Campus Journalism Complete Slides

8/11/2019 Campus Journalism Complete Slides

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CAMPUS JOURNALISM


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Objectives:

1. to develop the writing and editing

skills of campus journalists

2. to mold them into responsiblejournalists by adhering to ethical

and moral standards in media

profession


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News Writing

1. Involves getting facts and transmitting these

to the reader

2. Undergoes 3-part process before reaching the

reader:

1. coverage: refers to getting the news by

witnessing the event, interview, printed

material or all three


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News Writing: 3-Part Process

2. Interpretation: involves explaining the news,

filling the background, forecasting, and

sometimes passing moral judgment. This ismainly the responsibility of the editor and

columnists.

3. Play: assigning of value to the news. This isdone by the copyreader, news editor and

layout person


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SCHOOL NEWS

Facts and information that has meaning to

the readers

Anything that concerns the school, itsstudents, the teachers, and parents

Activities inside and outside the classroom:

1. worthwhile and extraordinary acts ofstudents


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School News

Activities inside and outside the classroom:

2. Stories of success, conflicts or suspense

3. Anything that informs, entertains or setsstudents, teachers or administrators thinking

about reforms and improvements

4. School convocations and other programs

5. Interviews of visiting personages


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Attributes of good news stories:

1. Timeliness: The event, idea or opinion must be

timely to make the news interesting.

Another word for timeliness is immediacy: the

more recent the event, the more interesting it

is to the community.

2. Factuality: News story must be factualbased

on real events or happenings, on real ideas oropinions, and not the fruit of ones creative

mind.


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Attributes of Good News Story

3. Proximity: refers to the nearness of event tothe readers. Readers would be

more interested in events near

them .4. Prominence: refers to both places and people.

For example, Boracay is

prominent because of its white

beaches and being a top tourist

attraction in the Philippines.


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Prominence can also be exemplified by being:1. elected to a public office

2. accomplishing something extraordinary,

like topping the board exam, winning the

lottery

3. wealthy or respectable in the community

4. witness to an event, a crime or an accident

5. troublesome, controversial, stubborn, defiantto rules like not wearing the uniform as sign

of protest


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Attributes of Good News Story

5. Significance: refers to an event, idea, opinion

that are important and

interesting to people in the

community or campusFor example the K-12 Curriculum as an

educational reform. Will this improve the

quality of Filipino students as a whole? Will the

government be able to improve quality teaching

and learning?


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Attributes of a Good News Story

6. Oddity: refers to events that deviates from

the normal course events.

For example, a woman gives birthto a Siamese twin or gives birth to

a baby with tails instead of feet.


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NEWS GATHERING

1. Actual coverage of an event or happeningbeing in the scene

taking down notes

observing behavior

2 . Interview for opinions, reactions, plans,

programs

3. Writing from documents like speeches,

statements, research reports and other

written materials (armchair journalists)


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The News Structure

Hard news or straight news deals with concrete

and fast breaking events. Hard news is

objective, direct and factual.

Soft news is featurized, subjective, and

sometimes interpretative.


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CONSTRUCTION OF HARD NEWS

Lead paragraph: primary or more important

facts

Succeeding paragraphs: facts become lessimportant

Closing paragraph: least important facts that

can be deleted without ruining the story


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CONSTRUCTION OF SOFT NEWS

Lead paragraph: least important facts

Succeeding paragraphs: facts become more

interesting

Closing paragraph: primary or most importantfacts


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THE INVERTED PYRAMID

Straight news are written in the inverted

pyramid structure.

Important facts are placed in the opening

paragraphs, referred to as lead.

Details and background are placed in the

succeeding paragraphs in descending

importance.

Traditionally, straight news answers the 5Ws and one H


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Four Components of the Inverted Pyramid

1. Primary or main lead: a single paragraph

which may contain a maximum of five lines

and which may answer the four Ws, what,

where, when, who

2. Secondary of support lead: may consist two

paragraphs that explain or compliment the

primary lead


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Four Components of the Inverted Pyramid

3. Details or particulars:All available facts are

presented, particularly those that would

answer the other W (why) and one H

(how).4. Background: Relevant events are recounted and

incorporated in the background. Like a flashback,

the readers are given insight into the events

preceding the one that is being reported. Whendeleted from the story, the news story can still

stand.


