Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805217/82739/index/9780521782739_index… · INDEX OF ANCIENT PASSAGES CITED Aelian (1) Tact. 3.1–3: 214n121 3.4: 214n121 11.2–5:

INDEX OF ANCIENT PASSAGES CITED

Aelian (1)Tact.

3.1–3: 214n1213.4: 214n12111.2–5: 208n9512: 32914.6: 211n10818.3: 221n155

Aelian (2)VH

3.26: 86n66.12: 35812.17: 480n72

Aeneas TacticusPref. 2: 173

1: 375n212: 375n212.2: 1772.5–6: 1772.6: 2464.8–11: 246n2205: 375n217.1: 17210: 375n2110.25–6: 245–611: 375n2111.3–6: 24412.2–13.4: 14214: 375n2116.5–8: 17016.15: 15317: 375n2118: 375n2118.21: 16622: 375n2126.7: 17628.6: 24533–4: 17940: 45940.4: 24640.5: 246

Aeschines2.71: 267, 2692.115–16: 99n40, 99n412.147–51: 298

2.167–70: 2982.169: 144n1643.94: 2673.100: 2673.109: 286n443.109–10: 99n41

AeschylusPers.

392–5: 233–4409–20: 233n185419–21: 236

Sept. 941–3: 26n11Agathias

Pref. 4–13: 57Alcaeus

fr. 428a LP: 293n68Ammianus Marcellinus

16.12.37: 210n10418.8.4–14: 6018.9.2: 6119.8.5: 6124.7.4: 6125.3.21–3: 59

AnaximenesFGrH 72 F 4: 330

Andocides2.11: 256n29

AndrotionFGrH 324

F 44: 283n25F 58: 99, 99n40

Anthologia Palatina6.131: 34514.73: 287n48

Antiphanes2: 1355.20: 181n54

Apollonius RhodiusArgon. 1.540–4:

227Appian

B Civ.3.11: 491n1055.246: 375.528: 37

603

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604 index of ancient passages cited

Appian (cont.)Hann. 22: 355Hisp.

13: 38532: 46081: 38596: 459

Ill. 8: 493Italica 8.1: 316Mac. 19: 387Mith. 30: 491n105Pun.

3: 38713: 38716: 453n17418: 38975: 49693: 4494: 491n105120: 389

Sicelica 1: 319Syr.

11.35: 41222: 44624: 44327: 443n16432: 34331–5: 420–166: 324n44

Archilochusfr. 5 West: 293n68fr. 21–2 West: 285n37fr. 92–8 West: 285n37fr. 102 West: 285n37

AristophanesAch.

65–7: 96162–3: 296, 297n77496–555: 67545: 262546–55: 1541022–6: 1721074: 294n691103–11: 294n69

Eq.595–610: 266n79784–5: 296n75815: 257n31924: 270n1021070–1: 268n911366–8: 296n75

Lys. 492, 520: 42Pax

603–14: 671172–8: 294n69

Ran.1071–6: 2961074: 233

Vesp.656–60: 263n621085: 2111117–21: 297n771118–19: 296n75

AristotleEth. Eud. 1227a: 162Eth. Nic.

3.8.7–9: 1431116b: 500n9, 502n171134b: 283n25

[Oec.]2.1.4–6 (1345b–1346a): 476n602.1345b: 479, 479n68

Pol.1255a6–7: 283n271256b23–6: 2551264a20–3: 274n41264a33–6: 2741264b34–7: 2741266b38–9: 288n53, 289n581267a14: 289n581267b31–4: 2741268a16–b4: 2741269a34–6: 274n31269a37–b12: 274n41274a13–15: 296–71289b30–2: 2951295a23–6: 2951295b2–4: 2951296a20: 2951297a29–35: 278–91297b1–2: 2971297b2–13: 278–9, 2981297b16–24: 2961297b16–28: 2951297b19–20: 2051303b2: 2021304a22–4: 297n771311b–1312a: 480n721319a20–4: 279n171321a10–14: 2951327a40–b11: 2981327b8–11: 1391329a40–b39: 2741330a26–9: 2741331a31–b14: 274n41337b: 502n181338b: 134, 503n211338b25–39: 273n1

Rh.1390b–1391a: 505n321395a: 1711412a: 171

fr. 94 Rose: 505fr. 498 Rose: 327fr. 576 Rose: 285n41fr. 597 Rose: 100






index of ancient passages cited 605

[Aristotle]Ath. Pol.

7.3–8.1: 2987.26.2: 2988.5: 89n1615.2: 12022.7: 254n2023.5: 10327.2: 265n7127.3–4: 276n933.2: 277n1036.2. : 277n1042.3: 50043.1: 271n10349.1: 266n7461.2: 131n109

ArrianAnab.

1.6.8: 4541.7.10: 4571.13–14: 4061.13–16: 621.14: 4031.14.7: 631.15.5–8: 3291.15–16: 407, 423, 4321.16: 409, 415, 4241.16.1: 3291.16.5: 461–462n31.17: 4161.18.1.: 3311.83ff.: 3702.6–11: 642.10: 4032.11: 4322.18–24: 4502.19: 4432.21.1: 4542.21.8: 4442.22.3–5: 4452.22.5: 4402.27.2: 4483.10.2: 189n143.10–11: 4063.11: 4313.14: 418, 4323.15: 4083.16: 4163.16.11: 3333.18.5. : 3314.2–3: 4504.4.6: 3294.19.5: 480n724.24.8–9: 3764.28–30: 448–95.14–18: 4175.15: 4195.17–18: 420n80

5.18: 4165.25.2: 37, 37n415.28.3: 595.85: 3616.10: 486.22–6: 786.27.6: 3337.8.3: 377.9.6: 4637.11.4: 377.15.5–6: 319n327.23.3–4: 3337.24.4: 33314–15: 41415–16: 423

Tact.11.1–2: 21811.1–4: 208n9512.3–4: 211n10812.4: 20612.10: 211n10816.3: 33116.6: 33116.6–9: 221n15516.13: 210n107, 211

AsclepiodotusTact.

1.2: 3391.3: 3451.4: 192n263.5–6: 2073.6: 207n864: 4264.1–3: 208n955.1: 3375.2: 211n1087: 4227.3: 221n155

AsconiusCom. 68c: 489n103

Athenaeus5.196a–203e: 471n355.209b: 478n6613.561f.: 144n16513.602a: 144n165521d: 286n46781d: 204

Augustine of HippoDe civ. D. 4.4: 249

CaesarB Afr.

24: 491n10548: 356n12355: 356n12359: 356n123

B Alex.1: 491n105







Caesar (cont.)9: 491n10534: 356n12339–40: 35649: 491n10551: 491n105

B Civ.2.66: 491n1053.5: 491n1053.43: 491n1053.88–95: 623.92: 209

B Gall.1.16: 491n1052.16–28: 624.33: 4175.38–40: 626.4.4–5: 491n1057.68–89: 777.72–4: 77

Callixinusap. Ath. 5.196a–203e: 471n35

CassiodorusChron. 2.130: 494n113

Cassius Dio56.20–2: 76fr. 41: 319

Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi13: 299n83

CiceroAtt. 6.1.14: 356n123Fam. 5.12.5: 57Font. 13: 491n105Leg. 2.60: 514n75Leg. Man. 6: 486n90Mur. 19–30: 486n90Off.

1.38: 486n901.74–8: 486n901.121: 486n90

Rep. 5.7.9: 486n90Verr. 2.3.15: 478n66ap. Strabo 17.1.13: 471n34

CritiasDK 88 F 34: 151

Curtius Rufus, Q.3.1.19–20: 3613.11.27: 4163.26ff.: 3704.4.17: 396n53, 4604.6.29: 594.13.3–9: 189n145.2.3: 3337.3: 788.2.1–3: 3768.12.16: 464n1110.2.24: 463

De Viris Illustribus37.5: 478n66

Demosthenes1.19: 271n1031.19–20: 271n1112.24: 271n1102.27: 271n1102.28: 2692.31: 271n1103.10–13: 271n1113.20: 271n1103.31: 271n1114.7: 271n1104.16–29: 258–94.21: 141–24.24: 267n814.27: 142n1534.28: 266n744.34: 3614.43–6: 1425.25: 125[7.14–15]: 269n987.47.4: 1788.9: 269–708.11: 146n1708.20.77: 269n968.21: 2688.21–3: 2718.21–9: 269n968.24–5: 269–708.26: 2688.28: 269–709.47–52: 146,

1919.56–66: 4639.58: 46310.31: 26710.34: 269n9711.5–6: 267[12.3]: 269n9615.17: 288n5317.28: 256n2918.195: 16118.230: 16118.234: 267–818.235: 146n17019.7–8: 9619.84: 257–8, 258n3819.126: 9619.131: 9619.291: 271n11120.77: 261n53,

283n2921.103: 35n3621.167: 270n9922.8: 12522.42–5: 271n110







22.44–5: 271n11022.50: 27122.53: 27122.55: 131n11023.139: 14223.148: 127n7824.11–14: 255–6,

26924.167: 131n110[42.25]: 271[49.12]: 271n103[49.16]: 271n103[49.49]: 268n8750: 7150.6: 150[50.8]: 271, 271n103[50.8–9]: 271[50.10]: 271n103[50.15]: 271[50.17–21]: 270n99[50.22]: 16250.51: 131n109[50.53]: 268n87[50.59–61]: 271[51.13–14]: 254[53.6–11]: 181n5454.3–4: 78[58.53–6]: 269[59.4]: 271n103[59.4–6]: 271n111

Exordia 41.2: 271Philippic 3.49–50: 447

Dinarchus1.69: 271

Diodorus Siculus3.54.5: 378n328.27.2: 173–410.108.5–7: 38811.4.2: 278n1311.4.5: 278n1311.18.6–19.3: 233n18511.20.2: 378n3211.33: 18311.39–40: 257n3111.47.1–2: 284n3411.49.1–2: 285n3511.65.2–5: 15311.76.2: 144n16411.78.4: 26112.9.1–10.1: 286n4612.10–11.: 285n3812.26: 238n19712.28: 265n6812.75.7: 14512.79.6–7: 14512.80.2–3: 14513.40.6: 269n94

13.42.2–3: 269n9413.44.3: 17213.47.6–7: 27213.56: 246n21913.64.4: 27213.69.5: 269n9413.78.1: 230n18013.88.5: 37613.88.7: 37613.100–2: 17613.104.8: 24413.106.8: 283n2914.16.5: 489n9914.17.4–6: 287n5014.18.1: 287n5014.41.1–6: 256n3014.41.3: 35814.42.1: 45114.42.2: 35814.44.7: 35814.79.2: 15314.84.5: 267n8014.94.4: 17614.102.2: 283n2514.111.4: 283n2515.14.4: 283n3015.28.3–4: 10315.32.5: 12015.34.3–35.2: 269n9615.44: 32615.44.2–4: 221n14915.44.3: 150n1015.46.4–6: 16715.47.7: 269n9615.48.4: 158n2215.81.2: 145n16715.82–7: 223n16615.85.1: 20415.85.4–5: 13315.87.2: 212n11115.93.4: 17515.95.3: 269n9616.3.1: 392n4816.3.1–2: 329n716.3.4: 46316.4.3: 32516.8.2: 45116.8.2–3: 45016.8.6: 462n516.22.1–2: 267n8116.24.2: 328n516.24.3–25.2: 283n3016.25.1: 328n516.25.2: 17316.34: 269n9616.34.5: 44816.44.6: 358







Diodorus Siculus (cont.)16.53.2: 46316.57.2: 283n3016.57.2–3: 269n9616.67.1–2: 37816.69.1: 31716.74: 45016.74.4: 45216.75.2: 45216.77.4: 378n3216.79.1: 37816.80.4: 34416.85.6: 32917.3–5: 32517.11.2: 45917.14.3: 46017.17.3: 379n3317.17.4: 33117.19–21: 6217.22ff.: 37017.32.2: 39017.36: 41617.46.3: 396n5317.46.4: 459–6017.52: 471n3417.53: 42317.61: 41617.68.2: 39017.80.3: 464n1017.85: 37617.89: 41617.111.4: 508n4618.4.5: 36118.10.1–3: 36218.10.2: 29n25, 362n13918.14.1: 464, 481n7618.25.1: 38918.28.5–6: 481n7618.30–2: 43218.31: 48, 409, 42318.33.5–6: 39318.33–6: 481n7618.40.2–4: 37218.40.5–8: 37618.44.1–5: 39218.50: 481n7618.50.2: 461n3, 46818.50.3: 379, 476n6118.50.5: 461n318.53: 481n7618.54.4: 461n318.61–2: 481n7618.69.3–4: 376n2518.72.2–5: 39318.75.1: 37219.4.3–7: 376n2419.10.2–3: 37619.15: 34n32

19.15.6: 38719.18.1: 39319.25: 481n7619.25.2: 38619.26: 481n7619.26.9–27.1: 50119.27–8: 46419.30: 42019.30.5–6: 501n1419.31: 414, 42319.36.1: 38819.37.3: 38919.37.4: 39019.37.5: 39219.41.1: 461n319.42: 408, 42119.42–3: 41419.43: 41219.43.8–9: 37219.46.6: 464, 46819.48.7–8: 464, 46819.56.4–5: 46819.56.5: 46419.57.5: 469n2319.58.1–6: 469n2519.58.2: 38619.61.5: 469n2319.62: 35819.62.8: 46619.63.2: 39619.68.5–7: 39119.69.1–2: 39119.77.5–6: 37019.80.2: 39219.80.5: 37019.82: 41519.83–4: 42119.85: 41519.85.4: 334n2819.88.1–89.1: 37019.93.2: 39319.94.1ff.: 37119.96.4: 38119.101.1: 508n4619.105.1–4: 47919.109.1–2: 500n920.2.3: 37120.3.4: 38620.9.1: 461n220.12: 41720.29.1: 38520.37.4: 461n320.41.1: 38620.42.1: 38620.47.1–4: 37920.48: 441n15920.49.4: 44120.49–50: 358







