste.

Paint

• Use and dispose of paint, varnish, and solvents properly.• Limit the use of spray guns to high volume and fully enclosed low pressure guns.• Train painters in proper application and disposal techniques and require the use

of respirators during paint application.• Select less hazardous paints that have low-volatile organic compounds (VOC).• Choose latex or other water-based paints, rather than oil-based paints.

Pest management

• Conduct routine and detailed inspections of campus facilities to ensure effec-tive pest management.

• Prevent pest incursions through sanitation procedures, proper food storage, and the timely removal of standing water. Physical barriers such as weatherstrip-ping, caulk, and screens also help prevent infestations.

• Implement integrated pest management strategies, including the selective ap-plication of low-impact pesticides and the introduction of natural predators to control pests.

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• Apply pesticides only where needed, in limited and targeted applications.• When pesticides are needed, they should be applied only by licensed profes-

sionals and for their intended use.• Use direct application of pesticides to problem areas rather than sprays and

fogs to limit airborne exposure.• Apply pesticides only when buildings are unoccupied and food is safely stored

to prevent accidental exposure.

Heating and cooling

• Monitor refrigerants used in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and promptly repair leaks.

• Install low-loss fittings and valves and high-efficiency purge devices to reduce refrigerant losses during the operation of cooling equipment.

• Maintain boilers in compliance with the Clean Air Act.

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WATER CONSERVATIONProper maintenance of plumbing systems, the use of new technologies, and changes in

the behavior and habits of students, faculty, and staff can significantly reduce the amount of water consumed on campus and disposed into the sewer system.

• Conduct a water audit to identify and evaluate plumbing equipment on campus.• Conduct a water conservation campaign to reduce campus water usage.• Retrofit or replace toilets, faucet aerators, and showerheads with low-flow models.• Consider closed loop heating and cooling systems for new buildings; these sys-

tems recycle water after sending it through a cooling tower or heating plant, thus reducing water usage. Due to the high cost of closed loop systems, they are most appropriate in situations where minimal net water usage is a high priority.

• Fix dripping or leaking water pipes and fixtures, running hoses, and malfunctioning toilets as promptly as possible.

• Decrease the use of potable water for sewage conveyance by using gray water sys-tems; gray water can also be used for landscape irrigation.

• Further limit the use of potable water for landscape irrigation by harvesting and storing rainwater for later use in the irrigation of campus grounds; rainwater can be collected from the roofs of University buildings and stored in underground or at-grade tanks for use in irrigating lawns and green spaces.

• Use hardy native plant species for campus grounds to limit the need for supplemen-tal irrigation.

• Where irrigation is required, use drip irrigation, micro-irrigation, moisture sensors, weather-based controllers, or other water-efficient systems.

• Establish separate zones for plants with different water needs, so irrigation is only provided where necessary.

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STORMWATER MANAGEMENTBest management practices for stormwater are site-specific and must be designed to

respond to specific soil and groundwater conditions. Generally, the following standards can be applied to stormwater management campus-wide:

• Determine the goals and expected outcomes of a campus-wide stormwater management plan.

• Preserve any existing wetland areas on or near campus as a first and most important step for reducing stormwater runoff.

• Maximize on-site stormwater infiltration and capture rainwater from impervious areas for groundwater recharge or reuse within campus buildings.

• Prepare stormwater management plans for all new and existing campus parking lots.• Provide landscaping for all surface parking lots; at least 20% of the surface area

of any hard-surface paved area should be landscaped.• Plant trees at the perimeter of parking areas as well as within the lots.• Use permeable paved surfaces, such as porous concrete and porous asphalt, inter-

locking pavers, open-grid pavement systems, and reinforced grass for parking lots to reduce stormwater runoff.

• Incorporate planting strips between sections of pavement to screen parking areas and collect runoff.

• Consider stormwater management features to store and filter stormwater runoff from paved areas on campus. These features include:1. Sand-filters, which remove solids and reduce pollutants as stormwater exits a

parking lot. Generally, sand-filters are two-tiered systems which first remove debris and then filter pollutants from stormwater. The chamber of a sand filter should have a surface area of approximately 360 square feet per acre of runoff.

2. Bio-retention basins or “pocket wetlands,” which consist of deep, porous earth areas planted with trees and shrubs that thrive in wet and dry conditions. The roots of these plant materials absorb and help to break down contaminants from storm runoff. Clay soils and high water tables will limit the exfiltration from bio-retention basins and bio-swales, so these conditions must be taken into account when designing any stormwater management feature.