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Primary Lead

Secondary /Support Lead

Details of Particulars

Background


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Example of straight news using the inverted

pyramid structure

Facts: The president of the Mindanao

Association of Private Schoolsappeals for financial subsidy

from the government for the full

implementation of K-to- 12.


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Primary lead or main lead

The president of the Mindanao Association of

Private Schools appeals for financial subsidy

from the government for the implementationof K-to- 12. There is a great need of financial

subsidy for teachers training and scholarship

for students who cannot go to college.


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Suggested primary or main lead:

In a symposium dated June 30, 2012, the

president of the Mindanao Association of

Private School Presidents propose to seek

for financial subsidy from the government to

guarantee full implementation of K-to- 12.


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Primary or main lead

Answers for the following Ws

Who: president of the Mindanao Association

of Teachers

Where: symposium

When: June 30, 2012

What: appeal for financial subsidy


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Suggested Support Lead

The president of the Mindanao Association of

Private School Presidents , Mr. Abelardo

Reyes, presented his proposal to seek forgovernment financial subsidy , during a one-

hour symposium at the CB Conference Hall

attended by presidents of private schools and

the Secretary of Education.


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Suggested Support Lead

Mr. Reyes talked about all presidents of private

schools in Mindanao should put their acts

together to get financial assistance from the

government for its educational reform,specifically K-to-12.


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Suggested details or particulars:

According to Mr. Reyes, there is need for this

financial subsidy to be able to fully implement

the K-to-12 program through intensive trainingof teachers and scholarship program for

students who cannot afford to college.


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Why : 1. to fully implement the educationalreform, specifically K-to- 12 program

2. to finance teachers training and

scholarships of students who cannotafford to go to college

How : all private schools put their acts

together and propose government

financial subsidy


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Suggested Background

1. Government through the department of

education is going to implement K-to-12 starting

school year 2012-2013 for kindergarten and

Senior HS in 2016-20182. This educational reform of the government

seeks the help of private schools by supporting

the K-to-12 Program.

3. Private schools anticipates great financial losswhen the full implementation takes place in

2016.


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Advantages of the traditional inverted pyramid

1. Facilitates reading

A busy reader needs to know the news at

once.

2. Facilitates makeup or layout, design page

Layout artist should get immediately the

more important facts of the story as

consideration for the page design. Artistwould also know what to strike out if the

space is limited.


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Advantages of inverted pyramid

3. Facilitates headline writing

Just by reading the first few paragraphs, the

editor can easily prepare the headline of the

story.


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Tips in Writing a Good lead paragraph

1. Use short simple declarative sentences.

2. Dont try to say everything in one sentence,

only the most important facts. Break up long

sentences.

Remember that one paragraph usually

consists only of one complete sentence.

3. Never use an important or unusual word

twice in the same sentence.

4. Avoid repetition of phrases, clauses and similargrammatical constructions.

5. Be able to answer at least the four WS.


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Types of Lead

1. Who lead or name feature

RAMON S. ANG yesterday took full

control of conglomerate San MiguelCorp. (SMC) after its chair , Eduardo

Cojouangco Jr. , sold a huge chunk of

his stake in the diversified firm to his

hard-charging protg.


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Types of Lead

2. What or event feature

PUBLIC education it seems will always

be shackled with dire lack of

resources, from manpower to logistics

and infrastructures.


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Types of Lead

3. How Lead (often used for unusual

happenings and action stories)

Left to starve in a shanty that served as

his prison, an 8-year-old Burmese boy waskidnapped in Laguna province on Friday wasfound abandoned yesterday morning in Taytay,Rizal province, by agents of the National Bureau

of Investigation.


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Types of Lead

4. Why Lead

To provide land to millions of landless

peasants, President Corazon Aquino signeda sweeping and controversial land reform program.

5. When Lead (used if an event takes place at an

unconventional hour, or in making an announcement

where the time is important to the reader)

Tomorrow, July 30, is the last day for cashcard application from Pagibig.


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Types of Lead

6. Where Lead: Used if an event takes

place

Convalescent homes in Solano have

been sites for beauty contests to choose

representatives to the fifth annual My FairLady Pageant. Contestants are mostly in

their 70s, 80s and 90s.


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What questions will readers ask with these leads?

1. The school play Way Back Home will

be presented tomorrow twice.2. The final meeting of the Homemakers

Club will be held today, activity period

in room 210.

3. The Music Guild boasts a grand

champion winner in last weeks

regional contest in Davao City.