20.49–52.6: 468n1820.51.2: 44120.52.6: 44020.57.2–3: 37720.63.4: 502n1820.64.3: 376–720.65.1: 39620.73.1ff.: 38820.73.2: 37920.73.3: 38920.73.3–74.5: 38220.79.2: 48020.81.2–3: 37520.81–100: 46520.82.1–2: 469n2520.82.4: 38320.84.6: 39620.85–8: 36020.85–90: 45320.88.9: 38720.89.5: 39620.94–100.2: 482n8020.96.1–3: 38720.97.2: 38320.97.4ff.: 39320.100.6: 46620.101.5: 48820.107.3–5: 468n1920.113.3: 481n7521.4.1: 452, 45621.8.1: 45221.13: 46822.13.7: 36624.11.2: 36726.1.1: 502n1826.8: 478n6626.18: 465n1629.6.1: 501,

509n4930.8: 515n8131.2: 324n4431.6: 51431.8.5: 494n11331.8.9: 494n11333.4a: 480n7333.10: 43934/35.25.1: 489n103103: 376n24 #

Dionysius of Halicarnassus20.1.2–4: 338n4720.12: 421

Thuc. 17: 59n16

EphorusFGrH 70 F 186: 188n6

Eupolisfr. 103.4–6: 505fr. 394 KA: 294n69

EuripidesAndr. 693ff.: 33n31HF

190: 206n80190–2: 206n79

Phoen.710–53: 1681093–8: 2191377: 204n74

fr. 232: 505

Frontinus1.1–2: 406n301.3.3: 377n301.10: 406n302.3.17: 356, 356n1222.6.6: 217n1302.9.2: 397n543.12.2–3: 144n1613.16: 375n214.1.6: 80n89, 162, 329n7, 381, 392n484.1.14: 404n184.1.24: 489n1024.2.4: 379n334.7.10–11: 441n1604.7.29: 3514.7.31: 491n105

GelliusNA

2.2.13: 36n412.22.28: 491n10510.6: 365n147

Hellenica Oxyrhynchia13.1: 287n5018.3: 285n40

A1, 1–27 Chambers: 254A1, 28–30 Chambers: 267n80D16, 5537–44 Chambers: 267

Heraclides Ponticusfr. 3 Muller: 96n28

Herodotus1.18: 991.22.4: 86n61.27.5: 86n61.66: 64, 289n601.67–8: 641.69.3: 86n61.82: 64, 90, 286n421.82.5: 212n1111.136: 1261.136.1: 218n1351.136.2–3: 2551.142: 98n341.143–4: 981.144: 98n351.144.2: 98







Herodotus (cont.)1.147.2: 981.149: 98n351.153.1–2: 191n201.170: 99n382.154: 474n482.167: 503n233.19: 263n613.47: 1803.49: 288n523.54–6: 1803.57–8: 2593.58: 283n263.131–7: 864.120–42: 422n884.148: 284n334.159: 285n384.162: 435.23.2: 2565.33: 365.36.2–4: 259n435.49: 2855.49.3–4: 191n205.52–4: 1615.72.3: 91n235.74–5: 1035.77.3: 283n255.80.1: 1075.81: 289n605.81–9: 288n525.90–3: 103n535.95.2: 975.97.3: 465.121: 2196.5: 2296.11–12: 136n1316.12–15: 2276.13: 706.14: 706.14.2: 260n486.15: 1486.15.1: 231n1816.17: 2296.17: 2506.26.1: 2296.34–6: 255n226.37.1: 255n226.41.1–2: 255n236.46.3–47.2: 285n376.46–7: 256n306.60: 1656.75: 646.77–8: 646.79: 646.79.1: 283n256.89: 254n206.101: 178

6.106: 666.106.3: 156n186.111.1: 206n826.115–16: 245n2156.120.1: 1616.121–4: 60n606.125: 86n6, 282n246.132: 283n266.132.1–2: 2556.132–3: 2556.137–40: 289n557.5: 897.9b.1: 147n1, 2027.9b.1–2: 1907.102–4: 215n1247.111.3: 218n1357.133–6: 957.144.1: 100n447.144.1–2: 254n207.148–9: 287n497.148.2: 647.156: 285n357.157–62: 287n497.158.4: 188n67.170: 52–37.173: 657.176: 288n527.179: 1627.181: 657.184.1–2: 148, 231n1817.206: 66, 1557.209: 70, 215n1247.215: 288n527.234: 70, 215n1248.26: 289n558.27: 1688.29: 283n268.29–30: 288n528.40: 658.60: 658.66.2: 261n508.78: 2118.86–9: 233n1858.111–12: 259, 283n268.121–2: 1839.7: 669.10–11: 278n139.11.2: 909.11.3: 278n159.15: 1639.19–51: 1629.20–4: 4229.22.1: 1369.26–7: 287n499.28.6: 277n139.33–5: 1589.55: 33







9.60: 669.60.3: 136, 2049.65: 1639.70: 1639.72: 669.85: 1759.85.2: 1759.87: 283n269.119–21: 261n52

HesiodOp.

25–6: 281225–47: 299n83

HomerIl.

1.113–15: 422.198–9: 130n532.198–202: 278, 2972.229–38: 278, 297n142.265–77: 130n1012.362: 1942.363: 292.391–3: 130n1012.719: 121n403.74–461: 203n654.240–50: 130n1014.526–49: 194n385.428–30: 435.891–2: 496.45–65: 288n546.208: 88, 282n226.492: 427.55–311: 203n658.60–5;: 194n388.266: 121n409.80–8: 1659.645–8: 288n5410.180–9: 16510.418–22: 16511.67–72: 194n3811.385: 40, 121n4011.670–761: 251n1711.784: 282n2212.265–72: 27812.409–12: 27813.125–34: 194n3813.636ff.: 48–913.713: 121n4013.800–1: 194n3815.561–4: 19416.212–17: 194n3817.357–9: 19418.498–501: 288n5418.509–13: 28320.353–7: 27821.99–105: 288n5421.606–11: 176

23.111–28: 283,288n54

Od.6.91–2: 2816.270–2: 876.272–88: 919.112–15: 879.125–9: 8717.424–33: 25022.54–64: 288n54

HoraceCarm. 3.16.13–14: 375

Isaeus11.48: 254

Isidore of SevilleEtym. 9.3.43: 353

Isocrates4.87: 1614.90: 278n134.92: 278n134.97: 2334.131: 2744.142: 2674.146: 142n1565.120–3: 142n1556.99–100: 278n137.9: 142, 2667.10: 1857.82–3: 1428.29: 268n888.36: 268n888.44: 4988.44–7: 14212.159: 26715.111: 265n68, 269n9615.123: 268n88

Ep. 3.5: 274

JeromeDan. 11.6–9: 371Dan. 11.9: 482

John of EphesusHist. eccl. 6.8–9: 58

JosephusAJ

11.317–19: 45812.9–10: 37613.166–70: 380246–7: 376

Ps.–Joshua Stylites54: 8077: 80

Justin MartyrApol. 11.6.2: 379n33

JustinianDigest 47.22.4: 260–1







JustinusEpit.

7.6.14: 44812.1.3: 464n1032.4.6–7: 441n160

Livy1.23: 316n241.56–7: 3162.1–4.8: 376n263.32: 3164.58–60: 489n1005.15: 3165.25: 3165.28: 3165.37–9: 4316.1: 3136.11.1–20.16: 717.20: 3187.22: 3187.27: 3178.8: 65, 4288.8.6: 513n708.8.8: 514n718.9: 4328.11.16: 3309.44.5–15: 488n959.45.1–4: 488n959.45.5–9: 316n2410.12.1–3: 316n2410.27.8–29.20: 373n1610.28: 417, 42110.28–9: 43210.29: 414–15, 415n6416.2–3: 376n2621.48.8–10: 38321.54: 431n14021.55.11: 35121.56: 41122.3.11–13: 7122.12.1–2: 512n6322.12.2ff.: 377n3022.37.10: 478n6622.46: 408n3822.46.4: 355n12122.49–52: 41522.57.11–61.2: 508–510n5622.59.1: 51022.60.14: 51023.5.5: 33023.21.5: 478n6623.29: 411, 43123.29.5: 34423.30.9: 376n2623.46.6–7: 508n4923.48.1–2: 38523.48.4–49.4: 489

23.48–9: 489n10424.2.8–9: 376n2424.11: 36524.18.6: 35324.21.7: 48024.32.4: 45924.33.9–34.16: 465n1624.34: 45324.34.3: 39424.34.3–7: 376n2224.34.5: 351, 453n17424.34.9: 45424.36.1: 375–624.46.4: 39324.47.4–11: 376n2224.47.11: 508n4924.49.8: 508n4925.3.2: 38525.3.8–5.1: 48925.8.1–11.20: 376n2625.16–17: 70–125.25.11–13: 44125.26–7: 45925.28.8: 478n6625.29.7: 478n6625.30: 449, 45725.39.1: 35626.4: 351, 424n10126.4.9: 35126.5–6: 45626.7–8: 457–826.10.5: 508n4926.26.3: 453n17426.30.1: 478n6626.32.4: 478n6626.35–6: 36626.39: 36426.39.15–17: 50726.44.6: 44926.44.10: 453n17426.44–6: 44926.47.1–2: 366n2626.47.5–6: 45326.47.5–10: 387–826.48: 44927.5.17–18: 376n2227.8.15: 508n4927.11.14: 35327.14.5: 453n17427.18: 40327.18–19: 415n6427.19.1: 373n1727.32.4–6: 507n4227.33.9–11: 51427.38.11: 508n4927.43–9: 40727.44ff.: 393







27.48: 403n17, 411, 431n14027.49: 414, 421n8427.51: 397n5528.1.6–7: 39128.2: 42628.15: 414, 43228.19: 40828.20.1: 508n4928.33: 427–829.18.6: 39430.3–6: 403n1630.4.10: 453n17430.8: 431n3730.10.8–21: 44330.33–4: 43131.1.8–10: 515n8131.6.1–8.1: 511n6031.8.3: 319n3131.23.4: 45731.24.11–17: 507n4231.34: 43031.35: 42431.35.3: 35131.35.5: 513–1432.15.5–7: 38532.16: 45032.16.5: 45732.17: 426n11633.6: 390n4733.8: 40033.8–9: 426n11633.9: 408n42, 42033.9.12: 7133.10.7–10: 7133.30.5: 35833.32.5: 32233.42.8: 38734.6.9–10: 491n10534.9.8–11: 489n9934.11–12: 491n10534.16.7–10: 491n10534.21.7: 491n10534.46.2–3: 491n10535.4: 39035.7.7: 38935.18.1: 481n7636.2–3: 364n14536.18: 426n11637.8.3: 44637.10–11: 44737.11: 44337.22–3: 36337.23.5: 44637.23–4: 43537.24.6: 44637.32: 39737.39.9: 343

37.40.13: 343n7237.40.14: 33937.41–2: 418, 431n13937.43: 408n42, 414n4237.44: 41638.19–27: 425n10938.21.12: 35139.24.4: 35442.11.6: 35442.27.8: 387n4242.29.7–8: 387n4242.47.4–9: 191n2342.48.9–10: 38342.55.5: 38343.6.1–9: 491n10544.7.10–12: 38544.16.2: 49344.18.2–4: 39144.22.8: 374n1844.41: 420, 426n116, 430n13644.42: 415n64, 41644.42.1–2: 461n6445.12.3–8: 324n4445.18.1–7: 494n11345.18.7: 494n11345.19–20.3: 494n11345.26.1–2: 494n11345.26.11–15: 494n11345.29.12–13: 494n11345.33.3–4: 494n11345.35: 358–945.40.1: 491n106

Per. 14: 319Pref. 1.2: 57

LucianDial. Mort.

12(14).2: 328n512.3: 189n1425.6: 189n14

Hist. conscr. 15: 58n11Lucilius

7.290: 350–1Lysias

2.35–9: 2332.38: 23413: 12613.65: 35n37, 131n11114.7: 132n11415.1–4: 132n11416.6–7: 266n7416.14: 258n3816.15: 20719.23: 28219.50: 27020.13: 276n921.3: 270n10228.2: 269n95







Lysias (cont.)28.5ff.: 269n9529.9: 271n11033.5: 267n80

fr. 6 Bude: 266n49fr. 39 Thalheim: 259

Maccabees1.10.29–30: 476n601.10.42: 476n602.3.4ff.: 3762.13.2: 348

Malalas18.60: 56463.4–465.3: 56

Malchusfr. 20.226–56: 78n86

Marcellinus ComesChron. sub. an. 499: 78n86

MauriceStrat. 2.6.5–11 Dennis: 210n107

Mimnermusfr. 14 West: 192

MnesimachusPhilip F7: 451n170

Moschusap. Ath. 5.209b: 478n66

Nepos11.1–2: 33919.3.2: 376n25

Hann.10.4–11.6: 441n16010.5–11.4: 447

Iph.1.3–4: 221n1492.2: 208n94

Milt. 5.5: 218n135Tim. 1: 265n68

Nicolaus of DamascusFGrH 90 F63: 86n6

Old Oligarchsee [ Xenophon]

Onasander10: 406n3010.2–3: 20714: 406n3022: 406n2822.1–3: 21929–30: 40732.9–10: 217n13436.1: 21236.1–2: 175

Orosius4.7.12: 364n1444.8.4: 441

Pausanias1.8.1: 468n191.15.1–4: 691.32.3: 139, 1752.20.8–10: 433.8.3: 287n503.8.4: 93n253.9.3–10: 287n504.4.1–5.5: 289n554.4–5: 904.5.2: 975.8.10: 1965.10.2–4: 1015.16.5: 965.23.3: 1766.2.4: 1856.19.6: 255n227.10.1: 1787.11.1: 286n427.15.7: 139n1397.16.9: 494n1137.25.5–6: 176n488.27.1: 285n368.50.1: 343n6710.1.6: 181n5510.9.6: 286n4210.9.7: 15810.19–23: 425n10910.20.2: 139n139, 277n13121.15: 55

Philo of Byzantium5.96.15–19: 152

Bel.57: 442n16173: 452–3

PhilochorusFGrH 328 F

56a: 271n111162: 270n99216: 165

PindarIsthm. 2.32: 192n25Pyth.

2.1: 202n628.38: 299: 51

Ol. 6.19: 158fr. 110: 27n20

Plato[Alc.] I 123a: 284n32Lach.

181a: 211–12182e–184c: 501n11

Leg.630b: 142n156706b–c: 214n120706c–d: 503–4







707c: 297n77794c: 124n59834a: 124n59944d–e: 29314626a: 27

Phd. 66c: 289Prot. 354b: 288n53Resp.

