Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Chapter 10: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity I – the

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010Chapter 1 Motor learning theory and physical skill

Chapter 10: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity I – the individual level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010

• Homework

• In a 300-word response, outline the most predominant factors of the individual level that contribute to your participation in basketball.


• Last Week’s Homework

• Choose the interpersonal level of Figueroa’s framework and use it to examine your participation rate in basketball. In 200 words, explain whether, at the selected level, your access to this particular sport was enhanced for you or diminished for you given your personal circumstances.


• Effective response strategy

• Basketball at the interpersonal level

• 1. Create an evaluative statement regarding your performance or participation in the physical activity you are studying (Evaluation). This could be by expressing:


• Make a decision as to the interpersonal factors that will be explored in your response. The factors selected should have had a significant influence over your attitudes, beliefs and values regarding your participation in basketball.

• interaction with parents• interaction with peers• interaction with coaches• interaction with teachers.


• Evaluate how your personal experiences during your upbringing have influenced your opportunities to accessing physical activities in general and how this may relate, if applicable, to your opportunities to participating in basketball.

• This may be, for example, due to your interaction or incidents with certain people in your life such as your parents, siblings, peers, teachers’ coaches and the media.

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010Chapter 1 Motor learning theory and physical skill

Chapter 10: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity.

– THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL


The individual level is one of five levels of a framework designed by

Professor Peter Figueroa to help evaluate and explore equity and access

issues within society.

The individual level explores the links between the personal values,

beliefs and behaviours of an individual and the opportunities, access and

equity experienced by that individual.

Figueroa’s framework – the individual level


Every individual possess beliefs and values that affect their participation

in sport and physical activity.

These beliefs and values will govern their behaviour and are a product of

the individual’s upbringing and experience with sport.

Figueroa’s framework – the individual level (cont.)


• It could be argued that when it comes to equity and access issues the

Individual Level is the most important.

• This is because in the end it is the individual’s choice that will determine

their access and level of participation in physical activity.

• Some people are able to access a physical activity despite having limited

opportunities to do so.

The importance of the individual level


• Others may have many opportunities created for them to participate in a

particular sport, yet they choose not to.

• Access to and participation in physical activity will always be a matter of

individual choice.

• However, it must be noted that individuals are more likely to engage in

physical activities when numerous opportunities are presented, so society

must work to establish equity through all levels of Figueroa’s framework.

The importance of the individual level (cont.)


There are a range of factors that will influence equity and access to physical activity at the individual level. Pg 317 Copy the diagram

Influences on access and personal choice to engage in physical activity

Equity and access to physical

activity at the individual level

Personal temperamen

t

Self-concept and

self-esteem

Genetic predispositio

n

Personal beliefs, values,

attitudes and

stereotypes

Individual needs


The work of Myers-Briggs identified four distinct pairings of psychological

preferences that will determine an individual’s personality type and may shape

behaviours.

Personal temperament


Extraversion Introversion

Sensing Intuition

Thinking Feeling

Judging Perceiving

Myers-Briggs presents four distinct areas within a person’s personality. While at each

end of these areas there are two extremes, generally people lie somewhere on the

continuum between the two extremes. Depending on where your preferences lie your

personality will fall into 1 of 16 different personality types.

Complete MBTI Test

http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/

Personal temperament (cont.)


• These personality types can be used to determine an individual’s

personal temperament.

• Individual temperament determines the way individuals see the world,

approach tasks and make decisions.



• People with different psychological preferences will naturally have

different interests and views, behave differently and are motivated by

different things.

• Temperament can be used to explain the preferences people may display

towards participation in physical activity in general, specific types of

physical activity or indeed the roles they take up in their sporting

involvement.



Complete Activity 10.2 pg 321


A second theory which may explain why some people choose to engage in

physical activity when equity is established and opportunities to participate are

presented is choice theory.

Choice theory asserts that all behaviours, including the action of participating or

not participating in physical activity, are need satisfying.