4. The greatly anticipated event graduation to

which the seniors have been looking forward

for so long, is just around the corner.5. Two new drama groups have been organized this

school year.


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Possible Questions for the Weak Leads

1. When? At what hour? Where?2. What is planned? Who planned it?

3. Who is the champion?

What honor did he win?

4. Where is it?

How will it be carried out?

Who will participate?

How many seniors will be there?5. What are they?

Why were they formed?


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Activity

1.Write a news story using the inverted

pyramid structure with any of these topics:

a. Inauguration of the new Event Center

b. Celebration of School Foundation Day

c. Promotion of Green Environment in School

d. Visit of Jessica Sanchez in the University

2. Identify sources of 10 news items of your

school paper


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Straight News: Hard News

Concerned with timely or important events

Feature Story : Soft News

Concerned with human interest

Immediacy of event is secondary - humaninterest, mood, atmosphere, emotion, irony, orhumor are more valuable.

Good feature aims to give pleasure and

entertainment in addition to information. Straight news appeals to the physical; feature

story appeals to the soul or the emotion.


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For example: Streetchildren lay down on the

rough pavement with stone

pillows against their young heads

one dark Christmas evening,

December 24, 2012.

In his desire to save his friends who

were carried away by the strong and

sudden flash floods, Angelo almostdrowned to death yesterday at the peak

of typhoon Sendong.


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10 Tips on Feature Writing

1. Choose carefully the topic you wish to write.

2. Be sure that your feature story is credible.

It must deal with facts and reality.

3. Enliven your feature with anecdotes or

dialogs.

4. In a personal experience write-up, use the

first person or second person point of view.


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Tips

5. Use quotations of famous persons. Theyadd credibility and elegance to your writing.

6. Use imagery or figures of speech that

readers will understand.7. Use sophisticated language may be

allowed, but only when it can communicate

properly.


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10 Tips in Feature Writing

8. Keep you paragraphs short and snappy.

9. Include human interest aspects in your

informative or news features.

10. The opening and closing paragraphs in

a feature story are important parts so

put a linkage between the two and

dramatize it.


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A good feature writer should :1. Be inquisitive and eager to learn

2. Be sympathetic toward other peoples

feelings

3. Have an eye for human interest angle

4. Capable of seeing beneath the surface

of ordinary events

5. Have a wide vocabulary

6. Have some literary inclinations


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Types of Features

1. Personality Profile or Personality Sketch

an essay about a persons character and

traits; done through research and actual

interview with the person2. Human Interest Stories

a human interest story showing the

subjects oddity, or its practical, emotional,or entertainment value


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Types of Features

3. Trend Stories: Examine people, things, ororganizations that are having impact on

society. (on latest fads)

4. In-depth Stories: Stories written from extensiveresearch and interviews.

5. Backgrounders: Analysis piece that addsmeaning to current issues in the news. These

articles explain why a tragedy happens, who are tobe blamed and what are the repercussions or theafter effects.


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Types of Features

6. Newsfeature: story based on a recent event

but written in a more relaxed

style, using literary devices.

7. Humorous Feature: entertaining with wit and

humor

8. Personal Experience: an unusual experience

written in the first person


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Types of Feature

9. How-to-feature article: explain a process ormethod accompanied with illustration or

photos

10. Analytical Essay: essays written in various

journalistic styleswitty,

funny, account of

anythingfrom mundane to

serious


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STYLEBOOK

Consistency

Well-edited campus newspaper should have a

style-book containing the rules that staff

members must observe.

Basic Instructions

1.Ensure accuracy of all stories. Verify your

facts before reporting.

2. Verify the spelling of all names.

3. Verify all dates and numbers.


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Stylebook: Basic Instructions

6. Be definite and specific.

7. Use the active voice instead of the passive

voice, except when the person or thing actedupon is more important than the agent of

action.


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Stylebook: Basic Instructions

8. Do not open the story with a listing of

names.

9. Avoid beginning sentences with :It is (was),

There was (were), There. The first

sentence of a news story must contain the

important elements.


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Basic Instructions

10. Do not editorialize. Write only facts and/or

quote the opinion of other.

11. Write short paragraphs. Long paragraphsmake a page dull and uninteresting.

12. Write stories neatly. Rewrite the story

rather than submit one with numerouscorrections.