372d–373e: 289373a: 280373d–e: 280374b–d: 502n17404c: 151470–71: 304556c–d: 279, 296556d: 505556d–e: 505

Symp.219e: 164, 244220: 78220a–b: 244220c: 165

PlautusAmph. 648–53: 509n51Pseud. 581: 514n75

Pliny the ElderHN

1.12–13: 523.57: 319n327.207: 35812.56: 469n2513.73: 469n2533.9: 51235.7: 509

PlutarchAem. 11: 374n18

19.3: 461n219.23: 461n219.33: 461n220: 426n11628.2–3: 494n11332: 491n106

Ages.18.2–3: 209n10018.4: 217n13026.2: 274n426.4–5: 279n18,

503n2327: 287n50

Alc.16.1: 131n10716.4: 24730.3: 269n9435.4: 269n94

Alex.15.2: 379n33, 463n915.3–4: 330

16.2: 3316.4: 6316.11:18ff.: 37031.10–14: 189n1446: 480n7251.10: 33n3259.5: 464n11

Arat.4–8: 45716.1: 341

Arist.5.4: 8014: 144n16222.1: 297n7723.2: 132n11524: 284–285n34

Cam. 8.3–8: 316Cat. Mai.

1: 51010.2: 491n105

Cim. 5.2–3: 504Cleom.

11.2: 33823.1: 338–928: 412n56

Crass. 23–31: 422n88De Alex. fort. 1.3.327d: 379n33Dem.

16.2–3: 468n1817.4: 258n4128: 37932.1: 46949–50: 481n76

Demetr.9.3–4: 480n7215.3: 461n343–4: 36244.5: 506n3948.2: 348

Dion. 30.5: 203n69Eum.

9.2: 376n2312.1: 461n313.5: 34n3315.3: 34n33

Luc.7.4: 35626.6: 356

Lyc.6: 37n4412.2: 291n6222.1–2: 27322.2–3: 20422.5: 212n11123.1: 34724.2: 503n23







Plutarch (cont.)Marc.

2.1–2: 5107: 4098.6: 31614.3: 465n1615.1–17.3: 465n1621.2: 202n6229: 409

Mor.178a: 80n87, 162182a: 469n24183d: 461n2187a: 164193e: 202n62193e17: 171214a: 279n18220a: 206n80228f.: 212n111241f.: 206n80244: 181n55245: 43290d: 185296ab: 285n41298a–b: 97761b: 144n165788a: 134n122

Nic.6.5: 1756.5–6: 212n111, 212n11314.5: 148

Num.1.2: 313n1912.3–7: 316n24

Pel.2.1: 127n8117.2–4: 223n16517.4: 217n13118.5–6: 21618–19: 144n16523.3: 215n12423.4: 145n16732.2–7: 223n165

Per.11.4: 22823.4: 286n4624–8: 238n19725: 106n6131–2: 67

Phil.3.2–4: 5077.4: 500n107.6–7: 507n449.1: 3419.1–3: 5049.2: 343n6713.3: 507n41

13.3–6: 502n1614.5: 501n15

Phoc.7.1–2: 268n877.3: 507n4513.2: 144n16433.1–5: 376n25

Pyrrh.7.4–5: 507n438.1: 506n379: 461n213.1: 507n4114.2–8: 507n4116: 404n18, 408n37, 423n9516.2: 507n4516.8–17.2: 50916–17: 409n4317: 414, 432n14119.5: 515n7621: 414, 426n6121.10: 515n7622.1: 507n4122.6: 507n4224.2–3: 507n4325: 403n16, 431n13934: 45934.1–2: 507n4234.2: 394

Sert. 1.3: 176Sol. 8.1: 90Sull.

16.7: 339, 356n12218: 41819: 408n42

Them.4.3: 214n12015.2: 233n18519: 257n3119.4: 297n7724.1: 97n30

Tim.25.1: 34827: 403, 417n1527.2: 34827–9: 34429.1: 183n58

PolyaenusStrat.

1.16.3: 212n1111.17: 173–41.43.2: 144n1632.1.19: 217n1302.1.21: 1712.3.11: 1642.3.15: 218n1392.10.4: 1702.25: 166







2.29.2: 3292.30.3: 1642.32: 212n1112.38: 4193.9: 221n1503.9.17: 1643.9.19: 1643.9.55: 269n963.10.7: 1593.10.9: 269n964.2.10: 329n7, 392n484.3.22: 419n724.6.16: 469n254.7.7: 3584.9.4: 468n196.4.3: 343n678.65: 181n55

Polybius1.2.2–4: 4881.2.6: 508n461.6.1: 485n871.6.5: 515n801.6.6: 501n141.7.9: 515n811.16.10: 478n661.16–17: 3861.18: 491n1051.18.3: 4581.18.7: 4581.18.9–11: 4581.20.15: 359–601.21: 3591.21.4: 4371.21.9–11: 4381.22: 4381.23: 4391.25.6: 489n1021.26: 3641.26.10: 4391.27.10: 4391.32–4: 4151.34: 415, 4201.37: 3641.37.2: 3951.37.2–3: 4401.37.4: 4401.37.7: 516n841.40.1: 489n1021.42–8: 4501.46.4–13: 4561.49: 3641.49.1–2: 3651.49–51: 444n1661.51.4–6: 4441.52.8: 3871.59.1–2: 490n1041.60.3: 366–7

1.63–4: 3641.64.6: 5142.4.8: 462.8.8: 255n262.11.17: 493n1122.12: 3192.19.6–7: 373n162.20.9: 501n142.24: 3642.27–31: 4132.29–30: 425n1092.38.2–3: 508n462.65: 403n172.65.1–69.11: 370–12.65.3: 343n662.69: 412n563.6–33: 3213.22: 3173.25.4: 3803.26: 3173.29: 3213.35.8: 501n143.65: 424n1013.71–2: 425n1063.75.7: 3393.79: 783.80.4: 514n733.83.5–7: 713.83–4: 403n153.84: 413, 431n1383.85: 4153.87.3: 355n1213.89.2–90.6: 377n303.89.3: 514n733.89.5: 501n143.90.6: 514n733.93.1: 3903.94.8: 514n733.95.6: 4453.96.1: 4453.100–5: 406n323.103.3–4: 514n733.107.10–11: 3523.108.1–2: 3743.110–13: 406n323.114: 433n1453.114.1: 355n1213.114.4: 3553.115: 409, 412n563.115.3: 513n683.116: 413, 423, 424n1043.117: 415, 429n1303.118.7–9: 5154.22.1: 370–14.48.7–8: 480–14.61–3: 4504.67.6: 331, 345n78







Polybius (cont.)4.68.3: 3434.69.4–5: 343n664.70–2: 4504.71: 4534.73.5–74.2: 3115.1–2: 363n1415.2.5: 5045.4.6: 4535.6: 461n25.34.4–10: 461n25.40.57: 480n745.44.7: 508n465.53.8: 504n275.57.6–8: 480n735.64.1: 5045.64–5: 3345.65: 4745.65.2: 3395.65.10: 474n505.67: 3055.69: 461n25.71: 461n25.79: 464, 4745.79.1–13: 3795.80.1: 3925.84: 461n25.84–5: 4205.85: 4115.86: 415, 415n645.87.3: 461n25.88.5–8: 478n665.88–9: 453n1735.91.6–8: 343n665.99.7: 4535.99.9: 4535.99–100: 4505.102.1: 506n375.107.1–3: 335, 5086: 349–506.17.2–3: 489n986.19.3: 3646.19.4: 4866.21.7: 351, 513–146.22: 3516.22.3: 5136.23: 3496.25.1–2: 3526.25.3–11: 352, 5126.26.4: 5116.36–7: 366.37.13: 5106.39.4: 5136.39.9: 5106.39.10: 509n536.42: 162, 163–4, 404n186.48.3: 501n136.52.4: 344

6.52.7: 5156.52.10: 501n77, 508n466.53–4: 706.54.4: 5096.58: 5107.8.6: 478n667.15: 461n28.3–7.10: 465n168.5.6: 4548.7.5: 379.12–16: 4029.20.9: 501n159.41: 461n210.6.4: 39210.12.2: 344n77, 453n17410.15.4ff.: 397n5410.15–16: 36n4010.17: 36610.23.1–9: 501n1210.23.4: 34310.28–30: 461n210.29.6: 504n2710.32.7–33.6: 50710.39: 431n13810.39.9: 373n1710.40: 415n6410.49: 507n4211.1: 420n8011.2: 40911.3: 41411.8.1–3: 37211.12: 41911.13.3: 500n911.17–18: 507n4411.20–1: 413–1411.22: 40711.24: 42911.39.16: 506n3912.3.5–6: 51–212.17–22: 6312.18: 40512.18.3: 34712.25f.1–4: 6012.25f.4–5: 223n16612.26b: 188n612.28.3–4: 5713.3: 37013.3.2–4: 191n2413.3.2–8: 19113.3.7: 514n7213.4.8: 37513.6.4: 50014.10.9: 44315.9: 42815.9–12: 42115.10–11: 406n3115.12: 420n79, 421n81, 42315.13: 413







15.13.1: 500n915.14: 411, 41515.16: 43115.20: 30415.25–33: 480n7316.3.4: 230n18016.3–6: 461n216.4.11–12: 43616.5.1–3: 44616.30–4: 450–116.32–5: 45918.3.4–8: 39618.20.4: 390n4718.24: 400n118.24.9: 7118.25: 431n13818.27: 415n64, 41618.27.6: 7118.28.5: 513n6718.28.9: 355n12118.28.9–10: 50418.28–32: 191n21, 402, 42618.29: 428n2218.29.2: 208n9518.29.7: 208n9518.29–30: 426n111, n11318.30.4: 211n10818.31.2: 20518.31.5: 20218.31–2: 513n6718.32: 412, 43218.41: 48018.44.6: 35818.46.5: 32219.1.1: 374n1819.5: 353n11721.7: 44321.41.2: 476n6022.3: 461n222.3.8–9: 507n4122.9.3: 34322.17: 461n222.22: 480n7223.16.10: 34324.11.2: 507n4524.11–13: 322n4026.15.1–3: 480n7228.1: 30528.7.8–10: 26n1328.31.3: 480n7229.17.3: 461n229.27.1–10: 324n4430.1–3: 494n11330.25–6: 47731.29: 461n231.29.1: 509n50, 516n8432.3.12: 51532.13.4: 515

32.15.9: 480n7233.4: 480n7235.2–3: 515n8035.4.1–8: 488, 49635.4.2–6: 511n6136.2.1: 515n8136.6.1–7: 38336.9.9: 514n7236.15: 461n2

Priscusfr. 11.1.54–5: 76

ProcopiusWars

1.18: 562.22–3: 58n11

PtolemyFGrH 138 T2: 52

SallustAd Pomp. sen. 9: 491n105Cat.

7.3–6: 486n9029.3: 493

Iug.44.1: 495n11646.7: 35656.3: 491n10575.1ff.: 38385: 50791.7: 39794.1: 344

Sapphofr. 16 9 LP: 22

SenecaBen. 6.31.11: 218n135

Silius ItalicusPun. 14.83–4: 478n66

Simonidesnew fragment: 22, 49, 64

Solonfr. 6.3 West: 289n59

Song of HybriasPage, PMG; Scholion 909: 274–5

SophoclesAnt. 668–74: 206n79

Sosylus of LacedaemonFGrH 176 F1.2: 232n184

Stobaeus3.1.172: 288

Flor. 7.12: 192Strabo

5.3.5: 319n326.1.3: 286n466.1.13: 286n448.6.10–11: 285n368.6.14: 998.355: 284n339.2.33: 99







Strabo (cont.)10.1.12: 191n2410.1.13: 287n4813.623: 468n1917.1.13: 471n34731: 464n10

SuetoniusTib. 2.3: 365n147

Syrianus (Anon.)Peri Strat. 15.1: 192n26

TacitusAnn.

1.61–2: 761.63–5: 783.33–4: 43n574.43: 285n41

Germ. 6.3: 222Theocritus

Id.17.75–6: 471n3517.91–105: 480

Theognis153: 289n59

TheophrastusHist. pl.

4.8.4: 469n259.4.8: 469n25

Theophylact Simocatta2.6.1–9: 593.14: 57–8

TheopompusFGrH 115 F

63: 99n4098: 267225: 330292: 270n99

Thucydides1.3.4: 861.4.102: 120n351.5.1–3: 2521.5.3: 2551.7.1: 861.8.3: 260n491.11: 1801.11–17: 2531.13: 124n621.13.4: 1701.14.1–2: 254n201.15.2: 101–2, 197, 252–31.15.3: 1021.18.2: 681.22: 39, 661.25.4: 288n52, 289n601.25–6: 287n491.29.3: 262n561.30.1: 175

1.31.1: 2581.32.4: 89n171.37.2–5: 89n171.38: 287n491.38.6: 289n601.44.1: 1021.45: 265n691.45–55: 232n1831.48.1: 1531.49.1–2: 231n1811.49.1–3: 231–21.50.1: 123n51, 231n1811.50.3: 2361.50.4: 262n561.50–1: 265n691.60: 1491.61.4–65: 1801.61.6: 216n1281.62.3: 217n1341.68.2: 288n511.70.5: 212n1111.75.3: 105, 287n49, 288n531.76.2: 288n53, 2891.81.4: 2641.83.2–3: 263n591.84.4: 503n221.90.3: 44n591.90–3: 257n311.96.1: 89–90, 2601.96.2: 67, 263n60, 284n341.98.1: 256n30, 261n501.98.3: 261n501.98.4: 261n501.99.3: 2631.100.1: 261n511.100.2: 285n371.100.3: 120n351.101.3: 261n50, 285n371.101.4: 2611.103.1: 1811.103.3: 256n30, 286n451.105.2: 2611.108.4: 261n501.111.1: 1771.116.1: 261n50, 265n681.116–17: 1801.117.3: 261n50, 263n641.118.2: 661.120.2: 125n721.121.3: 257, 2591.122.1: 2641.141.6: 103n531.142.2–4: 1771.142.7–9: 136n1311.142.9: 1371.143.1: 2341.143.1–2: 137n132







