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8/3/2019 Camouflage of Weapons
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEIndividual camouflage
Individual camouflage is personal concealment that a soldier use in the field to achieve surprise
and deceive the enemy.
A soldier modifies his dress and weapons to blend with his surroundings.
Must select positions and routes which afford him the maximum concealment and he must avoid
activity which is liable to give him as a consequence , his comrades, away.
Individual camouflage is the very basis of tall camouflage efforts.
The principles given below must become second nature to him.
The various aspects of individual camouflage are outlined as under:
Toning Down of Skin
The skin on the face and hands of a man shows of again natural background due to shine and
difference in tone.
The areas which shine are the forehead, nose ,cheek-bones, chin and these should be toned
down using burnt cork, charcoal, Blanco mud applied in uneven smudges.
Shadow areas under the eyes, nose and chin should be given a light colour.
Camouflage cream, camouflage sticks can also be used for the purpose.
Equipment
Helmet
One of the most striking characteristics of a soil equipment is his steel helmet with its typical
curved shape and metallic shine.
Camouflage of a helmet, the involves breaking its outline and removing is shine.Some of methods of achieving this are discussed.
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEPaint. Disruptive painting of the helmet, using 2 or 3 colours, which predominate in the terrain and
provide an effective distortion must be taken to continue the patterns across and under the
helmet
Foliage. One of the most effective methods of camouflage helmet is the use f natural foliage.This can be stuck either in camouflage net for the helmet or in a rubber band or cloth round thebase of the helmet.
This foliage of course must be of variety found locally and must be replaced before it startswithering
Garnishing Bows of garnishing tied or knotted to the camouflage net worn on a helmet break its outlineand shine
Hessian coverA very convenient field expedient is an improvised cover made of a circular piece of Hessianabout 50 cm in diameter.
A piece of string; woven round the rim edge and puffed tight under the rim, keeps the cover inposition.
Smudges of mud or paint break up the continuous tone and foliage or pieces of cloth stuck inholes cut into the cover break the outline of the helmet
Web Equipment.
web equipment properly shaped , using card board boxes uniformly blancoed and sparklinglybrass polished is a must for barrack inspections and inter-unit weapon training place .
In the field however this is a much out of place as drill movements .
The straight lines and the saline of the all equipment must be properly fitted to avoid the giveaway during silent movements like those at night and in the jungles.
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INDIVIDUAL CAMOUFALGE
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Aerial photographs
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Camouflage nets
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEClothing.
At present the colors of uniform being used in the Army are olive green as the standard item, white forsnow warfare troops khaki for desert areas.
Till such time the newly approved are issued, the existing clothing must continue to be used necessarylocal modifications as possible.
Even in non- desert terrain some modification will always be necessary to blend better withsurroundings.
Dust which tends to settle on the clothing and boots especially in desert must be welcomed.
Suitable dyes can be procured and used for giving colored smudges to the uniforms.
Position
A position must always be selected that will afford maximum concealment without changing naturalsurroundings.
A soldier must, at all times keep in mind two factors while selecting a position-silhouette and shadow.All his efforts at blending with the background, all the time on making up his helmet, face andequipment will come to light if he does not keep these factors in mind.
A silhouette is formed when a man is seen against background of the sky or some other lightbackground. This can be avoided by:
Avoiding skylineIf skyline cannot be altogether avoided then by exposing self on it for the shortest possible time
An object standing under the sun throws on the ground or near by wall a shadow, which is distinctiveand attracts attention more quickly than object itself.
To avoid disclosure one of the following methods are recommended:
- Stand completely in the shadow of another object.
- Stand in such a way that your shadow falls on irregular object like a bush and is thus distorted7
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEActivity
All activity at times of day and night should carefully avoid detection.
The precautions given in the following paragraphs must strictly enforced.
During Day
Disturb natural surroundings as little as possible
Avoid walking on skyline or along a water edge.
Run across a gap in hedge or up or down an exposed slope to permit movement being observed for the
shortest possible time
Stick to the tracks earmarked beforehand
Lie flat and be still when a hostile aircraft approaches
When using cover look round through or under it and over it.