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Basic Instructions: Use of Titles

1. Use Miss with name of unmarried woman

unless another title is more appropriate. In

the first reference, use the womans first and

last name. Subsequently, use the last name.Example: Ms. Josie Lim; Ms. Lim

2. Some newspapers do use Ms in reference to

mature woman, whether married or single. This

is safe especially if you are not sure of the

marital status of the woman referred to.


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Basic Instruction: Use of Titles

3. In first reference to mature men, use Mr.

with the first name and last name, unless

another title is more appropriate. In further

reference, use the appropriate title and the

last name.

4. Avoid using long and cumbersome titles

before a name. Do not write Chief of Police LuisT. Santos. Instead write, Luis Santos, chief of

police.


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5. Always capitalize a title when it precedes a

name: Superintendent Martinez. Do not

capitalize titles that follow the name: L.M.

Martinez, superintendent of schools.

6. Upon the first mention of a person in a story,

unless that persons position in the community is

well known, it is best to follow the name with a

short description or title to identify him/her.

Example: Maria Lourdes Lopez, director of

Logistical Services


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7. Avoid using a single initial. Use both initials or

the first name. Write A.B. Reyes or Amelia

Reyes. Do not write A. Reyes.

8. Titles are abbreviated when used before apersons full name or before his/her first

names initial and his surname. Titles are

spelled out when only the surname follow. Titles

are spelled out when only the surname follows.Example: Prof. Lyndon Devero

Professor Devero


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9. The titles Dr., Mr., and Mrs. are always

abbreviated.

The following titles are never abbreviated:

president, secretary, treasurer, director,governor, attorney, general, ambassador,

consul-general, minister, vice mayor,

councilor

10. Congressman is used with a persons surname,as in Congressman Garcia. When the full name is

given, use the abbreviated title: Rep. Manuel Ruiz.


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Basic Instructions: Spelling

1. Avoid all abbreviations except a few standard

ones that are understood by the average

reader of your paper.

2. Always spell out the days of the week.

3. In giving an exact date, spell out the names of themonths that have less than five letters; abbreviatethe names of months with five letters or more. Ex.June 15, Nov. 19.

When the name of the month stands alone

without a day, spell it out. Ex. The war broke out inDecember, not in Dec., 1941.)


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4. Spell out fort, port and mount: Fort

Santiago, Port Pilar, Mount Apo

5. Spell out names of provinces and cities.

6. Spell out names.

7. Spell out street, avenue, when used with

the name of the street: Ninth Street, Rizal

Avenue8. Avoid British spellings.


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9. Some papers prefer employe to employees;

cigaret to cigarette; traveled to travelled.

10. Hyphens should be dropped in nominative

forms particularly in verb-preposition

combinations such as cleanup, getaway,

kickoff, etc, However, there are exceptionslike cast-off, cave-in, head-on, stand-in.

11. If in doubt, consult the dictionary.


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Basic Instructions: Use of Numbers

1. Never begin a sentence with the figure, but

when the number is the most important

element in the sentence, begin the sentence

with the number and spell it out.

Example: Ninety-three students were

awarded scholarship grants.During the anniversary, 93 persons

students were awarded scholarships.


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2. Spell out numbers less than ten except:

a) the hour of the day: Write 8 oclock or 8

p.m., 7:30 a.m. Do not write: Eight

oclock(except the beginning of a sentence)

Never use ciphers when giving an exact

hour. Do not write 8.00 oclock. Instead,write 8 oclock or 8 p.m.


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2. b. In the statement of a definite sum of

money: Write P5. Do not write five peso

except at the beginning of a sentence.Do not use ciphers to show an even

amount of pesos with no centavos; omit

the ciphers: P6


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Editing and Headline Writing

The Newsroom

The editorial department, collectively

called the Desk. It is where news materials,

stories from the beat, wire reports, pressreleases, photos and illustrations are gathered.


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The Copy Editor

Copy editor : cleans a reporters story, called copy

slotman, deskman, or sub-editor

improves other persons work or does copyfixing

keeps the substance of the story as s/he makesthe story better or better organized

Works as a member of the editorial teamheaded by the editor-in-chief; supervised by themanaging editor or executive editor


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Other types of news stories

Interpretive news: news that appeals to the

emotion and attempts to

gain a response from thereader

News Feature or news article: informative

discussion of news events or technical subjectsin expository form. It is halfway between a

news story and an editorial.