• Consider green roofs (also discussed in the Construction and Rehabilitation guidelines on page 4) for new and existing campus buildings. Green roofs and roof gardens can be designed to retain precipitation, reduce peak-flow run-off, and filter pollution and nutrients from stormwater.

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EROSION CONTROLWind, rainwater and runoff, and human activity can lead to soil loss and erosion.

Soil erosion causes the loss of nutrient-rich top soil and pollutes local waterways with sediment, as well as pesticides and fertilizers used in grounds maintenance.

The natural topography of the Youngstown region makes the YSU campus especially susceptible to erosion. The following guidelines can reduce erosion problems on campus:

• Avoid development on sites with extreme slopes or hills.• Incorporate an erosion and sediment control plan into all capital improvement

projects on campus.• Identify and map areas with high susceptibility to erosion for the entire campus.• Use silt fencing, sediment traps, and other stabilization methods for steep slopes;

keep in mind that these measures provide only a moderate amount of erosion control and do not prevent the erosion of fine-grain sediment.

• As a more effective measure, provide or maintain a hardy ground cover to reduce erosion during construction projects; ground cover should be established within seven days of site disturbance.

• Limit the disruption of topsoil and native vegetation during construction projects.• Choose appropriate plantings of native grasses, shrubs, and other vegetation to

reduce the risk of erosion on hillsides and steep slopes.

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GREEN SPACE NETWORKThe green space network at YSU contributes to the quality of life, academic

environment, and University identity for students, faculty, staff, and visitors. The design and configuration of campus grounds contributes substantially to the “curb appeal” of the campus for the first-time visitor. Green spaces can reinforce the University’s commitment to sustainable practices and provide visible evidence of this commitment.

• Establish land conservation and the preservation of open space as a priority for the University.

• Maximize the quantity and quality of landscaping throughout the campus; consider all surfaces as landscape opportunities, including roofs and walls.

• Integrate and closely coordinate building and landscape design for all new con-struction and rehabilitation projects.

• Design multi-purpose landscapes that provide recreational opportunities, treat stormwater, create bird and animal habitat, and reduce heat islands.

• Create a habitat plan to identify planting strategies that encourage a healthy ecosystem within the context of campus sustainability goals; a comprehensive approach to linking public and private open spaces will help to establish the critical mass needed for effective habitat creation and conservation.

• Make sustainability efforts visible throughout the campus to reinforce the Univer-sity’s educational mission and its commitment to the environment. For example:1. Use rainwater collection features to demonstrate how rainwater is collected

and reused on campus. Rainwater collection features can be incorporated into the facades of buildings or rain barrels can be installed at the ends of build-ing downspouts.

2. Curbs can be eliminated in selected areas to allow rainwater to run into planting strips, demonstrating the concept of natural irrigation.

3. Consider installing photovoltaic panels in campus open spaces that use col-lected energy to power lighting, clocks, fountains, and other amenities.

4. Develop an interpretive sign system that identifies sustainable features of the campus.

• Design landscaping to reduce heat islands around campus buildings and parking areas.

• Aim to provide shade for at least 30% of non-roof impervious surfaces on cam-pus, including parking lots, walkways, and plazas.

• Design parks and green spaces as extensions of indoor spaces to maximize their use.

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LANDSCAPING AND PLANT MATERIALSUsing hardy native plants for YSU landscapes will help protect the biodiversity of

the campus environment and reduce maintenance and irrigation requirements.• Inventory trees, shrubs, and other plant materials on campus to identify

invasive exotic species (to be removed) and to quantify the proportion of the existing landscape that is composed of Ohio-native species. The most wide-spread invasive species are listed on page 30-31.

• Select plant materials based on soil conditions, water requirements, and the size of each site.

• Use native plants wherever possible. • Do not plant invasive species; eradicate invasive species where they occur• Aim to have campus landscaping that consists of at least 50% native species

and 75% low maintenance plants (those that require minimal mowing, weeding, trimming, and irrigation). Tables of native and low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and plants are found on pages 23-30.

• Incorporate a diverse range of plant materials in campus green spaces, particularly plants that grow naturally together and are self-sustaining.

• Plant seed-, berry-, and nectar-producing shrubs that are attractive to birds, butterflies, and other insects.