• That is, any action or decision made about how to behave will be made in an

attempt to meet a fundamental physical or psychological need.

Individual needs and choice theory


Choice theory categorises these needs into five need types: the survival need;

the love and belonging need; the freedom and choice need, the personal

power need, and the fun and enjoyment need.

When needs are met the individual will feel happier, more satisfied and content

– when physical activity is meeting our needs then we will be more likely to

engage in it.

Complete Activity 10.4 pg 325 q1 & 2 (choose basketball)

Individual needs and choice theory (cont.)


The opportunities and access to physical activity can also be governed by

an individual’s genetic makeup.

Genetic makeup will determine a person’s body type, muscle type and

amount, as well as their height and length of limbs.

These body features will allow some individuals to develop natural abilities

that are helpful in particular physical activities.

Genetic predisposition


Evaluate your ability to play basketball relating to your

GENETIC Makeup

Genetic predisposition


A fourth influence on the access and the personal choice to engage in

physical activity at Figueroa’s individual level are the beliefs and values of

the individual.

At the individual level of Figueroa’s framework it is the way these beliefs

and values manifest themselves as attitudes, stereotypes and behaviours

that can affect the access to and engagement in physical activity.

Personal beliefs, values, attitudes and stereotypes


An individual that, through the socialisation process, has learnt to value

sport and sporting participation and believes that an active lifestyle is not

only fun and enjoyable, but essential for a long and healthy life, is much

more likely to seek out and undertake opportunity to participate in physical

activity of any level.

Conversely, an individual that does not value the role of physical activity in

Australian society or believes physical activity is for ‘gym junkies’, ‘sweaty,

rough boys’ or ‘only fit people’, may avoid physical activity. Essentially,

limiting their own opportunities and creating their own inequities.

Personal beliefs, values, attitudes and stereotypes (cont.)


• Complete Activity 10.6 pg 329


A final aspect that affects opportunity and access to physical activity at

the individual level of Figueroa’s framework is a person’s self-concept

and self-esteem.

The combination of self-concept and self-esteem will influence the

behaviours an individual displays, including their participation in physical

activity.

An individual’s self-concept, not only governs how they see themselves,

but also how they want to be seen by others.

The role of self-concept and self-esteem in access and equity


This need to project their self-concept in the ‘right’ way is vital, as a

person’s image is what establishes themselves within friendship groups.

In this way self-concept, will influence the physical activities undertaken

by an individual.

An individual’s self-concept and associated stereotypes will create

opportunities to participate in more stereotypical physical activities, while

limiting opportunities to access other activities outside what is ‘normal’.

The role of self-concept and self-esteem in access and equity (cont.)


Self-concept will also directly affect opportunities towards access and

participation in physical activity when the mental image the individual has

of themselves as a sportsperson is explored.

Real issues with participation in physical activity begin to develop when an

individual does not see themselves as ‘being sporty’.

Self-Concept, motivation and the perception of success


Under these circumstances physical activity is rarely engaged in regularly

or attempts are less than productive. These negative experiences continue

to feed the individual’s poor self-concept regarding their sporting ability and

low-esteem will continue developing.

This makes participation in physical activity less likely to occur.

Self-Concept, motivation and the perception of success (cont.)


• Homework

• In a 300-word response, outline the most predominant factors of the individual level that contribute to your participation in basketball.


• Homework – Textbook answer• Decide on the most predominant factors of the individual

level that have contributed to basketball.• Decide on three to five most relevant past experiences

that will support these predominant factors.• Decide on the level of success your participation in

basketball has achieved and to what extent your predominant factors have contributed towards this.


YOUR ANSWER NEEDS TO COME FROM THESE 5 AREAS!!!

Influences on access and personal choice to engage in physical activity

Equity and access to physical

activity at the individual level

1. Personal temperamen

t

4. Self-concept and self-esteem

5. Genetic predispositio

n

3. Personal beliefs, values,

attitudes and

stereotypes

2. Individual needs

Documents

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Chapter 10: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity I – the