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Like the news story, it is based entirely onfact.

Unlike the news story (based on current

events), the news feature is based on facts

of general interest obtained partly from

printed sources.

Like the editorial, the news article is

expository in form.


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Side-Bar Story

A brief news item on some lighter aspects of

an event run side by side a significant news

item.

Example: An article about celebrities who

distributed food stuffs and clothes

to flood victims, serving like

workers and errand person


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Special Types of News Stories

1. News Brief: a news roundup; a news itemthat is composed of no more than 2

paragraphs

2. Bulletin: important but last minute news in a

running story. It is printed on the first page in

boldfaced typed and may be boxed.

3. Flash: It present the basic facts of a fresh

story that comes too late to be run as a full

blown news item.


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4. The Classroom Story: an interpretative news

on the academic front. This is most of the

time neglected by most school papers. This

provides balance and present a true pictureof the school.

5. The Meeting Story: It includes purpose, time

and place, name of organization, participants,

background, information about speakers, kind

of meeting, feature angle, what happened


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6. The speech story: It includes the speaker

and his background, theme of the speech,

occasion, time and place, quotationsdescription of audience, including unusual

reaction.


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7. Box Story: A news story enclosed in a box

(printed material in black lines, usually

rectangular). Types of copy suitable to be

enclosed in a box:

a. Short important news item

b. Summaries of large news items

c. Lists of related events in connection with

the news story


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d. Short feature stories, often connected

with a news article

e. special announcements

f. Game schedules or records of previous

contestsg. reports on fundraising

Box story is used to emphasize, add variety andattractiveness in make-up. It must present astrong, single idea in clear and simple language


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Sources of News

1. Beats: backbone of news coverage.

Beats in school paper include: school

and class organization,(presidents,

advisers and PROs),offices (guidance,

administration)department heads,athletic coaches, sponsors of activities,

parents association and others.

2. Tips from teachers and students3. Publicity and press releases


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Sources of News

4. Printed material: school calendar (yearly,

monthly), daily bulletin, students handbook,

athletic schedule, honors, subjects to beoffered, financial statements

5. A record of all coming activities usually

prepared by news editor and managingeditor


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Academic Coverage

1. Visitors or speakers in the classroom

2. Unusual goings-on

3. Experiments

4. Panel discussions or special programs

5. Special projects

6. Field trips


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Tips for the Reporter

1. Understand the story before covering it.

a. know the background by reading, talking

to people, taking notes

b. Get the possible news sources. Get the

full names and their correct spelling

c. Know the kind of story required.

d. Know the type of write-up expected

straight, interpretive, feature


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Tips for the Reporter

2. Make appointments in advance of deadlines.

3. Know how to conduct an interview, either in

person or by telephone.

a. Be tactful and courteous.

b. Try to make a good impression and be

sincere.

c. Planwhat to say. Explain at once that you

are a reported for the school paper.d. You are not to argue, but get facts and opinions of

the interviewee.


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Sports News

Sports page gives thrill to school life as it covers rivalry

between schools and between intramural teams.Managing Sports News

1. Contribute to good sportsmanshipno alibi,

no boasting.

2. Encourage feature treatment to give known

facts reader interest.

3. Have a variety of material. Include interviews,

features, column, features, items aboutgraduates who are involved in athletics in larger

groups.


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Sports News

4. Play advance news.

5. Use cartoons, illustrations, photographs.6. Play it up in the front page.

7. While playing up major sports, do not

overlook minor sports stories.

Kinds of Sports Articles


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Kinds of Sports Articles

1. Advance Story: furnishes the reader plenty of

dataline ups, strong and weak points ofcontenders, performance records of

individuals or teams, betting odds, tradition

and history, systems of play, other angles.

Advance story may involve more than one

game. It may combine future and past gamesor it may report on a game after deadline but

before publication.


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Kinds of Sports Article

2. The report of the event

3. Analytical Story: accompanies the straight

report and carries a review of the gamethestrategies, the key player, the outstanding

performer

4. The off court story involves conflicts amongsportsmen, officials and side-lights


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5. The follow-up sports story is a summary of

the activities of a team during the week or

season. It is brief in a school paper and

includes only details about outstanding playsand players.