1.143.4: 125n711.143.5: 147n52.2–5: 1782.4.2: 2462.5.5–6: 952.7.1: 2672.8.1: 299n822.10.1–2: 1502.13: 672.13.2: 2642.13.2–5: 2642.13.3: 67, 284n342.13.6: 2652.13.6–7: 276–277n92.13.8: 122, 136n129, 2622.14.1: 1712.18–19: 1682.20.4: 1722.23.2: 1722.24.1: 263–42.24.2: 2622.25.1–2: 1722.25.3: 169, 284n332.25–6: 125n712.26.2: 1692.27.2: 286n422.30–2: 125n712.31.1–2: 2652.31.2: 139n1362.34: 1752.34.3: 2362.34.5: 1752.39: 35, 501n112.39.1: 273n1, 503n222.39.1–2: 213–142.39.4: 273n12.40.2: 89n162.47.4: 1062.53.4: 1062.56.2: 266n792.58.3: 2442.62.2: 2602.65: 672.65.2: 1712.67: 962.67.4: 1542.69.1: 268n912.69.2: 1692.70: 1802.70.1: 2452.70.2: 179–80, 243, 2652.70.3: 181, 2412.71: 1802.71.1: 1672.74.2: 166–72.75.1: 1712.75–8: 180

2.77: 1792.78: 432.79: 169, 220, 2222.80–92: 682.81.8: 124, 2212.81–2: 1692.83.5–84.4: 235–62.84.3: 2342.85.2: 136n1312.85.2: 2282.86–9: 502n172.87.9: 1322.88–9: 2272.89.7: 136n1312.89.8: 230n1802.89.9: 2342.91.2: 233–42.91.4: 227–82.92.1: 2343.5.2: 1693.7.3–4: 147n33.7.4: 1693.15.1–2: 262n553.16.1: 262n553.17.2: 2623.17.3–4: 2653.17.4: 2433.18.2: 1503.18.3: 5043.18.3–5: 1803.19.1: 243, 268, 2703.27–8: 1803.38.1: 2883.39.4–5: 289n603.39.4–6: 2883.40.4–7: 2883.42.1: 2883.44.1–4: 2883.45.4: 289n593.46.4: 2883.47.5: 2883.49: 1613.49.1: 2883.49.3: 1533.50.1: 2413.50.2: 261n503.68.2–3: 286n443.73: 473.74.1: 246n2193.82.6–7: 1063.84.3: 1063.89: 158n223.90.2: 1693.91.3–5: 1693.97–8: 169, 2203.98.1: 122n483.99: 169







Thucydides (cont.)3.103.3: 1693.104: 493.107–8: 169, 2203.113.6: 683.115.6: 1694.3–5: 178n524.4.1: 129n904.8.6: 68–94.8–23: 178n524.11.4: 260n484.12.3: 684.25.7–9: 1694.25.10–11: 1694.26–7.1: 125n724.26–39: 178n524.30–40: 2204.31–8: 425n1084.32.2: 229n1774.34.1: 216n1274.38.5: 2774.40.2: 40–1, 127n794.42–4: 1694.43.4: 2194.44: 212n1134.44.1–4: 212n1114.44.4–6: 1754.45.2: 1784.50.1: 268n914.50.3: 267n824.54.2: 1694.55.2: 135, 2224.56.1: 1694.57.3–4: 2864.57.4: 263n644.59.2: 27n204.66.1: 155, 2654.69: 1804.72: 1694.75.1: 169, 268n914.76–7: 684.80.5: 277n124.84.2: 2454.84–8: 1684.89–95: 684.91–101.2: 1694.93.1: 199, 2044.93.2: 219n1424.93.4: 207n884.94–6: 406n314.96: 684.96.2: 2104.96.3: 2124.96.5: 217n134, 2194.97–101: 684.97.2–101.1: 1734.100: 179

4.101.1: 1784.101.2: 684.101.3–4: 1694.102: 285n384.102.3–4: 256n304.102–8: 614.108.1: 256n304.108.7: 334.114.3–5: 2404.118.3: 259n464.118.5: 2544.118.6: 964.124: 1694.125.2–3: 1594.126: 1994.129.2: 266n724.130: 244n214, 286n454.130.6: 2404.131: 1804.133.4: 1804.134: 1694.134.1: 216n1285.2.2–3.6: 244n2125.3.4: 240, 286n455.3.5: 244n2145.6.2: 266n725.7–11: 1695.8–10: 217n134, 2195.10: 429n1275.10.5: 160, 207n925.10.9–11: 222n1575.14.4: 286n425.18.5: 263n645.30.1: 103n535.31: 287n505.31.2: 284n335.31.2–4: 284n325.32.1: 180, 286n455.41.2: 286n425.43.2: 92–35.43–50: 287n505.47.6: 266n495.48.2: 1025.49: 100–15.51: 1695.54: 100–1, 1555.54.2: 157–85.54–5: 100n445.55.3: 157–85.55.4: 1715.56.4: 1675.57.2: 2225.60: 335.66: 355.66.2: 130n98, 130n99, 1605.66.2–4: 130n97, 207n855.66.3–4: 215n125







5.66.4: 207n855.66–76: 1695.67.2: 1455.68: 68, 128n835.68.2–3: 206n82, 215n1255.68.3: 156, 207n875.69.2: 39–405.70: 204, 2095.70–71.1: 191n215.71: 113, 404n215.71.1: 205, 206n79, 208, 216n795.71.3–72.1: 2065.71–2: 1565.72.4: 2125.73.1–2: 217n1345.73.4: 212n1115.74.2: 1755.75.5–6: 1805.80.3: 1805.81.2: 145n1695.82.6: 445.83.2: 286n445.84–116: 1805.90.1: 1055.95–7: 2905.101: 1705.105.2: 106, 2895.111.4: 2875.116.1: 157–85.116.2–4: 2906.4.2: 285n356.5.3: 285n356.6.2: 466.7.2: 1786.8: 2676.15.2: 2556.17.5: 188n76.22: 124, 221n1546.24.3.: 24n96.25.2: 266n796.30.1: 1506.31.3: 258n39, 266n796.32.1–2: 158n236.37.1–2: 221n1546.43: 136, 266n796.44.1: 1546.50.4: 1626.54.5: 254n196.56: 476.62.3–4: 2686.62.4: 283n296.66: 1616.66.2: 1716.66–71: 1696.67.1: 219n1426.68.2: 188n76.69.1: 188n7, 208n94

6.69.2: 190, 2036.70.1: 1556.70.6: 2346.70.7: 2346.72.1: 164n316.75.2: 153n316.80.1–2: 89n176.90.3: 256n306.91.6–7: 1786.95: 44, 158n226.95.1: 286n426.96.3: 144n1636.97: 1696.98.3: 188n76.98.4: 29n26, 2066.98–7: 1806.100.1: 29n266.101: 1697.3.3: 188n7, 208n947.5: 337.5.1–3: 1697.5.2–3: 223n1647.6: 1697.6.3: 223n1647.7.4: 136n1317.12.5: 136n1317.13.2: 2277.14.1: 136n1317.23.4: 231n1817.25.2: 256n307.26: 1787.27.1: 266n727.27.4–28.2: 1787.28.3: 1777.29.1: 266n727.29–30: 27, 2417.33.4: 537.44.1: 557.47.2: 2447.48.1: 327.48.3: 327.48.4: 327.50.2: 1697.50.4: 32–37.60.2: 129n907.62.1: 129n897.67.2: 231n1817.69.2: 129n897.71: 617.75: 1857.75.5: 48, 1527.78.2: 1597.85: 183n588.1.2: 262n558.3.1: 268n928.9.1: 1558.15: 47







Thucydides (cont.)8.15.1: 263–48.24.1: 1698.24.3: 1698.25: 1698.28.4: 286n448.35.1–4: 2298.42.5: 1758.45.2: 2588.62.2: 266n798.65.3: 2768.73.5: 1508.76.6: 298.84: 35n388.84.2: 132n115,

2278.84.2–3: 2278.96.5: 688.97.1: 2768.97.2: 277n108.100.3: 258n388.101: 1618.107.1: 269n948.108.2: 269n94

TimaeusFGrH 566 F94: 188n6

Tyrtaeusfr. 10.21–5 West: 173fr. 11.14 Loeb: 197fr. 19 West: 197n55

TzetzesChil. 2.103–49: 465n16

Valerius Maximus2.3.3: 351

VegetiusMil.

1.16: 123–43.9: 212, 406n303.10: 1633.12: 406n303.14: 426n1113.17: 219, 406n283.18: 404n21

VirgilAen.

2: 485.199–200: 226–7

XenophonAges. 1.21: 153

2.2: 1592.12: 217n1306.7: 15912.2: 209n100

Anab.1.2.12: 480n72

1.2.18: 143n1591.5.6: 80n901.5.10: 164n311.7.19–20: 159–601.8: 418n70, 431n1371.8.1: 1651.8.8: 1651.8.20: 217n1311.8.23: 611.10: 431n1371.10.19: 1652.6.9–10: 144n1612.6.14–15: 144n1613.2: 31, 424n1033.2.7: 294n693.2.8: 190n173.2.9: 1853.2.27: 162, 164n313.3.5: 190n173.3.16: 1233.3.17–20: 133n1193.4.19–23: 1593.4.21: 156, 206n82, 219n1413.4.30: 1523.4.46–9: 294n693.4.47–9: 118n254.1.18: 123n494.2.11: 219n1404.3.17: 219n1404.3.29: 207n864.6.27: 1734.8.9–13: 219n1404.8.15: 1564.8.25: 1855.2.11: 1305.2.12: 119n285.2.14: 119n285.4.21: 2065.4.22: 219n1405.6.15: 108n2, 143n1595.8.5: 1645.8.8–25: 144n1616.2.10: 33–46.4.2: 1616.5.9–11: 219n1416.5.25: 205n766.6.2: 183n587.3.15: 1647.3.37–41: 1597.6.1: 129

Cyr.1.6.2: 1581.6.9–12: 78n871.6.9–42: 214n1221.6.12–14: 5022.1.18: 127n772.1.22–9: 502n17







2.1.25–8: 1642.3.2: 206n822.3.9–11: 133, 280n212.3.22: 207n862.4.4: 206n823.2.6: 219n1403.3.26: 1633.3.45: 250n93.3.49–55: 58n103.5–4.1: 222n1624.2.24: 222n1624.2.26: 250n94.3.4–23: 126n754.6.11: 480n726.2.32: 151, 1526.3.2: 1606.3.2–4: 1596.3.21: 1566.3.21–3: 210n106, 218n1356.3.23: 3336.3.25: 207n866.3.30–2: 219n1426.4.17: 210n106, 218n1357.1.25–6: 219n1427.1.33–4: 210n1067.4.15: 127n787.4.73: 250n97.5.73: 180–1, 283n278.5.3: 164

Eq. mag.1.1: 1571.13: 135n1241.18: 135n1241.19: 266n49, 266n742.7: 1593.2–14: 130n1244.4–5: 1604.5: 1604.14.14: 3705.13: 222n1587.7: 2697.9: 1728.19: 222n1589.3–4: 141n148

Hell.1.1.8: 269n941.1.12: 269n941.1.15: 131n1111.1.20–2: 269n941.1.22: 2701.1.36: 2701.2.1: 135n1281.2.2–3: 1691.2.4–5: 183n581.2.7–9: 1691.2.16: 1691.2.18: 169, 178n52

1.2.41: 269n941.3.3: 269n941.3.5–6: 1691.3.8: 269n941.3.14–22: 178, 1801.4.8: 269n941.4.22: 1501.5.4: 2581.5.4–7: 141n1471.5.10: 141n1471.5.15: 141n1471.5.16: 1781.5.20: 141n1471.6.3: 141n1471.6.16: 141n1471.6.19: 231n1811.6.24: 504n251.6.34–7.35: 176n471.6.37: 1542.1.15: 241, 286n442.1.18–19: 286n442.1.19: 244n2122.1.22: 231n1812.1.27: 802.2.3: 286n452.2.20: 103n522.2.22: 2452.3.6: 1812.3.10: 277n102.4.6: 1652.4.19: 1732.4.33: 119n282.4.39: 1853.1.9: 132n1153.2.11: 1803.2.21–2: 287n503.2.24: 158n223.2.26: 170–1, 268n92, 287n503.2.26–7: 1773.2.27: 93n253.2.30: 168, 177, 284n333.4.15: 141, 222n1613.4.16: 134n1223.4.22: 1723.4.22–4: 2233.4.24: 127n79, 283n293.5.5: 287n50, 288n513.5.12: 288n533.5.24: 288n514.1–4: 1674.2.13: 207, 217n884.2.16: 1224.2.18: 217–184.2.19: 2164.3.4: 1594.3.16: 65, 209n1004.3.17: 205







Xenophon (cont.)4.3.19: 217, 217n1304.3.21: 173, 283n294.4.2: 267n804.4.9: 1644.4.19: 1714.5.3–4: 165n324.5.8: 1834.5.11–17: 220n1474.5.11–18: 425n1084.5.15–16: 216n1274.6.7: 1624.6.14: 262n574.7.4–7: 1584.7.5: 1714.8.8–10: 267n804.8.25–30: 269n954.8.28–9: 176n494.12: 267n804.17: 1495.1.1–5: 1785.1.30–1: 263n595.1.32: 1035.2.4–6: 1805.2.12–19: 2855.2.12–20: 2905.2.16–18: 289n605.2.18: 289n595.2.25–36: 2445.2.38: 288n51, 289n605.2.43: 1675.3.10–18: 177, 1805.3.19: 1755.3.21–5: 1805.3.26: 103n525.4.14: 1675.4.22–3: 96n295.4.36–7: 1675.4.42: 1775.4.47: 1675.4.59: 1675.4.61: 269n966.1.1: 148, 1676.1.5: 273n16.1.5–6: 143n1596.1.9: 284n326.1.11: 256n296.1.19: 284n326.2.6: 1516.2.11–14: 716.2.18–19: 132n1156.2.27–30: 1616.2.28–9: 806.2.33: 269n966.2.35–6: 269n966.2.38: 269n966.4.8: 203n69

6.4.12: 207n87, 218n1396.4.35: 269n976.5.17: 1626.5.28: 3706.5.30: 1647.1.12–14: 287n497.1.23–6: 289n607.1.28: 286n447.1.32: 289n607.1.34: 287n507.2.6: 1567.2.10: 220n1447.2.12: 220n1447.2.15: 1737.2.20: 1787.2.22: 1657.4.13: 1627.4.20–5: 1787.4.27: 1787.4.33–4: 259n437.4.34: 1457.5.21–6: 218n136, 223n1667.5.22–3: 218

Hier. 7.1–3: 289n57Lac.