• Avoid plant species that require frequent maintenance and irrigation. • Avoid allergy-causing plants and those that require chemical treatment.• Provide good growing conditions, including adequate root space for plants

and trees.• Use structural soils, where appropriate, to ensure adequate oxygen, water,

and growing space for tree root systems. 1. Structural soils are a combination of gravel, a growing medium of clay

loam, and binders to fix the stone and soil together. This combination provides the load-bearing required for tree roots in urban conditions without creating compaction. In addition to providing a better growing environment for street trees, structural soils tend to reduce problems with sidewalk heaving.

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2. Amended soils are less expensive, though less effective, than structural soils. But amended soils can be combined with continuous planting trench-es to establish a healthy growing environment for street trees. Continuous trenching entails the removal of the subgrade along the entire length of a planting area as an alternative to individual tree pits, providing additional space for root growth.

• Specify large caliper trees (3 to 3-½ inches) at planting; the planting cost will be higher, but the improved survival rate of trees over the long term will offset the initial expense.

• Plant trees to provide adequate shade coverage for pedestrians and park users.• Consider native prairie grasses for campus lawns. Where a more traditional lawn

is desired, use turf-type tall fescue for campus lawn areas. Tall fescue tolerates low soil fertility and highly compacted soils better than Kentucky bluegrass and requires less maintenance. It holds up well to heavy traffic, is resistant to disease and insects, and tolerates sun, shade and drought. It is, however, more coarse in appearance than other, more commonly used turf grasses. Where a more refined appearance is needed, use a combination of Kentucky bluegrass and perennial rye grass in sunny areas, or Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescue for shade.

• Specify landscape furnishings, such as benches and trash receptacles, that are consistent in style, color, and material; choose furnishings made of recycled or regionally produced materials wherever possible.

• Install raised planters, particularly where site conditions will not allow for street trees.1. Focus planters in specific areas to achieve maximum impact.2. Specify planters that are manufactured in the northeast Ohio region or con-

structed of recycled materials.3. Container plantings typically require fertilizers to maintain plant health; devel-

op a nutrient management plan (including periodic soil testing) to ensure that fertilizers are only applied in the minimal quantities needed for plant health.

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LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCEStrategic modifications to day-to-day campus maintenance policies can significantly

reduce the University’s adverse environmental impacts.

Maintenance products

• Substitute non-toxic products for toxic products wherever possible. For example, water-based paint can be used to line the boundaries of athletic fields to reduce the use of hazardous substances.

• Consider organic alternatives to herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides.• Develop a nutrient management plan for campus grounds to reduce the need for

fertilizer applications; conduct a soil test before applying fertilizer.

University lawns and fields A “green” university does not necessarily have continuous lawns of a limited range of turf grasses, mowed low and evenly. More sustainable practices for lawn and field maintenance include:

• Allow some areas of indigenous plant species in University green spaces to re-duce lawn maintenance requirements.

• Increase the diversity of grasses and other plants in lawn areas to include clovers and naturally occurring broadleaf plants (typically considered weeds) in order to reduce watering requirements and reduce or eliminate the need for herbicides and pesticides.

• Where weed control is desirable, consider organic alternatives to chemical her-bicides. Herbicidal soaps are non-selective, contact herbicides that are effective against annual weeds such as chickweed, spotted spurge, and crabgrass, although less effective on grasses and larger taproot weeds. Corn gluten is an effective pre-emergent herbicide that can be applied in early spring (prior to weed seed ger-mination) to control crabgrass, barnyard grass, foxtails, dandelion, and other weeds.

• Limit the use of pesticides for lawn maintenance. When necessary, consider the use of dry pesticides that are spread on the ground and watered to reduce airborne exposure as a result of spraying.

• Insecticide soaps and oils, applied at targeted times, can also be effective in inter-rupting the life cycle of a specific pest.

• Avoid the use of sod, as sod-production is an energy, soil, and water-intensive industry.

• Mulch grass clippings while mowing and allow them to remain on lawn areas; this practice saves labor, reduces waste disposal, and provides a natural alternative to chemical fertilizers.

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• Raise mowing heights to 5˝ to maintain healthy turf grass and inhibit the growth of weeds.