Follow the lines of either the natural ground formation man made boundaries such as walls, hedges and
crop division
During Night
Eliminate all avoidable sounds form equipment while walking in a dark night, it is better to walk in open
than in a forest.
Do not smoke in an exposed position as the light will be visible from a long distance
Avoid skyline
If the pop of a flare is heard before the illuminating burst, lie on the ground instantly and remainmotionless if you are shown by the light freeze in situ with face down.
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEINFANTRYWEAPONS
The care and thoroughness exercised in individual camouflage must be repeated in the job of concealingweapons and equipment.
This is closely linked with the correct selection of positions.
Badly sited weapon pits can be easily detected. While selecting position, therefore its inherent camouflagecapability borne in mind side by side with its tactical capability.
Otherwise excellent position which by virtue of its location is capable of good concealment may have to begiven up for a second choice.
A field fortification cannot be concealed solely by siting. A properly selected position saves much time andcamouflage in making it inconspicuous.
Camouflage of infantryweapons
The concealment of infantry weapons present three problems
- Concealing these weapons so that they cannot be observed or associated with any particular arm. Thisincludes camouflage of weapon emplacement
- Disguising the special characteristics power
- Concealing the movement associated with the replenishment of ammunition
Starting any excavation, all natural material like turf, sod etc, which may later be useful for camouflage shouldbe removed and kept aside. After completion of the concealment these should be replaced on the spoil. Excessearth and spoil which is not required on site should be carried away and concealed under bushes or low tress.
Unless natural overhead cover is available a horizontal screen should be erected to conceal the fortificationunder construction to avoid detection under construction stage. This screen will be removed only after thefortification has been satisfactorily camouflaged.
As far as possible fortification should be located under trees or bushes or in dark . While opting for naturalcover, isolated land marks like lone trees, hay stacks and track junctions should be avoided.
Weapon pits dug with no regard for ground pattern or the track rings draw attention to the trench. The piledspoil add to the shine
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEPersonalWeapons
Rifle with bayonet, pistol and carbine are the basic weapons of the infantry soldier
Revealing Signs. Personal weapons can be recognized by virtue of their typical outline and the shine
from their wooden and metallic parts
Camouflage measures. Outline of a weapon can be changed by tying scrim garnish or hessian around it
by pattern painting or by sticking foliage on it.
The last method is little cumbersome as it interferes with efficient use of the weapon. These methods
help in breaking the outline as well as eliminate the shine.
Another practical and inexpensive method of reducing the shine is to coat the shiny portions with mud
or blanco.
Light machine Gun
Light machine gun is the main fire power of an infantry section
Revealing Signs. The revealing signs of an LMG post are the automatic fire and the dust kicked up from
the firing position.
Camouflage measures.
The following points should be remembered
Keep a low profile, firing from the side of a cover rather than over feature with improper
background behind and on the side of the gun
Ensure that there is no loose earth near the flash eliminator, gas down wash. Eliminate dust
nuisance by watering.
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEMedium Machine Gun
The main characteristic of MMG is sustained fire.
Revealing signs.The revealing signs of a medium machine gun
a) The shape of the pit and the existence of the twin gun
b) The cloud of the dust in front of the gun.
c) Litter consisting of empty cases, packing material and paper
d) Thick overhead cover.
e) The embrasure seen as an enclosed shadow
Camouflage Measures.
When sited in open , as during reorganization to repel an enemy counter-attack , use should be made ofavailable shadows of tress or bushes or debris.
Background must selected so that it contrast as little as possible with the gun or gunner.
A low profile should be attempted. When sited in prepared position, the overhead cover must be properlyconcealed by blending it with the surrounding area .
The embrasures should be so adjusted that the gunner, who has to sit or stand behind the gun exposing headand shoulders, does not become a bulls eye in the background of another opening, like open window etc.
The gunner should make full use contained shadow by staying in it and at no time leaning out.