7.1–2: 274n411: 215n12511.2: 151–211.3: 294n6911.4: 156, 206n8211.4–6: 128n8311.5: 130n98, 207n85, 207n8611.8–9: 16011.10: 21912.1: 16312.2: 16612.4: 16512.5–6: 16512.7: 16513: 21513.2–5: 15813.4: 129n90, 151–213.5: 215n124, 273n1, 503n2313.6: 16013.7: 15213.9: 207n8513.10: 16213.11: 18315.3: 284n32

Mem.1.6: 214n1222.6.35: 882.7.7: 2993.1.8: 207n893.5.15: 273n13.5.21: 273n13.10.9–14: 294n69







3.12.5: 273n14.2.15: 283n274.3.10: 152

Oec.4.2–3: 279n17, 279n185.5: 279n175.7: 279n175.14: 279n175.16: 279n176.5–8: 279n186.6–7: 279n178.4: 1598.6: 108n121.3: 227

Vect.1.1: 277, 2802.2–5: 1382.3: 139

4.33: 2776.1: 277

[Xenophon]Ath. Pol.

1.2: 297n771.4: 297n771.13: 2701.19–20: 137, 2282.1: 214n1202.11–12: 2563.4: 262

Zonaras8.9: 489n1028.11: 364n144, 489n1028.12: 4418.15: 489n1029.4: 465n16






GENERAL INDEX

Note: all date are bc, unless otherwise stated.

Abbinaeus, Flavius; archive 77–8Abu Simbel; statue of Rameses II 86Abydus 169, 245, 434, 450–1, 459Acanthus 97, 168, 244–5Acarnania 136, 147n3, 162, 188, 221, 252Acerrae 326Achaea 86; Phthiotid 99Achaean League: cavalry 343; commanders

appointment 372; federalism 306, 310, 312;infantry 341–3, 504; navy 363; Philopoemen’sreforms 343, 504; and Rome 319, 322–3; andSicyon 457

Achilles 41–2, 59actors, inviolability of 310–11Adherbal (Carthaginian naval commander) 444,

457admirals 446–7Adrianople, battle of 75Aegates Islands, naval battle off 366–7Aegean islands 86, 363; League of the Islanders

304, 312; mapAegina 28–9, 86, 99, 102, 107, 233; Athenian

epiteichismos 178; Athenian wars andsubjection 100, 190, 261, 286, 288

Aegitium, battle of 169Aegospotami, battle of 80, 158, 226Aegosthena 455Aelian 329, 402, 501; see also Index of ancient

passages citedAemilius see Lepidus; Paullus; RegillusAeneas Tacticus; On Siegecraft 3, 51; on treachery

178, 245–6, 375; see also Index of ancientpassages cited

Aeolians of Asia Minor 98; Aeolic League 312Aequi 313–14Aeschines 96, 99, 298; see also Index of ancient

passages citedAesop 90Aetolian League 309n13, 310–11, 363, 372;

federalism 306, 310, 312, 377; and Rome 318,321–4; style of warfare 188, 252

Afrati, Crete; armour 294Africa 20; Agathocles’ campaigns 376–7, 386;

expulsion of native populations 285; map;Roman wars in 387, 488; see also Carthage;Libya; Numidia

Agathias 57Agathocles (Ptolemaic general) 334Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse: African

campaigns 376–7, 386; Carthaginiancampaigns against 371, 376–7, 417, 478; andDeinocrates 377, 396; indirect approach 371,377; sieges 452; and warrior king ideal 480,482

age of soldiers 334, 513–14; mobilization by 148,334

agema (elite unit) 334, 339ager romanus 326, 335Agesilaus, king of Sparta 153, 162, 171, 177–8; in

Asia Minor 153, 172, 222–3; Boeotiancampaigns 167, 171; coordination of arms222–3; at Coronea 173, 209–10, 217; death andburial 175; hoplite tactics 209–10, 217;marching order 159; plunder 172, 183

Agesipolis, king of Sparta 158, 166, 171, 175Agias (seer) 158Agios Athanasios, Thessalonica; tomb 338Agis, king of Sparta 33, 93, 171, 177; tactics at

Mantinea 156, 206, 216–17agoge see Sparta (training)agonal model of warfare 188–91, 199–202, 212;

alternative models 22, 25, 199; athleticmetaphors 189, 281; demise 202, 214–15, 222;Herodotus’ Mardonius on 147, 190–1; andlack of light-armed forces 167; literaryemphasis 40, 50; treatment of prisoners 181

agonistic spirit see competitionagrarian crisis, Roman 515Agrianian light infantry 329agriculture 24, 135, 470–2, 491–2; and

campaigning season 109, 154–5; see alsoravaging and under Egypt; hoplites

628






general index 629

Agrigentum, siege of 458Aigion 286–7Alaisa, Comte, France 77Alcaeus 197; see also Index of ancient passages

citedAlcetas (Macedonian general) 392Alcibiades 50, 92–3, 131n107, 178; plunder and

extortion 247, 255, 268–9; at Potidaea 164,244

Alcman 22Alcmeonid family 70, 282alcohol 203Alemanni 210n104Alesia, siege of 77Alexander III, the Great, of Macedon: accounts

of 31, 42, 52, 59; arbitration 308; Balkancampaigns 59–60; brutality 396–7, 415, 460;casualties 415–16; cleruchs 475; coinage 419,464; combined arms 333; Companions329–30, 334, 423; finances 463–4; genius 430;and Homeric ideal 31, 59, 407; honour 189;Issus mosaic 63, 73; Jaxartes crossing 419, 422;leadership 404–5, 407–9, 448; and League ofCorinth 104; literary influences on 31, 59, 407;logistics 80, 381, 386, 458, 463; manpower 362,445; marches 78, 133, 381, 388, 392; andmutinies 37, 59; navy 361–2, 463; plunder 250,463–4; and pothos for unknown sights 25;reconnaissance inadequate 390; and religion33; risk-taking 371, 448–9; and Rome 319; scaleand range of campaigns 378; siege warfare448–50, 457–8, (personnel) 449, 453–4,(treatment of captured cities) 396, 460, (seealso under Gaza; tactics 331, 333, 406, 410;training 133; Tyre state and warfare under463–4; vengeance 89–90; winter campaigning388–9

army 330–3; cavalry 119, 222, 325, 329, 334,405, (light), (organization) 331–3, 422, (tactics)331, 410; (see also Companions above); elitetroops 334, 404–5, 450, (see also Companionsbelow), field artillery 419; infantryorganization 325, 330–1, 333, 336; influenceover Alexander 33–4, 37, 59, 372; physicians395; size 325, 379

see also individual battles and under Bactria;India; Persia

Alexander of Pherae 171, 269Alexander Sarcophagus 333Alexandria, Egypt 311, 449, 452–3aliens, definition of 90–1Allia, battle of the 431alliance and allies: bilateral and unequal 102–3,

317–18; control of forces 32, 149–50, 204–5,387–8, 445; hegemonic 87–8, 101–6; kinship,real or notional 379–80; mercenaries providedby; and plunder 183; specialist units 135, 221,

330; strategic use 379–80; subject allies 284,291, 380; Successor era 379–80; termssymmachia, symmachoi 101; treaties 290; warsamong 287–8

Roman 485–6; citizenship 496; inequity317–22, 377; logistics 388; manpower resource317–18, 326, 330, 336, 485–6, 494–7, 508–9;naval 364–6; redress sought on behalf of 315,319–22, 324; strategic use 380; unrest andSocial War 496

see also leagues and under Sparta (externalrelations)

Alope, battle of 169Alyattes, king of Lydia 98–9amateur ideal 133–4ambassadors 95–6Ambracia 68, 450ambushes 120, 246n220, 390, 403, 410Ameinias 233amicitia, Roman 315, 319–22, 324Amida, siege of 60–1, 77Ammianus Marcellinus 60–1, 81; see also Index of

ancient passages citedammunition 383, 453Amompharetos (Spartan soldier) 33Amorgos, naval battle off 434amphibious operations 216, 229, 266amphictyonies 99–101; Delphic 97, 99–100,

311–12Amphipolis 67, 256, 285n38; Brasidas’ capture

61, 214, 217, 219, 239, 244–5; land battle (422)160, 169; Philip II’s siege 361, 450–1

Amphoterus (Corinthian admiral) 361anastrophe (naval manoeuvre) 230Andros 97Androtion 99; see also Index of ancient passages

citedangaria (requisition) 386animals, draught and pack 150, 152–3, 172, 185,

382, 397; privately owned 293; requisition 386;supplies for 162

Antandrus, battle of (424) 169Anthela, sanctuary of Demeter at 99anthippasis (cavalry review) 135anthropology 10–11, 249Anticyra 453n174Antigonid dynasty 303–6, 477; army 336,

338–9; navy 358–9, 361–3; see also individualmembers

Antigonus I Monophthalmus, king of Macedon:and Alcetas 392; and Cassander 370, 466;coalitions against 380, 466; diplomacy 308,312, 375; and Egypt 469, (invasion) 379, 382,388–9, (see also navy below); elephants 392;and Eupolemus 391; finance and economy466, 468–70, 476, 482; justice 308, 312;logistics 382, 386, 388; and Lysimachus 388;






630 general index

Antigonus I Monophthalmus (cont.)manpower 464, 469; marches 389–93;Nabataean campaign 371; navy 393, 466;(against Egypt) 362, 379, 382, 389, (polyremes)358, 362, 466; plunder 468; reconnaissanceand intelligence 390–1; and Rhodes 362, 375,383; size of forces 379, 414, 423, 464, 466;strategy: 370, 375, 385; and Syria 386, 476;tactics 410; winter campaigning 389, 392; seealso Eumenes of Cardia (Iranian campaign)

Antigonus II Gonatas, king of Macedon 306,340, 421, 434, 467

Antigonus III Doson, king of Macedon 312,342–3, 370–1

Antiochus I Soter, king of Syria 378, 420Antiochus III, the Great, king of Syria: and

Antigonids and Ptolemies 304–5; arbitration308; army 330, 420–1, 423–5; death 353;eastern expedition 339, 379; navy 435, 445–6;at Raphia 408, 411, 464; and Rhodes 363, 435,443, 445–6; and Rome 363, 477, (see alsoMagnesia, battle of); scale and range ofcampaigns 378–9, 464; tactics 404–5; andwarrior king ideal 482

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, king of Syria 324, 477Antiochus V Eupator, king of SyriaAntipater, regent of Macedon 362, 377, 379, 466Antissa, battle of 169Antium 326, 364Aornus, Rock of 376, 448–9Apamea, Peace of 477Apaturia (festival) 98Apollo 98, 155; see also Delphi (oracle)Apollonia 319Apollonides (Eumenes’ cavalry commander) 376Apollonides (governor of Argos) 396Apollonius of Rhodes 227Appian 37, 44, 316, 400; see also Index of ancient

passages citedAquileia 394Arabia 361, 472; see also NabataeaArbela (Gaugamela), battle of 391, 414, 416, 418,

431–2; Alexander’s leadership 189, 406, 408,410; Alexander’s reforms after 333; infantryvictory 425, 429

arbitration: Greek and Hellenistic 25–6, 96–7,105, 308, 312; Roman interpretation 323

Arcadia 142–5, 188; wars of 360s 162, 178, 209,310, 328

Arcadian League 220n144, 259n43, 310, 328Arcadius, Roman emperor 72; column in Rome

72archaeology 13, 19, 54, 66, 73–8; experimental

123, (see also triremes (reconstruction))archaic era 88–101, 186; agonistic spirit 88–90;

cities 176, 325; international relations 85–6,88–101, 306–7; missile weapons 191;

ransoming of cities 283; reprisals 251; sieges180, 237; social and political structuresinfluence warfare 292; state vs. privateviolence 251; troop transports 147; walls 176,237; see also under archers; armour; cavalry;citizenship; hoplites; infantry (light );international relations; mercenaries; siegewarfare; stone-throwers; Thessaly

arche 287, 289archers: archaic 122, 151, 184, 194; armour 152,

194; in Athens 42, 110, 123, 136, 148, 204, 231,422, (mounted) 122; in chariots 117; incombined arms forces 108, 145, 188, 329, 333;cowardly reputation 40–1; Cretan 121–2, 329,343, 500; in Greece 119–23; Hellenistic 425–6;in Homer 41–2, 121, 127; and hoplites 109, 122,199–202; horse-archers 118, 122, 123, 221, 346,422–3, (Persian) 122, 126, (Saka) 419, 422; inliterature 40–2; marginalization 199–202;mercenaries 122, 136, 141, 329, 343, 500;Mycenaean 117; Roman allied 356; Scythian41, 122; ship-borne 123, 124, 148, 149, 153, 230,236; in sieges 42, 123; status 40–1, 127; training135–6, 500–1; see also bows and under Persia

Archidamian War 154, 155, 168, 178–9; see alsoindividual battles

Archidamus II, king of Sparta 166–7, 168, 171,172

Archilochus 101, 197; see also Index of ancientpassages cited

Archimedes: and corvus 438n154; defensivesiege technology 393–4, 449, 453–4, 457, 462,465

architecture, Roman 13, 487Ardant du Picq, C. J. J. J. 207, 210–11, 401Ardoch, Perth and Kinross 74Areopagus, court of 97arete (excellence) 500, 502, 505–6Arginusae, battle of 136n131, 176, 212, 232, 504Argonauts, lost Greek epic on 24, 52Argos: aggressive wars 176–7, 285, (see also

underEpidaurus); arbitration 26, 97; andAthens 96, 175, 178; and Calaurianamphictyony 99–100; elite units 145, 220n144;festivals 100–1, 155, 311; flight from battle 209,212; hoplite panoply 112; Long Walls 44, 47;military organization 148, 156; peace in 5thcent. 23; Pyrrhus’ death 177, 394, 459; revoltagainst Macedon 396; and Sparta 43, 64, 145,158, 171, 178, (border disputes) 90, 285–6;subject native population 275–6, 284, 290; atTanagra 175; women’s role in warfare 43–4, 47