• Vary mowing patterns to reduce soil compaction.• Allow soil to dry between waterings to inhibit beetle grubs, webworms, moles,

and lawn diseases.• Apply fertilizer only as needed and according to soil tests. • Compost leaves on-site or at an off-site location; the compost material can be

reused in the spring or fall as a topdressing where it will provide nutrients and water-retaining organic materials to lawns and planting beds. Top dressing should be done in conjunction with core aeration to prevent thatch.

• Specify hydromulch (consisting of 100% recycled materials) for campus grounds.

• Whenever possible, allow lawns and athletic fields to “rest” for a limited pe-riod of time after heavy or demanding use.

Snow and ice removal The removal of snow and ice from the YSU campus is necessary to ensure safe driving and walking conditions. Although salt is effective and economical for ice removal, it damages plants and trees, and can pollute local water supplies. Runoff from stockpiles of salt and salt-laden snow intensifies this problem. Although the use of salt in maintaining campus grounds cannot be entirely eliminated, the following practices can reduce adverse environmental effects:

• Keep stockpiles of salt in enclosed storage structures to reduce the risk of polluting runoff.

• In some instances, sand can be substituted for salt. This is especially true for flat parking lot surfaces. However, the additional wear and tear on carpets and floors in affected campus buildings must be taken into account.

• Consider chemical alternatives to salt; although these alternatives can be costly, they should be considered for use around sensitive trees and plantings in order to reduce plant loss and damage.

• Avoid piling snow on planting areas and in bio-retention basins.• Consider piling plowed snow in a series of small piles (instead of one large

pile) to reduce soil compaction.

22

CIRCULATION AND PARKINGStreet design The character of the existing streets through the campus is determined by adjacent land uses. In general:

• Consider landscaped medians for major thoroughfares that lead people to and through the campus.

• Select plant materials for campus streetscapes that are hardy and salt-tolerant.• Adopt a minimum sidewalk width of six feet on campus streets to facilitate

snowplowing and to accommodate heavy pedestrian usage.• Specify asphaltic concrete with a minimum recycled content of 25% by weight.

Alternative modes of transportation Access to the University can be enhanced by promoting alternative transportation modes. Bicycle and pedestrian travel can be promoted through street design.

• Provide bicycle racks and storage lockers throughout campus, with concen-trations at key campus destinations.

• Provide shower facilities, as an amenity for bicyclists, for non-residential buildings on campus.

• Stripe roadways with bike lanes wherever street width and traffic patterns allow for this.

• Install “Share the Road” signs along major bicycle routes to promote aware-ness of the presence of bicyclists where bike lanes have not been created.

• Construct clear and safe crosswalks with signage and lights as needed, to ensure pedestrian safety.

• Wherever possible, limit curb cuts to one 20-foot access drive per block frontage; encourage shared driveways for adjacent buildings.

Parking

• Site parking facilities strategically to provide safe and convenient access to main campus destinations.

• Provide access to parking from secondary streets. • Provide preferred parking near building entrances for carpools and alternative

fuel vehicles.• Evaluate assumptions about peak load requirements and parking space size to

reduce the amount of land devoted to parking; do not exceed local zoning code requirements when planning for campus parking areas.

• Allow for and accommodate alternative uses (such as tailgating activities) in campus parking facilities.

23

Native and Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Plants

Large Trees

Botanical Name Common Name Ohio Native Region

Acer nigrum Black Maple Yes Widespread

Acer rubrum Red Maple Yes Widespread

Acer saccharinum Silver Maple Yes Widespread

Acer saccharum Sugar Maple Yes Widespread

Aesculus flava Yellow Buckeye Yes South

Betual nigra River Birch Yes South central

Betula lutea Yellow Birch Yes Northeast, South

Betula papyrifera Paper Birch No

Fagus grandiflora American Beech Yes Widespread

Fraxinus americana White Ash Yes Widespread

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Red or Green Ash Yes Widespread

Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue Ash Yes Southwest, Northwest