At the same time the contained shadow of vehicle should be concealed by placing a bush or foliage in coveringit in front with a piece of hessian or net camouflage.
Litter should be collected periodically and either buried or sent back in retuning transport.
The position should be carefully checked for dust nuisance.
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEMortar
Because of its high angle of fire, which makes provision of overhead cover difficult, it is not easy to
conceal a mortar.
Revealing signs. The revealing signs of mortar positions
a) Shape of the pit and in case of 81 mm mortars, ground other similar pits connected with
trenches and tracks
b) The onion shaped flash, which appears after firing and even higher and more pronounced for
heavier motors
c) The smoke which accumulates in still air especially in cover and vegetation.
d) Dust raised from the ground as a result of mortars recoil
e) The litter consisting of bomb carriers and straps.
Camouflage measures. As far as possible, mortars positioned in dead ground, on reverse slopes and
ravines.
Where it is not possible a light coloured background chosen would be would at least partially, absorb the
flash and smoke of firing.
Litter of bombs to be kept in ammunition bays or disposed of at first opportunity back loading to the
rear or or burying or dumping near gun position.
Cover the pit when not in use by garnished camouflage or removable foliage
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGERCL (recoilless)guns
Identification /Revealing signs
Back blast extending to considerable distance
Charring of the area behind because of back blast
The long and shinny barrel
Height , when mounted on jeep
Jeep tracks leading to gun position
Camouflage measures
Site the gun in defiladed ground to conceal the blast from the enemy
Avoid premature firing
Gun position well dug down for a low profile even for a jeep mount
Tracks ahead of gun position
Alternative positions in case of vulnerability Cover the gun by garnished camo nets
Char other near by areas also for deception
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGECamouflage of Obstacles
Encountering an unexpected obstacle, the enemy need to reduce speed to surmount it or bypass it
without benefit of prior planning. He may have to call for specialist men and material. The defender
may be able to take advantage of confusion and deliver a hard blow. A good siting of the obstaclessolves the problem of concealment against ground observation. The obstacles located in the folds of the
ground, around the curves of the road and just over the crests of a hill are easy to conceal. To counter
aerial observation construct obstacles in night or during poor visibility along the existing features of the
terrain and avoid geometrical patterns
Concealment of various types of obstacles Wire obstacles, Mine fields & Road blocks
Wire obstacles:
Revealing signs
Sharp contrasts in color of pickets & back ground
Wire impeding normal movements leads to difference between the texture of fenced and non fenced
raga around
Tracks originally through the area altered to go around
In deserts and windswept areas deposits of dust and rubbish takes place at the base of wire obstacles Tracks made by erection parties can be distinguished immediately after erection and for few more days
Camouflage measures
Select wire obstacle to suit the vegetation in the are
Paint the pickets with the back ground color or use trees & bushes instead to tie the wire
Lay the obstacle along the existing terrain pattern ex a hedge, bank or road side etc
Plan detours around the obstacle to fit existing tracks and covered routes
Maintain eriodicall the rubbish de osits at the base of the obstacle
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEMinefields:
Revealing signs
Tracks left by reccee and laying parties and vehicles carrying mine stores
Wire fencing round the minefield
Spoil from mine holes not concealed or laid on top of the mines showing as small mounds of regular
pattern
Empty crates
Camouflage measures
Conceal the process of mine laying & related tracks
Use existing paths or tracks. If not obliterate by sweeping or dusting immediately after laying
Unloading sites must be under cover or garnished camouflage. Empty cases return in transport to
salvage or to the site of dummy minefield
Camouflage individual mines by the sod removed from the mine hole. Surplus can be carried and
concealed under bushes away from the site
Avoid enemy6 observation by working in the nights or poor visibility. All activities to be completed
before first light in case of night working
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGERoad blocks
Ex: Dragon teeth, concrete posts & anti tank ditches
Revealing signs
Conceal true nature of the block behind the screen with aim to
Conceal the true nature
Preventing enemy fire being directed at the most vulnerable part
Confusing tank crew and lowering the morale
Camouflage measures Use natural screens like road bends and crests are best, if not use vertical screens
Place screen not more than 3 meters in front of the obstacles, not providing enough space for enemy to
stop before he hits the obstacle. Two screens ( 1 meter & 2 meters ) better
Camouflage of vehicles
The improved surveillance techniques threaten to expose vehicles throughout the logistic system to thehigh definition photography, radar & heat sensors. A high standard of concealment is required both on
the move and at static location. Since, movement is difficult to conceal deliberate deception needs to be
planned and practiced to mislead enemy with regard to own administrative plans, intentions and
locations.