Argyraspides (elite unit) 334, 339argyrologia (extortion) 268Aricia 326Aristaenus (Achaean politician) 322Aristagoras of Miletus 161






general index 631

aristeiai (awards for valour) 183Aristeus (Corinthian general) 217aristocracy: Athenian 128, 254–5; and athletic

competition 24; cavalry 127, 128, 133, 134–5,146; deference to 296–7, 505, 514; indemocracy 254–5, 376; factionalism 376,457–8; German scholars’ view 7; Homericethos 19, 186, 278, 297; honours andobligations communalized 89; internationalconnections 86, 93, 95, 189; Roman 374–5,397, 486–7, 495, 507, 514, (competition) 30,433, 496–7, (military education) 373, 377,486–7; Spartan 22, 33, 275; see also leisure class;marriage

Aristomenes of Aegina 28–9Aristophanes 42, 96, 148, 154, 172, 211; frequency

of warfare in 23; on naval forces 233, 296; andPericles 67; see also Index of ancient passagescited

Aristotle 85, 88, 100; on Athenian navy anddemocracy 296–8; on phalanx 202, 205; onsocial class 274, 295, 298; see also Index ofancient passages cited

Armenian army 356armistices 100–1, 106, 155armour: archaic 151, 294; Gauls and Galatians

lack 425; legionary 496; races in 51, 133n118,196; state provision 277, 488–9, 496; trophiesand dedications 50, 174, 294; see also undercavalry (equipment); elephants; hoplites(equipment); horses

Arpi 393Arrian 16, 52, 402, 422, 501; battle casualties in

416; on Granicus 62–3, 400, 407; Homericinfluence 31, 48, 407; military experience 211,399; Ptolemy as source 52, 62–4; see also Indexof ancient passages cited

arrow shooters, non-torsion 241Arsinoe, Cilicia 26Arsinoite nome, Egypt 334art, visual 54–5, 72–3, 88, 340; see also

vase-paintingsArtabazus (Persian satrap) 267Artas, king of Messapia 53Artaxerxes II, king of Persia 61Artemis 28, 204, 311; Limnatis, in Messenia 90,

285n41Artemisia of Halicarnassus 43, 233Artemisium, Euboea 65; naval battle of 230Artemisium, possibly Carian, naval battle of 219,

232artillery: hair for ropes 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173;

non-torsion 241, 451; ports in fortifications456; see also catapults

Arybbas, king of Molossia 50Asclepiodotus 3, 4, 337, 402, 416, 501; on cavalry

422; see also Index of ancient passages cited

Asculum, battle of 338, 414–15, 420–1, 426Asine, regional league centred on 99Aspasia (mistress of Pericles) 46Aspendus 127, 446assaults on cities 178–9, 237, 244, 450–4assemblies, popular 372

Athenian : and allies 103, 267; control ofmilitary operations 32, 183, 254–5; electsambassadors 96; elects commanders andofficers 128–9, 131; pay 277

Roman ; comitia centuriata 37, 485, 511Assyria; cavalry 117Assyrios the property of Alexippos (Athenian

slave rower) 234Astacus, siege of 163astrateia (failure to report for service) 131asylia see inviolabilityAtarneus, siege of 180Athenian Confederacy, Second 102–5, 226,

266–8Athens: Acropolis 46, 263–4; Agora 196; archaic

era 117, 128, 176; dead, recovery and burial of175, 212, 236, 238; drama 237, (see alsoindividual dramatists); epiteichismos 178–9;5th-cent. development 25; frequency ofwarfare 23, 88; frontier defences 167–8, 242,393; gymnasia 277; hierarchy of forces 126–7;innovation 110, 369; inscriptions 71–2, 92;Kerameikos cemetery 93; logistics 80, 238,240; Long Walls 237–8, 267; Panathenaea 311;Parthenon frieze 46; and Piraeus 226, 237–8,240; plague 106, 240, 243–4; plunder andextortion 141n146, 255–6, 266, 268–9, 272,283; public physician 86; rise 252–3; StoaPoikile 55, 69–70; trade 125; see also undereconomy; grain supply; training; walls

army : amphibious operations 216, 266;cavalry 110, 117, 126, 129, 177, 215–16, 266, 328,(finance) 135, 254, 260, 266, (as marines) 504,(organization) 129, 156, (training) 135;command 128, (see also generals above); elitecitizen units 137, 144, 144n162, 220n144;friendly fire incidents 212; hoplites 130,214–16, (marines) 139, 148–9, 231, 504, (metics)138–9, 298, (prestige) 126–7, (provision ofequipment) 254, 277, (working-class) 277,298; light-armed forces 110, 120–1, 135–6, 149,199, 215–16, 254, (mercenaries) 137, 142, 216,265–6, 499–500; officers 128–32, (see alsogenerals above); organization 128–30, 156; pay129, 276; uniforms 131; see also under archers;mercenaries

external relations : and Acarnania147n3; and Aetolia 95; and Alexander ofPherae 171; ambassadors 96; in Calaurianamphictyony 99–100; in Delphicamphictyony 99; hegemony 253, (lost) 272;






632 general index

Athens: Acropolis (cont.)imperialism 85, 147n5, 202, 214, 225–6, 256,284, (revenue) 237–8, 260–4; and Megara 67,90, 155, 170; and Messenians 181, 286n45,and Persia 267; and Phaselis 93–4; protection,sale of 266, 269–70; proxenia 92, 93; Romanamicitia 319, 322; and Sicyon 178; xenia 86,93–4; see also Athenian Confederacy, Second;Delian League; and under Aegina; Argos;Byzantium; Corcyra; Corinth; Egypt;Epidaurus; Macedon; Melos; Mytilene; Sicily;Sparta

finance 253–4, 256–60, 270–2; allies’contributions 260–4, 266–8, (see also underDelian League); alternative modes (after428/7) 259–60, 266; 5th-cent. pressures 256–9,264–6; Military Fund (stratiotika) 270–1; pay,(military) 129, 276, (naval) 258, (political)276; sources on 67, 71; taxation 243, 254, 271;Theoric Fund 271; see also under navy below

navy : amphibious operations 229; archers123; bases overseas 261–2; captured ships in261; coastal raiding 125; command 129, 234–5;creation 110; dockyard superintendent lists 71;finance 141n146, 257–63, 268–72; 4th-cent.problems 71; in Hellespont 125; inscriptionson 71; inventories 153; and Macedon 361, 362,434; manpower 234, 257, 298, 504, (see alsorowers; slaves below); marines 139, 148–9, 231,504; merchant ships supporting 154;mobilization 148, 150; mode of fighting 230–1;officers and specialists 129, 228, 231, 234;organization 29, 253–72; pay 258; in PersianWars 224; power 253, (end) 272, 362, 434;professional cadre 228, 231; quality 234–6;shipbuilding 125, 256, 362; ships 254, 256,262–3, (large) 124–5, 358, 360, (triremes) 125,148, 150, 230–1, 234; size 253, 262–3; slaves in139, 150, 298; soldiers on ships 139, 148–9;speed of triremes 234; state control 254–6;status 126–7; tactics 232; and trade 125;training and morale 227–8, 231; wealth and129, 234, 270–2; see also Paralus and underrowers

society, politics and the state :adjustments (431-322) 253–72; boule: 125, 135,254, 263; centralization 254–6, 261, 263–4;citizen forces 265, (archers) 136, 204, (eliteunits) 137, 144, 144n162, 220n144, (naval) 234,298, 504, (peltasts) 135; conscription 148;courts 93–4; Demetrius of Phalerum’s rule 85;democracy 85, 131–2, 296–7; discipline 34–5,131–2, 235; frequency of warfare 23, 88;generals 29, 34–5, 128–9, 142, 173, 213,(political nature) 131, 213, (trials) 131, 176, 212;laws 316; leisure class 276–8, 298; manpower257, 265–6, 325, (see also under mercenaries;

metics); military obligation 278; mobilization148, 150; oligarchic coup (411) 276–7; police35; political office 298; political pay 276;property qualifications 276, 276n8; proxenia at92; public physician 86; social/politicalstructure and military organization 291–2, (seealso taxeis and under tribes); trials for militarymisconduct 131–2; wealthy classes 129,259–60, 264, 270–2, 276–8, 298; xenia 86,93–4; see also finance above and underaristocracy; assemblies, popular; colonies;privateering; protection; metics; tribes

wars and battles : Arginusae, battle of212, 232, 504; in Chalcidice (431-29) 215;Chremonidean War 72; civil war (403) 185;Cleomenes’ invasion (506) 103; againstMacedon 361–2, 388, 434; Peloponnesian War67, 143, 177, 214, 325, (siege) (404) 226, 239,245, (see also individual battles); Persian Wars168, 237; siege warfare 226, 238, (Epidaurus)180, (Mende) 244, 286, (Methymna) 176,(Nisaea) 180, (Olynthus) 136, (Scione) 180,286, (Torone) 240, 244, 286, (see also underMytilene; Potidaea; Samos; Syracuse); SocialWar 271; treatment of prisoners 181, 183, 241,243, 261, 288; see also Delium; Drabescus;Marathon; Peloponnesian Wars; Plataea;Potidaea; Salamis; Sicily (Athenianexpedition); Sphacteria; Syracuse; Tanagra

athletics: contests 24, 51, 89, 101, 281, (fighting)196, 341, 342, 504, (races in armour) 51,133n118, 196; metaphors of warfare 189, 281; inmilitary training 133, 279–80, 299

Athlit, Israel 435Atintanes 319Atrax, battle of 426Attalid kingdom 304, 322, 477, 480; navy 360,

363, 441–2, 447; wealth 468, 477; see alsoAttalus I, III; Eumenes I, II

Attalus I, king of Pergamum 477, 480Attalus III, king of Pergamum 477Attica 149–50, 172, 242, 263–4; see also Athens;

Decelea; Lauriumattitudes to warfare: and agonistic spirit 88; and

innovation 503–4, 512–14; and prominence inliterature 22–39, 50, 52–3, 273, 299; and socialcohesion or unrest 504–6, 514–15; as structuralcauses of war 506–8, 515; see also craft, conceptof warfare as; virtus

Augustine of Hippo 249; see also Index of ancientpassages cited

author-participants 54–5, 60–4, 81, 382Autolykos (Rhodian helmsman) 446autonomy, city-state 104–5, 322–3Avars 81avoidance of conflict 22, 25–6, 50–1, 375–7,

514






general index 633

Babylon 86, 464Bacchylides 24, 50–1; see also Index of ancient

passages citedBactria 339; Alexander’s campaign 376, 388,

448–50Baecula, battle of 373–4, 403, 415, 431–2baggage trains 152–3, 159, 162; plundering of 372,

376, 414balance of power theories 304, 479–80, 482Balkans 59–60, 78barbarian/Greek distinction 90, 95, 396Barcid family of Carthage 372–3barley 151, 165bases, strategic 383, 385, 387Basilid family of Ephesus 86Bassae 163baths, hot 49battering rams 238, 238–9, 241, 394, 450–1, 454battle drills, Roman 348battle-pieces (literary genre) 399–400battle studies school 16–18battlements 454battles, land 186–223, 399–433; agonal model

188–91, 212, 222; archaeology of 75–7; byencounter 214, 222; by mutual consent 202–3,209, 212; confusion 81, 408; duels 211–12;duration 212, 403, 410–11, 422–3; flight 168,209, 211–12, 430–2, 509–10; foraging leadingto 386; literary accounts 54–5, 58, 399–400;mechanics of hoplite 202–13; morale 213, 413,430; night attacks 403; psychology 413,428–30; rarity of pitched, in Greece 168–70;reconstruction 64–5, 75–6; regional diversity187–8; ‘revolutions’ in Greek 186–7, 202–10,215–22; scholarship on 7, 9, 75, 400–2; sourceslack soldier’s eye view 416, 422; success,determinants of 429–33; surprise 222, 403;tactical interactions 404, 416–29; visibility 408

phases : planning 406–7; preliminaries202–4, 213, 406; skirmishing 203–4, 386, 409,422–3; advance 204–5, 208–9; concession ofdefeat 173, 175, 212, 415; aftermath 76, 173–5,183, 212; outcomes 211–12, 413–16; pursuit 212,222, 411, 413–14, 423; see also deployment

see also individual battles, casualties;command; exotic weapons; generals;manoeuvre; reserves; strategy; size of forces;tactics; topography, military; wounds; andunder catapults; Peloponnesian War

Beas, River: mutiny of Alexander’s armyBehistun inscription 55Belisarius 56–7bellum iustum see just warbenefaction, Hellenistic 305–6beneficia in Roman international relations 323Beneventum, battle of 403, 421, 431Beroea; gymnasiarchal law 506

Bessus, satrap of Bactria 388Betis (Persian commander) 59betrayal see treacheryBias of Priene 96, 99biremes 224Bisaltes of Abydus 229Bithynia 269, 441–2, 447bitumen trade 482Black Sea 125, 284blockades 229, 375, 384–5, 450, 455–7, 459–60boarding tactics, naval: Greek 230–2, 235;

Hellenistic and Roman 359, 437–9, 441–2boastful captain (literary type) 507boatswains 227, 234Boeotia and Boeotian League 99, 185, 202;

Boeotarchs 128, 341; border defences 167, 168,242; cavalry 134–5, 199, 221–2, 341–2; atDelium 68, 179; infantry 156, 222, 341–2; andSparta 102, 171; see also individual places,notably Thebes

Bolis (Cretan commander) 369Bomilcar (Carthaginian commander) 367, 441,

459Boodes (Carthaginian commander) 438booty see leisteia; plunderborders see frontiersboredom 78Bosphorus, pirates in 229bows 121–2, 135, 451Brasidas 159, 168, 244–5; death 48, 409; sieges:

Torone 239–40, 244, (see also underAmphipolis

Brea 285n38breastplates 118; hoplite 113, 117, 150, 196, 294,

(replaced by leather or linen corselet) 195n45,391

bribery 96, 376, 463Britain, ancient 74, 417buddy theory 213bullets, lead 123–4, 136burial see under dead, theByzantium: abandoned in Persian Wars 168;

Athenian capture 178, 180; Philip II’s siege388, 451–2, 456, 462–3; pirates 229

Cadmea, Thebes 244Caecina Severus, A. (suffect consul I) 78Caere 318Caesar, C. Julius 62, 77, 320, 407–8, 430, 433;

writings 54, 62, 77, 209, 417, (bias andpolitical use) 30, 61–2, 81; see also Index ofancient passages cited