Gleditsia tricanthos var. inermis Thornless Honeylocust Yes Widespread

Gymnosladus dioicus Kentucky Coffeetree Yes Southwest, West

Larix laricina Eastern Larch Yes Northeast

Liliodendron tulipifera Tuliptree Yes Widespread

Liquidombar styraciflua Sweetgum Yes South

Platanus occidentalis Sycamore Yes Widespread

Quercus alba White Oak Yes Widespread

Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak Yes Widespread

Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak Yes East, Central, South

APPENDIX

24

Large Trees, continued


Quercus macrocarpa Burr Oak Yes North, West central

Quercus palustris Pin Oak Yes Northcentral

Quercus rubrum Red Oak Yes Widespread

Quercus shumardii Shumard Red Oak Yes West

Taxodium distichum Baldcypress No

Tilia americana American Linden Yes Widespread

Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova No

Medium/Large Trees


Acer campastre Hedge Maple No

Carpinus betulus European Hornbeam No

Corylus colerna Turkish Filbert No

Koelreuteria paniculata Panicled Goldenrain Tree No

Nyssa sylvatica Black Tupelo Yes Widespread

Tilia Cordata Littleleaf Linden No

Ornamental Trees


Acer grinnala Amur Maple No

Acer griseum Paperbark Maple No

Acer palmatum Japanese Maple No

Aesculus pavia Red Buckeye No

Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry Yes East

Amelanchier laevis Allegheny Serviceberry Yes North

Carpinus Caroliana American Hornbeam Yes Widespread

Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud Yes South

25

Ornamental Trees, continued


Chionanthus virginicus Fringe Tree Yes South

Cornus alternifolia Pagoda Dogwood Yes East

Cornus drummondi Roughleaf Dogwood Yes Southwest

Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood Yes Widespread

Cornus kousa Kousa Dogwood No

Crataegus crusgalli Cockspur Hawthorn Yes Widespread

Crataegus phaenopyrum Washington Hawthorn Yes Southwest, East central

Halesia tetraptera Carolina Silverbell Yes South

Hamamelis virginiana Common Witchhazel Yes East

Magnolia stellata Star Magnolia No

Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnolia No

Magnolia x soulangiana Saucer magnolia No

Malus spp. Crabapple family No

Prunus sargentii Sargent Cherry No

Prunus subhirtella Higan Cherry No

Prunus virginiana Common Chokeberry Yes North

Pyrus calleryana Callery Pear No

Syringa spp. Lilac No

Large Conifers


Abies concolor White Fir No

Picea abies Norway Spruce No

Picea glauca White Spruce No

Picea glauca ‘Conica’ Dwarf Alberta Spruce No

Picea omorika Serbian Spruce No

26

Large Conifers, continued


Picea pungens Colorado Spruce No

Pinus bungeana Lacebark Pine No

Pinus nigra Austrian Pine No

Pinus strobus White Pine Yes Widespread

Pinus sylvestris Scotch Pine No

Tsuga canadensis Canada Hemlock Yes West

Large Broadleaf Shrubs


Aesculus parviflora Bottlebrush Buckeye No

Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry Yes Widespread

Aronia melanocarpa Black Chokeberry Yes Widespread

Forsythia spp. Forsythia No

Hydrangea macrophylla Bigleaf Hydrangea No

Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea No

Syringa spp. Lilac No

Viburnum acerifolium Mapleleaf Viburnum Yes East

Viburnum alnifolium Hobblebush Yes Northeast

Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood Viburnum Yes South central