6. Sports article: It gives summaries about past

records and performances of a team, new

rules, athletic tradition, career of a prominent

player


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7. Sports Feature: Personality sketch of an

athlete

8. Sports Column: miscellaneous facts about

prominent athletes; sports gossip is written

and signed by the sports editor or a staff

member who is well-acquainted with theathletes


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The Editorial Page

The soul of the newspaper Contains the masthead, editorial column,

readers views, editorial cartoon

Forum for students opinion

Masthead

Contains a permanent typographicalcharacter

Contains the frequency, place, staffmembers, emblem


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Editorial Platform

Contains one or two brief statements ofpurpose and ideals

Editorial Policy

Determined by traditions, practices andpolicies of the school, the students voice

expressed through the editors, the student

government and other recognized student

leaders. The editorial always conforms to the

editorial policy.


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The Editorial

The newspapers means of advising the

reader of the significance of events. It

informs, interprets, convinces, persuades or

entertains the readers. The writer of the editorial expresses group

opinion rather than individual opinion. This

explains why the editorial is unsigned.


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Writing the Editorial

1. It must not go against policy of the paper.

2. Topic is of interest to the reader. Prefer currenttopics, especially controversial ones. However,

do not manufacture issues.

4. Limit article to only one aspect of the chosen

topic.5. Have a purpose well in mind.

6. Obtain sufficient data.

7. Take a stand on controversial issues.

8. Use sound reasoning . Make each step lead

logically to the conclusion.



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1. Be brief (rarely more than 300 words). Longer

sentences and paragraphs than in the newsstory may be used.

2. Write simply and directly. Use more formal

language and wider vocabulary than in newswriting.

3. Be impersonal. Use the third person or the

impersonal we. Never use I except indirect quotations.

4. Be sincere rather than smart.


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5. Write clearly and vigorously.

6. Present facts, rather than mere opinion.

7. Be authoritative, but dont preach.

8. Use various devices to catch and keep the

readers interest like a striking title, good

lead, illustration in the form of a brief

narrative, analogy, comparison and contrast.

9. End the editorial appropriately.

10. Relate the editorial to the lives of the readers.


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Editorial Leads

1. A simple statement of the situation, problem,

or news events to be written about2. A question challenging attention

3. A striking statement arousing readers

interest4. A narration or a vital question



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Increasing Student Reader Interest1. Limit the editorial page.

2. Use cartoons and illustrations.

3. Use an occasional guest editorial.

4. Put the masthead at the bottom tomake room for the editorial.

5. Write more and shorter editorials.

6. Use wider columns, such as double

column for the editorial; one and a halfcolumns for the editorial columns


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Designing the Paper

An excellent paper is judged on the type

and placement of type and photos in the

news page. Other elements include good

news coverage, news selection, editing

and headline writing.

Designing the Paper


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Designing the Paper

A typical newspaper page is made up ofthe following display elements:

1. Body text2. Headlines, kickers, subheads

3. photos

4. illustrations and graphics

5. white spaces

6. rule or column lines


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Designing the Paper

Make up refers to the arrangement of the

display elements on a newspaper.

Layout is the arrangement of these

elements in an advertising copy or a

magazine type.


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Designing the Paper

Functions of Newspaper Makeup

1. provide attractive appearance and

pleasing harmony or contrast

2. show relative importance of news

and feature materials through their

positioning in the pages

3. facilitate reading by avoiding

monotony and disharmony


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Designing the Paper

3 Types of Layout

1. the balanced makeup:achieved through symmetry.

A page is divided into two. Everything on

the left is balanced by something on the

right and vice versa. It is confidence

inspiring , but too formal.


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Types of Layout

2. a. Contrast and Balance: Balance is

achieved by contrast.

Example: Pictures on one side arebalanced by headlines on another or

black spots by white spots.

b. Right Brace: identified by heavy

concentration of pictures and headlines

on the upper left hand corner.


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Types of Layout

2. Braceb. Left brace: identified by a heavy

concentration of pictures and

headlines on the upper left hand

corner

Brace is a good substitute for

streamers ( the use of the full spread

for the headlines)3. Circus Makeup: columns are broken up

into various lengths.


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Guidelines in Layouting

1. Avoid tombstoning

Placing of two or more heads in the

same face type at approximately the

same level in adjacent columns2. Know the relative value of each part of

the front page. Order of importance

follows the S pattern like: B AC D


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3. Build from the top down.

4. Distribute headlines. Put on the front

page only what is important. A cluttered

page is not necessarily a newsy page.