Calapodi 163Calauria (Poros) 99–100Callias Decree, first 263n64Callias of Sphettus 72Callicrates (Achaean politician) 322–3






634 general index

Callimachus (Athenian polemarch) 409Callinicum, battle of 56–7Callisthenes: on battle of Issus 51–2, 63–4, 78;

heroic portrayal of Alexander 31, 52, 59Calymnos 310Camarina 89, 285, 440Cameirus 98camels 77–8, 382Camillus, M. Furius (dictator I 396) 316campaigning seasons see seasons, campaigningCampania 330, 472; and Rome 313–14, 326, 385–6camps 151, 162–7, 403–4, 413–14; fortification

163–4, 392, 404, 413–14; marching 392Cannae, battle of 321, 379, 400, 407; casualties

413, 415–16; cavalry 409, 411, 416, 423–4, 429;determinants of success 429, 432; Hannibal’sdeployment and tactics 405, 407–8, 410–12;Roman engagement 374, 514; Romansurvivors spurned 510

cannibalism 245capacities and costs model of forces 109–10Cappadocia 466–8, 475Capsa 397captains, naval 385, 446; see also trierarchsCapua 326, 330; siege 424, 455–6Caralis 443Cardaces (Persian infantry) 423, 425–6Cardamyle, battle of 169Caria 269, 472–5Carneia (festival of Apollo) 100–1, 155carpenters 124, 154Carthage: citizens’ service abroad 367;

commanders’ training 372–3; destruction ofcity 397, 460; Ebro treaty 320–1; ethnic andlinguistic diversity 372; extent of empire 366,378; logistics 368, 378, 380–1, 387–8; map;monetization 380; multiple fronts 378;Ophellas’ invasion 386; prisoners sacrificed togods 396; and Rome 316–17, 380, 430, 484,(see also Punic Wars); siege warfare 44, 179,237, 241, 246, 368, (see also under Sicily);sources’ inadequacy 366–7

army 368, 378, 397–8, 412; cavalry 368,405, 423; chariots 417; elephants 347, 350;infantry 341, 368; mercenaries 179, 366–7,473n47; tactics 410, 412–13

navy 366–7; ships 358–60, 437, 437n152,439, 457; tactics 437, 444; transports andescorts 368, 378, 380–1

see also Hannibal; Punic Wars; and underMacedon; Sardinia; Sicily; Spain; Syracuse

carts, two-wheeled 150, 152–3Caryae 286n44Carystus 261Cassander, king of the Macedonians 370,

372, 377, 466, 467; campaigns 370, 376,388, 393

Cassius Dio 37, 60, 76; see also Index of ancientpassages cited

Castor, Spartan hymn to 204casualties: land battles 212–13, 394–8, 414–16,

423; light 413, 415–16, 423, 428; naval 236, 395,440–1; non-combat 395–6; see also dead, the

wounds and the wounded; and underindividual battles and generals

Catal Huyuk 123Catana 285cataphracts: cavalry 368, 423–4; ships 358, 360–1catapults 451–4; assault 241, 393, 451–4; bolt- and

stone-throwing 453; battlefield use 417–19,421; defensive 383, 387, 393–4, 452–3; hair forropes 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173; invention 241,368, 451; logistics 382–3, 448, 453; Macedonian369, 450, 453; non-torsion 451; andorganization of armies 34; reconstruction 75;Rhodian 383, 442, 452–3, 453n173; ship-borne358, 360, 441–3, 450, 453; Syracusandevelopment 393–4, 451; training in use 452–3,500–1; treatises 3, 75, 449; wooden parts builton site 383, 448

Cato, M. Porcius, the Elder 490–1, 510Caudine Forks 390Caudus 284causes of war 3, 280–90; concept of warfare as

craft 506–8; cult of virtus 515; economic 250–1,280–1, 288–90; treaty violation 97; vengeance89–90; women 46–7

cavalry: in amphibious forces 266; archaic117–18; archery 118, 221; battle deployment404–5; casualties 416, 423; close combat423–4; in comparison of army andperson 127; coordination with other forces145, 186, 188, 411, (hoplites) 215, 221, (lightinfantry) 221–2, 329, 424; dismounting tofight 424, 513–14; and elephants 420; eliteunits 334 (see also under Companions);equipment 118–19, 200, 512, (armour) 118, 124,368, (shields) 118, 328 , (spears) 118, 200, 221,329, (see also xyston); factionalism 138; finance135, 254, 260, 266; 4th-cent. development 216,221–2, 391; Greek 117–19, (northern) 111,134–5, 138, 221, (see also under Macedon;Thessaly; Thrace); horses 118–19, 124, 254,266; light 422–3; limitations 118–19; logistics382; Lydian ‘phalanxes’ 192; marginalization199–202; mercenaries: 141, 330; Mycenaean117; numbers, and success 429; Numidian;organization 129, 331–3, 343, 422; phalanx asdefence against 205; pillion riders, lightinfantry 424; prestige 126–7, 138n135;proportion of armies 391; psychological effect221, 425; in Punic Wars 429; pursuit 222, 411;reconnaissance 221; Scythian formations 221,331, 422; Seleucid native levies 476; on






general index 635

ships 148, 504; skirmishing 409, 424; stirrupsunknown 118–19, 134, 423–4; Successor era;tactics 331, 332, 422–5; ‘Tarentine’ 504; andterrain 222; territorial defence 222; training133, 134–5; uses 119, 177; Xenophon on 108,222, 269, 369, 422; see also under individualstates and aristocracy; cataphracts;reconnaissance; xyston

Cedreae 241, 286n44Celsus 66n40Celtiberians 391, 426Celts 341, 368, 421, 425–6centuries (Roman voting blocs) 29centurions 348Ceos 452Cephallenia 269Chabrias (Athenian general) 216, 267, 269,

369Chaeronea, battles of: first 16, 75–6, 272, 329,

341, 404, (Theban Sacred Band) 145, 175;second 75–6, 408, 418

Chains, battle of the 64Chalcaspides (elite units) 338, 342–3Chalcedon 168, 169Chalcidice 215, 462Chalcis 96–7, 102, 362, 457Chaleion (Galaxidhi) 94challenge to battle, verbal 203champions, duels of 203Chaonians 169Chares (Athenian general) 165, 267, 269–70,

459–60charge 204–5, 208–9, 425Charias (siege engineer) 449Charidemus (mercenary general) 176chariots: Celtic 418, 421; damage to own forces

421, 431; early Greek 117, 193–4, 292, (see alsounder Homer); Hellenistic 399, 404, 409, 417,421; Persian 217, 417–18; Pontic 417–18; races;scythed 217, 417–18; see also under Carthage(army)

Charops (Epirote politician) 322–3Cheirisophos (Spartan mercenary) 31Chigi vase 73, 196–7, 198children 27; 246, 396, 459; enslavement 240,

397, 459–60chiliarchiai (infantry units) 331, 336Chios: and Athens 155, 178; diplomacy 98–9,

309n13; naval battle (201) 358, 434–7, 446;navy 139, 148, 150, 224; slaves in forces 47, 139,150; taken through treachery 244

Chremonidean War 72Cicero, M. Tullius 38, 57, 320; see also Index of

ancient passages citedCicero, Q. Tullius 61–2Cilicia 361–2, 363Cilles 393

Cimolos 26Cimon, son of Miltiades 69–70circumvallation see under wallsCithaeron, Mount 167cities: abandonment 168; archaic 176; Hellenistic

305–12; inviolability 310–11; and kings 305–6,469, 476; profits from taking 250, 283–5, 460;ravaging 177–8; retreats into 176–7; surrender244–5, 397; treatment of defeated 180–3,240–1, 250, 283–6, 290, 396–7, 459–60, (seealso razing of cities; sacking of cities; slaves(prisoners enslaved )); trickery andtreachery in capture 178, 239–40, 244–5,375–6, 448–9, 457–8; water supplies 459; seealso assaults on cities; autonomy, city-state;citizen forces; citizenship; civic model oforganization; polis; siege warfare; walls

citizen forcesCarthaginian 367Greek 34, 68, 137–8, 214, 265, 325; cavalry

221; elite 144–5; hoplites 141–2; light-armedforces 221; naval 234, 296, 298

Roman 364–5see also mercenaries (citizen troops

compared) and under rowerscitizenship: in annexed territory 284–5, 290;

archaic mass emancipation into 325; classicalexclusivity 298, 325–6; Hellenistic agreements309–10; and legally formalized warfare 250–1;Roman extension to allies 326, 330, 496; seealso citizen forces

civic model of organization: Greece 28–30, 38,(‘army as polis’ principle) 30–4, 36–8, 372,(‘men are the city’ principle) 28–30, 47; Rome29–30

civil wars: Greek 89, 106; Roman 38–9, 396civilians 20, 72, 76, 80, 507; see also cities

(treatment of defeated)‘civilized’ vs. ‘primitive’ warfare 248–9class, social 12, 273–4, 276, 297; conflict 137–8,

141; in Homer 278; ‘middle group’ in Greece294–5; property qualifications 276; Rome 483,488, 496, 514; and training requirement 132–3;warfare and identity 293–8; warrior/farmerdivision 274; see also aristocracy; deference,social; leisure class; slaves; working class

Clastidium; Roman base 383Claudian Camp, near Suessulsa 385Claudius Pulcher, P. (consul 249) 365, 444Claudius Quadrigarius, Q. 71, 313Clazomenae 98Cleandridas (Spartan general in Thurii) 170Clearchus of Heraclea 163Cleisthenes of Athens 28–9Cleitarchus 58n12Cleitus (commander of Alexander’s

Companions, d. 328) 33–4






636 general index

Cleitus (Macedonian officer, d. 318) 362, 393, 434clementia (clemency) 397Cleombrotus I, king of Sparta 167Cleomenes I, king of Sparta 64, 103Cleomenes III, king of Sparta 338–9Cleon (Athenian politician) 67, 160, 214, 217,

219Cleonae 176Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt 43cleruchs 285, 474–6; see also under Egyptclientage, Roman 377, 487Cnidus 60, 98, 228–9Cnossus 97codes of conduct 189, 215; see also conventionsCoele-Syria 304, 392, 473, 476–7, 482cohort 79coinage 94, 257, 311–12, 466, 491; Alexander’s

419, 464; of Aspendus 127; Athenian 105–6;Macedonian 467; Roman 352, 490

colonies 86–7, 224, 237, 508; Athenian 25, 67,215, 285; colonial-style warfare 199, 214–15,221; Greek literary interest in 24–5;Macedonian 325–6; mother-cities 26, 97, 287;organizational model for Ten Thousand 31;Roman 326, 394, 486, 496, (maritime) 364;violence in creation 25, 31, 285; see alsocleruchs; Italy (Greek colonization)

Colophon 98columns, Roman monumental: of Arcadius 72;

of Trajan 55, 56combined arms 409; Carthage 368; classical era

147n3, 186, 361; demands on commander;Hellenistic development 361, 368; in Homer292; Macedon 145, 202–10, 333, 361, 369;Rome 352; Sicily 188, 199; tactical interactions404, 416–29; see also coordination undercavalry; infantry (light)

comedy 237, 296, 499, 507; see also Aristophanescomitia centuriata, Roman 37, 485, 511command: apologies 33; Hellenistic 406–9,

446–7, 449; joint and dual 129, 373;Macedonian authority 145; personal nature371–2, 406–7, 479; popular/politicalinfluences 30, 33–4, 36–8, 59, 372, 377; Romansystem 389, 433, (see also under consuls);subordinate commanders 372, 408; see alsocommunication; generals; politics(commanders’ appointment); strategy;women (commanders); and under Sparta

commemoration, postbellum 12; see alsomonuments; triumphs; trophies

commentarii, military tribunes’ 349communication in battle: land 130, 408; naval

232–4, 445–7Commus 163Companions (Macedonian elite units); cavalry

329–30, 331, 334, 423; Foot, pezetairoi 331

comparative methods 11competition 281–90; aristocratic 30, 433, 496–7,

511; in international relations 88–90, 97–8,100–1, 105–6, 289–90

complexity 370–1, 402confusion of battle 81, 408Conon (Athenian general) 230–231n180, 267n80conscription 148conservatism 85, 503–4, 512–14Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine

emperor 60Constantinople 72Constantius II, Byzantine emperor 59consuls, Roman 373, 389, 493; consular year 389,

486; military command 30, 486–7, 511contiones, Roman 37contractors, private 471, 488–9conventions: of agonal warfare 188–91; on

non-combatants 396–7; observance andnon-observance 251–3; state vs. private modelsof violence 248–9, 251–3; war unrestrained by190, 214

cooking and eating 151, 153, 164–5coordination: of multiple armies 369–70; of

naval combat 445–6; see also combined armsCorcyra 89, 91, 319; Athenian alliance 102, 150,

265; civil war 106, 151, 161–2, 246, 269; andCorinth 89, 97, 231–2, 288; navy 47, 139, 150,231–2

Corinth: and Athens 96, 155, 254, (see alsoSolygeia); battle near (390) 120–1; anddefensive alliances 102; Demetrius Poliorcetes’shipyard 362; League of 104–5, 361; militaryorganization 148, 156; navy 124, 125, 139, 149,150, 153, 258; and Peloponnesian League 259;and Potidaea 149, 217; Roman sack 397, 460;Spartan alliance 102–3; trade 125; see also underCorcyra

Corinth, Gulf of; naval battles (429) 230, 235–6Coronea: battle of 65, 173, 205, 209, 215, 218,

(Agesilaus’ tactics) 173, 209–10, 217; leaguecentred on 99

Corupedium, battle of 468corvus (boarding bridge) 437–41, 444n166Cos 98, 268, 269, 310, 434Cotyrta, battle of (424) 169courage 188, 293, 501; see also virtuscowardice 40–1, 131; Roman scorn for 509–10,

514craft, concept of warfare as 213, 369, 498, 500–3,

510, 516; consequences 503–8craftsmen 76, 86, 274, 279Crassus, M. Licinius (triumvir) 422Craterus (marshal of Alexander the Great) 389,

431–2, 466Cratippus of Athens 59n16cremation 175, 236






general index 637

Crete 26, 284, 291, 309; maps; mercenaries 424,501–2, (archers) 121–2, 329, 343, 500; subjectnative population 274–6, 284, 291