Viburnum lentago Nannyberry Yes Widespread

Viburnum trilobum Amer. Cranberry Bush Yes Northeast

Medium Broadleaf Shrubs


Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry No

Buddleia spp. Butterflybush family No

Buxus spp. Boxwood family No

27

Medium Broadleaf Shrubs, continued


Cornus alba Tatarian Dogwood No

Cotoneaster spp. Cotoneaster family No

Euonymus alatus Burning Bush No

Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel Yes Southeast

Kerria japonica Japanese Kerria No

Mahonia aquifolium Oregon Grapeholly No

Rhododendron spp. Rhododendron family Yes South

Ribes alpinum Alpine Currant No

Small Broadleaf Shrubs


Deutzia garcillus Slender Deutzia No

Fothergilla gardenii Dwarf fothergilla No

Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire No

Potentilla fruticosa Shrubby Cinquefoil Yes Widespread

Spirea spp. Spirea No

Evergreen Shrubs


Chamaecyparis spp. Falsecypress family No

Illex glabra Inkberry No

Illex x meserveae Meserve Hybrid Holly No

Illex verticillata Winterberry Yes Widespread

Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar Yes Widespread

Juniperus spp. Other Juniper Cultivars No

Myrica pensylvatica Northern Bayberry Yes Northeast

28

Evergreen Shrubs, continued


Pinus mugo Mugo Pine No

Taxus canadensis Canadian Yew Yes Northeast, East central

Thuja occidentalis Eastern Arborvitae Yes South central

Vines and Groundcovers


Campsis radicans Trumpet Creeper Yes Widespread

Clematis virginiana Virgin’s Blower Yes Widespread

Euonymus fortunei var. colorata Purple Winter Creeper No

Gaultheria procumbens Creeping Wintergreen Yes East

Hedera helix English Ivy No

Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper Yes Widespread

Wisteria spp. Wisteria family No

Grasses and Sedges


Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem Yes Widespread

Calamagrostis acutiflora Feather Reed Grass No

Carex muskingumensis Palm Sedge Yes Widespread

Chasmanthium latifolium Northern Sea Oats Yes Widespread

Juncus effusus Soft Rush Yes Widespread

Liriope spicata Creeping Lilyturf No

Miscanthus sinensis Maiden Grass No

Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Yes Widespread

Schizachyrium scoparius Little Bluestream Yes Widespread

Sorghastrum nutans Indian Grass Yes Widespread

Spartina pectinata Prairie Cord Grass Yes Widespread

29

Perennials


Achillea Yarrow No

Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair Fern Yes Widespread

Armeria spp. Thrift Family No

Artemesia spp. Artemesia family No

Aster spp. Aster family Yes Widespread

Astilbe spp. Astilbe family No

Campanula spp. Bellflower family No

Chrysanthemum spp. Mum Family No

Chrysanthemum x superbum Shasta Daisy No

Coreopsis spp. Coreopsis family No

Dicentra spp. Bleeding Hearts No

Dianthus spp. Dianthus family No

Echinacea spp. Coneflower family No

Euphorbia corollata Flowering Spurge Yes Widespread

Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium Yes Widespread

Helianthus x multiflorus Perennial Sunflower No

Hemerocallis hybrids Daylily No

Heuchera spp. Coralbell family No

Hosta spp. Hosta family No

Iris spp. Iris family Yes Widespread

Lamium maculatum Spotted Deadnettle No

Lavadula spp. Lavender family No

Ligularia spp. Ligularia family Yes Widespread

Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower Yes Widespread

Monarda didyma Bee Balm No

Mertensia virginica Virginia Bluebells Yes Widespread

Metteuccia pensylvanica Ostrich Fern Yes Widespread

Narcissus Daffodil No

Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern Yes Widespread

Phlox divaricata Wild Blue Phlox Yes Widespread

Polemonium reptans Creeping Jacob’s Ladder No

30

Perennials, continued


Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern Yes Widespread

Rudbeckia hirta Black-Eyed Susan Yes Widespread

Rudbeckia triloba Three-Lobed Coneflower Yes Widespread

Salvia spp. Salvia family No

Sedum spp. Sedum family No

Stachys byzantina Lamb’s Ear No

Tulip Tulip No

Yucca filimentosa Yucca No

Invasive Non-native Plantsfrom The Ohio Department of Natural Resources

Autumn Olive (Elaegnus umbellate)

Type of Plant: large shrub/small tree

Native Alternatives: Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Dogwoods (Cornus spp.), Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea)

Glossy Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)

Type of Plant: large shrub

Native Alternatives: Lance-leafed Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), Winterberry (Illex verticillata), Dogwoods (Cornus spp.), White

Cedar (Thuja occidentalis).

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)

Type of Plant: herb

Native Alternatives: not generally planted

Bush Honeysuckles (Lonicera maackii, Lonicera tatarica, Lonicera morrowii)


Native Alternatives: Nine-bark (Physocarpus opulifolius), Dogwoods (Cornus spp.), Northern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum),

Winterberry (Illex verticillata), Chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia, Aronia melanocarpa)

31

Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)

Type of Plant: vine/creeper

Native Alternatives: Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Wild Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica), Virgin’s Bower (Clematis

virginiana)

Japanese Knotweed (Rhamnus frangula, Polygonum cuspidatum)


Native Alternatives: Northern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Dogwoods (Cornus spp.),

Chokeberries (Aronia prunifolia, Aronia melanocarpa)

Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Type of Plant: tall garden flower

Native Alternatives: Spiked Blazing-Star (Liatris spicata), Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitca), Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis), Rose

Mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor)

Common Reed Grass (Phragmites australis)

Type of Plant: very tall grass

Native Alternatives: Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans), Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Prairie Cord Grass (Spartina pectinata),

Canada Bluejoint (Calamagrostis Canadensis)

Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea)