5.Have plenty of white space as

breathing space. This can be achieved

by the use of sub-heads, shorterparagraphs, shorter stories.



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7. Use photosnot bad, obscene, small

or firing squads

8. Use of caps and lower case is better

than all caps.

9. Avoid too many brinks or peripheries(secondary heads).

10. Use the ears, left or right hand corner

of the front page for announcements,ads, etc.


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11. Headlines should not have letters that

impinge on one another as in fat

heads.

12. There should be not lot of white space

between letters as in thin heads.



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y g

13. Avoid jumping stories if at all possible.

14. Avoid separating related stories and

pictures.

15. Avoid breaking stories to the tops of

the columns. The top of every columnshould have headline or cut. This can

be avoided by setting part of a long story

in two columns - running the remaining

part into the 2ndcolumn under thehead which is set in two columns.


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16. Avoid placing a small head on a rather

long story.17. Avoid excessive leading.

18. Avoid having gray areas. Break them

up with the use of subheads, indented

bold face, paragraphs, use of smallstories with small headlines.



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19. Keep long columns of six-point typeand tabular material to a minimum,

especially on the front page.

20. Avoid placing cuts or boxes wherethey will be surrounded by body type.

They should be attached on the top or

bottom of the pages or display that isfirmly positioned.


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21. Avoid having the top of the page too

heavy. A spread beneath the fold will

help prevent this.


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Qualities of a Good Makeup

1. ContrastA bold headline next to the column of

gray body text creates a pleasing

contrast

2. BalanceAchieved by arranging heavy and dark

elements to offset one another

Example: A three-column picture on the

upper left-hand corner can bebalanced with three-decked, three

column head on the right side



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3. SymmetryEach page should have focus of

attention, a headline, a picture, or a

combination of both ensure that the

readers eyes fall first on that spot.4. Unity

The page should be attractive as a whole,

with all its parts fitting harmoniously together.


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Nameplate or logo

This is printed across the top of the front

page.Stationary nameplates stay on the same

space on every issue.

Roving nameplate is moved from time to

time.

Use of Subhead

A single line of the same type as the body


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A single line of the same type as the body

text set in bold or italics that gives gist of a

part of the story that follows.

It is a clause or a complete sentence.

It serves as title of the succeeding portionof the story.

Another purpose of subhead is to break aseries of gray lines.

Use of Photos

Ph t i k d


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Photos improve makeup and conveymessage.

Use of photos and illustrations help the artof communicating.

The art of communicating usingphotographs and illustrations is called

iconography.

Functions of illustration

Attract attention

Illustrate a point in the story Tell a story itself through the help of caption

Give visual relief to the makeup of the story

Qualities of a good photo


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1. Prominence: pictures of prominentpersonalities attract interest of readers.

2. Action: Readers are attracted by

action. Firing squad photo may justend up in the editors trash can.

3. Human interest: Pictures showing

emotions that one can relate to are

interesting.

Qualities of a good photo


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4. Drama: pictures of fires, accidents orvictims of an earthquake or typhoon

belong to this category.

5. Timeliness. Immediacy enhances the

value of a picture.

Improving photographs


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1. Cropping: cutting away of portions ofpictures that are not needed. Editor

marks with red pencil undesired parts.

2. Retouching: elimination of undesirable

background to emphasize the centerof interest.

3. Bleeding: a device done by printing

picture so that it extends across the

margin of off the edge of the paper ormagazine page.

Writing the Caption


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Writing the Caption

1. It should be brief, not to exceed five

lines if it is for two column photos:

three lines if the photo occupies five

columns

2. It should be in the present tense to

stress the timeliness of the event.3. It should tell the gist of the story that

accompanies the photo.

4. Dont include in the caption what is already

obvious in the photo for example a person

laughing in the photo, dont say the person islaughing.

Procedures for Dummying


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Preliminary Steps

1. Copyread and adjust the lengthaccording to the first dummy. Some

staffs make a small and rough sketch

instead of actual size dummy.2. Mark for the printer indicating the

column width (usually 2 inches ) the

size and style of body type. Much of the

material is set in standard roman type,

usually 8-10 points.



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Specify larger fonts or bold face for

important news and announcements;

smaller type for long lists, programs, minor

stories, some features.

Preparing the Final Dummy

1. Draw up a dummy sheet or use one

furnished by the printer with margins

and columns indicated.