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGERevealing signs
Large angular shape, heat emission and requirement to use roads
Off the road and on frost or snow persistent characteristics of tracks
Both in static and mobile roles vehicles tend to form unnatural patterns revealing their presence Both white & IR light from vehicles expose them in night
Noise of the vehicle, loading / unloading and operating activities etc
The shape is rectangular block for an aerial observation, which can blend well in built up areas and not in open
Wind screen and head lights reflect shine
The body of a canopied vehicle area under chassis appears very dark contained shadow
Camouflage measures
Prepare vehicles for concealment and carry camouflage equipment
Dim and mask all lights
Screen exhaust systems
Remove colored signs
Use camouflage nets and natural materials properly blending with surroundings and not reflecting profile of the vehicle
Apply mud or wrap hessian cloth on shining surfaces
Use existing tracks, continue past real installation to logical destination
Enforce strict track discipline
Convoy density should be 10 vehicles per km
Park vehicle under tree, close to a bush hedge or wall. If not park side of the road with shadow falling on to road side
ditch.
Face the vehicle away from sun
Do not park more than three vehicles together under a cover 17
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEArmour
The size and shape of the armored vehicles make them difficult to conceal, especially in mobile operations. Hence
normally dispersed to troop positions and can be hidden from ground and air observation by adequate preparations
Revealing signs
Tracks leave distinct marks. Move along existing roads or tracks or on the edges of fields with shadows
Tracks made are almost impossible to hide. Make turn sunder cover to avoid distinct air observation
Reduce dust by low speeds and wider spacing between vehicles. Move in dark. Prefer hard ground, dead ground
Conceal smoke to the possible extent
Minimize noise of engine, crew conversation, radio and loading/unloading operations
Plan alternate fire positions and conduct move to detect chances of detection
Shape of turret, circular openings, skirting plates etc
Camouflage measures
Proper scrimming of camo nets and provision of poles and hessian for each and every vehicle
Clear directives on expected stay and the camo required
Large scale movement requires concealment, deception and dummy built up with due logistic projections Camouflage discipline essential at all times
Due care needs to be exercised that camouflage accessories do not interfere with vehicle systems, vision devices,
traversing systems etc
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CAMOUFLAGEArtillery
To be considered under Field artillery ( Close support units, location units, Air observation posts) & Air defence
Fieldartillery
They may be deployed as concentrated brigades , regiments or batteries
Revealing signs
Shape, shine & shadow reveal the position
Battery deployed with six guns for a frontage of 120 to 150 meters with regular spacing
Blast marks of firing at muzzle
Fresh tracks by logistic support vehicle Freshly dug soil, dumped ammunition, Empty shells & litter
Flash & Noise pick up by flash spotting & sound ranging techniques
Trajectory a fixed one : Weapon locating radars
Camouflage measures
Proper siting for each gun with reduction in regular intervals and also elimination of blast marks
Break shape, shadow and reduce shine by natural and artificial camo material
Raised ground in front without interference to trajectory, muzzle brakes, flash less propellants and lower chargesreduce /hide flash
Proper disposal & concealing of dumped and fired ammunition
Lower charges, temporary gun positions, firing number of guns simultaneously use of explosive from dummy positions
reduce chances of detection by sound ranging radar
Use of low trajectory weapon to avoid detection by weapon locating radar
Use umbrella camouflage to fire guns without removing them
Adhere to discipline in movement, disposal of litter & track discipline 19