Type of Plant: ornamental grass

Native Alternatives: Prairie Cord Grass (Spartina pectinata), Canada Bluejoint (Calamagrostis Canadensis)

Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)

Type of Plant: large spreading shrub

Native Alternatives: Carolina Rose (Rosa Carolina), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris), Fragrant Su-

mac (Rhus aromatica), Smooth Rose (Rosa blanda)

32

Hardy Plant Materialsfor Green Roofs

The range of plant choices for green roofs and roof gardens will depend on the planting media, and drainage system, and the availability of water. A wider variety of plant materials will thrive in a roof garden environment if irrigation is installed and regular, on-going maintenance is provided for. Roof gardens can be designed to require no irrigation and very little maintenance, but this will limit the appropriate planting choices. Wind exposure and existing sun and shade conditions will also influence planting decisions.

The structural system of the roof will influence the range of plant materials that can be used for a roof garden. Succulents and alpine-type plants will grow in lightweight media that does not significantly increase roof loads. Shrubs and trees require deeper growing media and additional roof support. The intended use of the roof garden will also influence plant selection. Roof gardens that are visible from the street will benefit from plant materials that provide four-season interest. Roof gardens that are accessible to the public as an amenity should be designed with plantings that enhance the experience of garden users. Although plants must be selected to correspond to the conditions and anticipated use of a specific roof garden, the following plants can be adapted to many roof garden applications:

Flowering groundcovers

Allium senenscens ‘Glaucum’

Allium schoenoprasm

Armeria maritima alba

Delosperma (numerous varieties)

Jovibarba allionii

Jovibarba hirta ‘Emerald Spring’

Orostachys boehmeri

Sedum (numerous varieties)

Talinum (numerous varieties)

Shade & moisture loving groundcovers

Sedum oreganum

Sedum lydium

Sedum ternatum

Winter interest

Sedum album ‘Athoum’

Sedum album var. balticum

Sedum album ‘Chloroticum’

Sedum album ssp. clusianum

Sedum album ‘Coral Carpet’

Sedum album ‘Faro Form’

Sedum album ‘France

Sedum album micranthum

Sedum album ‘Murale’

Sedum ‘Atlanticum’

Sedum ‘Blue Lagoon’

Sedum floriferum ‘Weihenstephaner Gold’

Sedum hybridum ‘Immergrauch’

Sedum japonicum senanense

Sedum lanceolatum

Sedum middendorffianum diffusus

Sedum middendorffianum ‘Striatum’

Sedum oryzifolium ‘Tiny Form’

Sedum sexangulare

Sedum sichotense

Sedum spurium ‘Fuldaglut’

Sedum stefco

Sedum stenopetalum

33

Sedum middendorffianum diffusus

Sedum middendorffianum ‘Striatum’

Sedum oryzifolium ‘Tiny Form’

Sedum sexangulare

Sedum sichotense

Sedum spurium ‘Fuldaglut’

Sedum stefco

Sedum stenopetalum

ASHRAE 62-2001: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. www.ASHRAE.org

Peggy F. Barlett and Geoffrey W. Chase, eds., Sustainability on Campus: Stories and Strategies for Change. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2004.

City of New York Department of Design and Construction, High Performance Build-ing Guidelines, 1999.

Sarah Hammond Creighton, Greening the Ivory Tower: Improving the Environmental Track Record of Universities, Colleges, and Other Institutions. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998.

Julian Keniry, Ecodemia: Campus Environmental Stewardship at the Turn of the 21st Century. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, 1995.

Jane C. Martin, Alyn Eickholt, and Joanne Dole, Natural Organic Lawn Care for Ohio. The Ohio State University Extension, Columbus, Ohio, 2004.

Northland College, Policies and Procedures for Landscape Design. Ashland, Wisconsin, 2003.

Resource Guide for Sustainable Development in an Urban Environment, Urban Environmental Institute, Seattle, Washington, 2002.

Stanford University, Guidelines for Sustainable Buildings, 2002.

Triangle J Council of Governments, High Performance Guidelines: Triangle Region Public Facilities, Version 2.0. Research Triangle, North Carolina, 2001.

US EPA Energy Star Roofing Guidelines, www.epa.gov.appdstar/roofing/specs.htm

US Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, Version 2.1

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Documents

Campus Sustainability Standards - Cleveland Urban Design ... standards_screen.pdfCampus Sustainability Standards were prepared by ... they should be considered for new and existing