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Preparing the Dummy

2. Number the galley proofs to be cut and

pasted on the dummy

3. Clip all printed materials that will go on agiven page. Include news stories with

their headlines and all illustrations. In

clipping, allow a margin of 1/16 of aninch all around, to avoid cutting the type.

Preparing the Dummy


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4. Decide what pictures are to go on the

page. Crop them, and determine andmark their size and give them labels

such as I-A, 1-B, & 1-C. Mark their

places on the page.

5. Have the cutlines for the pictures setinto type.

6. Arrange the material in the page space

according to the principles of good

newspaper makeup.7. Paste the materials in place.


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Preparing the Dummy

8. Indicate the guideline of the story in the

proper column/s.

9. Mark all portions to be deleted on the

galley proof.

10. Mark the places for cuts with X.

11. Indicate the headlines on the spaces

they will occupy.

12. Do not dummy too tightly.

Getting Started


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Choosing the Staff

1. Staff can be chosen from a writingclass.

2. Schools may offer journalism

workshops.

3. It is advisable to choose the nextyears staff before the end of the

school year.

However, flexibility must permit transferees,

freshmen and other desirable members tobecome members of the school paper.

The Staff Members


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The Staff Members

1. News reporters: the key persons of theschool paper

2. Editor: organizer, leader, super-

reporter, looks into each page of eachissue and gets the paper printed

3. Managing Editor: having the

qualifications of an editor

4. Associate Editor: carries on the job when

the editor is absent

Getting Started


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Getting Started

4. Candidates may fill up application forms

citing their experiences, qualifications,

recommendations and position preferred.

5. Candidates may be given examination

covering news writing and editorial

writing, sports writing, and others

depending upon the position the

candidate wants.6. Qualified applicants undergo training.

Getting Started


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Getting Started

7. Feature writer/editor: usually who has

talent for writing original stories

8. Sports writer/editor : must understandsports; able to express ordinary facts in

interesting way

Duties of School Paper Staff

Code of Ethics ( see printed copies)

Activities: Write a 3-paragraph report on a recent radio or TV newscast

Parts and Section of the School Paper


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News Section

Front Page

1. Name plate: the line of type on the

front page designating the name of the

publication. It may reappear in reduced

size elsewhere, as on the editorialpage.

2. Ears: a design placed at the right or left of

a name plate

3. Streamer (banner) : a headline extending across the

top of the page. If located at the nameplate, it iscalled skyline or umbrella head.



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Front page

4. Headline (head) : a general term for alltitles of news stories

5. Deck: (a bank, readout) subordinate

headline immediately below its mother

head line

6. Lead: intro to a straight, or formal,usually the first paragraph

7. Column: a vertical section of printed

material

8. Column rules: the printed line used to

separate columns

9. News story: any item of news



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Front Page

9. Fold: the point at which the newspaper

is folded in half

10. Byline: the name of the writer placed at

the top or at the bottom of the story

11. Box: any printed matter surrounded or

partly enclosed by a special border line12. Cutline (caption): text accompanying

photos and other art

13. Teaser (kicker): one line of several words

in small type run above the headline

14. Credit line: a line of type crediting the source of anitem, a photo or a cartoon



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Inside News Page

1. Running Heada line of type at the top

of all newspaper pages, except the first,

giving the name of paper and date ofissue

2. Foliopage number, found at the top

of each page of the paper, except thefirst, alongside the running head.


Editorial Page


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Editorial Page

1. Flag (masthead)

2. Editorial: a journalistic writing designedto interpret news

3. Editorial Column: a timely and regular

presentation of various kinds of editorial

writer by same writer; sometimes a

guest columnist

4. Cartoon

5. Letter to the Editor

6. Folio

7. Running head



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Sports Page

1. Columns : similar to editorial columns

2. Sports News

3. Features

4. Cuts

5. Folio

6. Running head

Features Page

1. Feature Story (English and Filipino)

2. Regular Features

3. Special Features

4. Cuts

5. Folio

6. Running head

Activities:


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1. Make a dummy of the:

a. front page of the school

paper, indicating the parts

and contents.

b. editorial page, indicating the parts

and contents.

2. Go over the front page of thenewspaper and with a red pen,

number a sample of each of the

following:

a. local news e. ad i. news feature

b. foreign news f. lead story j. headline with ac. Weather news g. ear deck

Documents

Campus Journalism Complete Slides