Crimisus River, battle of 378, 403, 417Cromnus, Arcadia 178Croton 452, 456crucifixion of prisoners 238, 396, 460Ctesias 55, 61Ctesibius 449cuirasses 339, 355cultures, warfare between different 189Cumae 326Cunaxa: battle of 55, 61, 217, 418, 431; Cyrus’

march to 159–60, 161, 165currency see coinageCurtius Rufus, Q. 59, 416; see also Index of

ancient passages citedcustoms duties, Seleucid 476Cycladic islands 224Cyclopes 87Cyinda, Cilicia 468Cyme 312, 339Cynoscephalae, battle of (364) 223Cynoscephalae, battle of (197) 71, 399–400;

flight 420, 431; numbers killed and captured415–16; reasons for Roman success 432–3;surprise engagment 390, 403; tactics 408, 410,412, 426, 432

Cynossema, naval battle of 235Cynouria, border dispute over 285–6Cyprus 60, 361, 385, 454, 473; fleet at Tyre 440,

444–5, 448; timber 358, 361–2Cyrenaica 393, 472–3Cyropolis, Bactria 450Cyrus the Younger 156, 159–60, 161, 165Cytenium, Doris 107Cythera 178, 263; battle (424) 169, 222Cyzicus 268, 269

Dacia, Trajan’s campaigns in 55, 56Daedalus 52–3Damascus 464dancing in hoplite training 134, 279, 281Daniell, Roger; Mars his Field (1595) 6Danube; Roman military archaeology 13–14Daphne Parade 339Dara 73Dardanelles see HellespontDarius I, king of Persia 55, 86, 95, 422Darius III, king of Persia 63, 189, 361, 423, 432Datamas, satrap of Cappadocia 246dead, the: recovery and burial 12, 76, 173–6, 212,

236, (truces for) 173, 175, 183, 212; see alsocasualties

Decebalus, king of Dacia 55, 56Decelea, epiteichismos of 178, 239Decelean War 170

deception 390–1, 406–7; see also treachery;trickery

Decius Mus, P. (d. 295) 415, 432Decius Mus, P. (d 340) 432declaration of war 95, 97, 315decorations, Roman military 510, 513dedications, victory 50, 101, 238; see also

monuments; trophiesdeditio in fidem populi Romani 323–4defeat: Greek concession 173, 175, 212, 415;

Roman refusal to accept 514–15; suicide ofpopulations 459; see also cities (treatment ofdefeated); massacres (of defeatedpopulations); prisoners, fate of

defector intelligence 391defence 167–70, 403–4; and ‘just war’ 314–15;

siege technology 383, 387, 452–3, (see alsounder Archimedes); see also fortifications;imperialism (defensive); passes, defence of

deference, social; deference 296–7, 505, 514Deinas (Macedonian general) 370Deinocrates (Syracusan general) 377, 396Deiotarus of Galatia 356dekaniai (cavalry units) 345dekas (infantry file) 330–1, 336delaying strategy 377, 514Delbruck, Hans 7–8, 10, 20, 400–1Delian League 89–90, 103–4, 225–6, 260–4;

Athenian hegemony 105–6, 263, (and profit)67, 103–4, 226, 237, 260–4; revolts 226, 261,(see also Mytilene (Athenian siege) and underSamos; Thasos); tribute 104, 226, 237, 263–5,284, (amount) 67, 263–4, 284

Delium; Athenian epiteichismos 178–9Delium, battle of 68, 169, 178, 190, 216;

Athenian return home 183; burial truce 173;cavalry 216, 219; flame thrower 179, 239;friendly fire incidents 212; light infantry 204;reserves 219; Theban phalanx 207, 210, 218

Delos 91, 99, 103, 263; see also Delian LeagueDelphi 101, 259, 311, 316; Aemilius Paullus

Monument 338; oracle 97, 285–7; Phocianplundering 173, 283n30, 310, 316; Pythiangames 100, 155, 311

Delphic amphictyony 97, 99–100, 311–12Delphinium 178Demaratus, king of Sparta 70Demeter; sanctuary at Anthela 99Demetrius I, king of Bactria 482Demetrius I Poliorcetes, king of Macedon 319,

360, 381, 466, 467, 469; marches 392–3;Nabataean campaign 381; polyremes 358–60,362, 441–2, 453; and Ptolemy I, (battle ofGaza) 370, 405, 410, 415, (battle of Salamis)358, 360, 441, 453; sieges 360, 393, 441, 453,457, 465; tactics 405, 410

Demetrius of Phalerum 85






638 general index

Demetrius of Pharos 493Democedes of Croton (physician) 86Demochares of Thoricus (Athenian rower) 234democracy 85, 89, 179, 296–7, 376, 506;

extension of political rights 276–7; andofficer–men relations 36–8, 131–2

Democritus (Corinthian naval commander) 233demography, military see manpowerDemosthenes 96, 141–2, 142n153, 220, 447; on

Athenian navy 71, 258–9, 361; contrastscity-state warfare with Macedonian 34, 146,191, 447; use of light-armed forces 120–1, 220;see also Index of ancient passages cited

departure of forces 154, 156–8deployment: Greek 203, 404–5; Hellenistic and

Roman 403–7, 419–20, 428; by mutualconsent 203, 403

depopulation, deliberate 74, 241, 285depots, supply 383, 385, 387desert campaigns 392–3; logistics 381–3,

386desertion 34, 132, 206, 293, 376, 395–6;

intelligence from 391devices, shield- 293–4, 337–8devotio (Roman ritual) 432diabateria (sacrifices at border) 157–8Diades (siege engineer) 449Dicaearchus the Aetolian 363diekplous (naval manoeuvre) 230, 435, 444Diocletian, Roman emperor; Edict on

Maximum Prices 80Diodorus (Corinthian naval commander) 233Diodorus Siculus 52, 58, 414, 416; sources 58n12,

60, 382, 400; see also Index of ancient passagescited

dioiketes (Egyptian official) 470Diomilus of Andros 220Dionysiac artists 310–11Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse 283, 437n152;

autocracy 86, 303; polyremes 124, 358, 451; andsiege warfare 451, 462

Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse 203n69, 358Dionysius of Alexandria (engineer) 452–3Dionysius of Halicarnassus 414–15; see also Index

of ancient passages citedDionysius of Phocaea 227, 229, 250Diopeithes (Athenian general) 269–70Dioscuri 157Diotimus (Athenian general) 270diplomacy 86–8, 90–7; adaptation to existing

practice, (Philip II) 303, (Romans) 317–19,322–3; inscriptions on 71–2; kinship 25–6,106–7, 380; prestige vessels for missions 357–8;supracivic organizations 97–101; see alsoarbitration; heralds; international relations;leagues; proxenia, proxenoi; treaties; xenia,xenoi

discipline 20, 34–6, 130–2, 501; Greek 34–6,131–2, 143–4, 145, 220–1, 235, (see also underSparta); Persian 36; Roman 30, 36, 404; seealso punishments

disease 240, 243–4, 395–6disinformation 391; see also deceptiondivination before battle 204dog patrols 166donkeys 152–3doratophoroi (type of cavalry) 345Dorians 28–9, 98, 155Drabescus, battle of 120Drepana 443, 457; naval battle of 365, 444,

444n166drill 3, 416Ducrey, P. 10–11duels of champions or small groups 203; see also

single combatDuilius, C. (consul 260) 439Dura-Europus, siege of 77duration of fighting 410–11, 422–3dust clouds 390, 408

earthquakes 158Ebro treaty 320–1Ecbatana 464, 468eclipses 32–3, 159Ecnomus, naval battle of 359–60, 439,

442n162economy 12, 273; Antigonus I’s system 468–70;

Athenian, and war taxation 271; cost of citizenforces 138; Hieron II’s non-military 478;leisure-class pressure on 280–2; mercenariesand 16; motives for war 280–5, (see also underprofit); Thebans free helots as attack onSpartan 370

Edessa 77, 80Edonis 462education 62; military nature of Roman 373,

377, 486–7; see also ephebeia; trainingegalitarianism and imperialism 290Egesta 46–7Egypt: agricultural tithe 470–2; and Antigonids

and Seleucids 303–6, 324, 385, 477, 482, (seealso Syrian Wars and under Antigonus IMonophthalmus; Ptolemy I Soter);arbitration 26; Athenian expedition (454) 261;bureaucracy 470–1; cleruchs 334, 472–5, 508;and Coele-Syria 304, 482; Hellenization 475;infantry spear 368–77; Iphicrates and 325,368–77; Jewish factionalism 376; land 335,470–5; and Lebanon 385; machimoi 473–4;manpower 306, 334–5, 363; map; mercenariesin 86, 140, 474, 504; merchant marine 471;navy 357, 360, 363; and Nesiotic League 304,312; Palestinian border 393; Ptolemaea(festival) 311; revolts 335, 508; and Rome 319,






general index 639

324, 355, 387; social and economic problems471–2, 474–5; transport 471; wealth 471

army organization 334–6, 339, 504;elite units 334; native troops 335, 474, 508; size334; supply 471

see also Cleopatra VII; Ptolemy I, II, III, IV,V, VI

eighteenth-century historiography 5eisphora (Athenian tax) 270–2ekecheiriai (truces) 100, 155elections: Greek 96, 128–9, 131, 213, 372; Roman

510–11elephants 392, 399, 404, 417, 419–29; armour

347; Carthaginian 347, 350; Indian 368;interaction with other forces 409, 419–21, 431;logistics 382

Eleusinian mysteries 95, 100, 155Elis 96, 158, 220n144, 284, 311, 328; Arcadian war

(365) 162; and Heraea 102; and Pisa 96, 101;and Sparta 102, 168, 170–1, 177, 287–8; Xenias’attempted coup 93

elite units: classical Greek 118, 132, 133–4,137, 144–5, 146, 219–20, (see also Thebes(Sacred Band)); Hellenistic, (cavalry) 334,338–9, (infantry) 342–3, 414, 428, 450;see also Companions and undertraining

elites, social see aristocracy; leisure classempathy 17engineering 369; specialists 393, 449–50, 452–4,

462–3, 465, (see also Archimedes); see alsoartillery; catapults; roads

English-speaking scholarship 7–10, 13Enlightenment, European early 5enomotiai (Spartan units) 156, 207, 291entertainments in camp 165Epaminondas 19, 133–4, 171, 202, 218; death 59,

409; at Mantinea 59, 218, 223; tactics 218, 223,369, 405, 410

eparitoi (elite Arcadian corps) 144, 145ephebeia (Athenian military training) 35–6, 132,

134, 500, 506Ephesus 86, 98, 169, 311Ephorus 60, 191; see also Index of ancient passages

citedepibatai see marinesepic poetry 39, 48; lost Argonautica 24, 52; see

also individual poetsEpidaurus 99–100, 180, 275–6, 284; Argive

invasion 100–1, 155, 167, 171epidemics 240, 243–4, 395–6epilektoi see elite unitsepinician poetry 50–1; see also PindarEpipolae, battles of 169Epirus 321–3, 370, 493; see also Pyrrhus, king of

Epirusepistates (infantry officer) 207

epiteichismos (fortification of position on enemyland) 177–8, 239, 394

equestrian order, Roman 352Eretria 99, 102, 178, 257, 267; Philip V’s attack

450, 457Ergocles (Athenian general) 269Erxadieis (Aetolian community) 102–3Erythrae 97–8Eteonicus (Spartan officer) 154ethnicity 12, 97, 372, 507–8; see also DoriansEtruria 283, 319; and Rome 313–14, 318, 373, 387,

485euangelia (sacrifice for good news) 185Eubulus (Athenian statesman) 226Euesperitae, battle of 169Eumenes I, king of Pergamum 477, 482Eumenes II, king of Pergamum 441–2, 447, 477,

493Eumenes of Cardia 27, 34, 48, 387, 390, 466–8;

Iranian campaign against Antigonus 405, 412,468, (Antigonus’ forced march) 389–90, 392,(death) 372, 376, 414, (see also Paraetacene,battle of); personal combat 48, 408–9

eunoiai (protection payments) 269–70Eupolemus (Macedonian general) 391Euripides 33–4, 46, 51, 168, 219, 240; epinician

ode for Alcibiades 50; see also Index of ancientpassages c1ited

Europe, northern 13–14, 20Eurydice, queen of Macedon 376Eurymedon, battle of 261euzonoi (light infantry) 343evacuation 282–3, 293, 459evocatio (Roman ritual) 166–7execution 131, 183, 286, 396–7; see also

crucifixion; massacresexile 499; of populations 74, 241, 285exotic weapons 399, 417–21, 429; damage to own

forces 418, 421; see also catapults; chariots;elephants

experience of warfare 54, 233–4, 243–7, 292–8;author-participants’ narratives 60–4, 81

exploration 24–5, 361expulsion of populations 74, 241, 285extispicy 156–7, 158extortion 141n146, 268–9, 272eye-witness reports 60–4, 81, 382

Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Q. (consul I 322) 415Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (Cunctator), Q.

(consul I 233) 377, 385, 388, 514Fabius Pictor, Q. 70fables of Aesop 90‘face-of-battle’ approach 17, 187, 213, 401–2factionalism 138, 375–6, 457–8family traditions 70, 372–3, 377, 486–7, 507farmers, Greek 274, 279






640 general index

farming of revenues, Roman 488–9fatigue 431federalism, Greek 86, 306, 310, 312, 377feminism 12fertilizer 172festivals: Greek 100–1, 155–6, 277, 311,

(competitive ethos) 196, 281, 287–8, 504;Roman military 510

fetial procedures, Roman 314–16, 318–19, 321feudalism 111, 128, 135file (infantry unit) 330–1, 336–7, 343finance: Hellenistic 464–70, 478–9, 482, (see also

under individual kingdoms); privateexpenditure by soldiers/sailors 116, 150–1, 153,257–8, 294; see also coinage; extortion; foreignpaymasters; pay; plunder; taxation; treasuries;wealth; and under individual states andcavalry; hoplites; siege warfare

Finley, M. I. 10, 28fire 239, 443, 445; see also under siege warfareflagships 447flame throwers 239Flamininus, T. Quinctius (consul 198) 322, 385Flaminius, C. (consul I 223) 71Flaminius, C. (praetor 193) 389flanking manoeuvres: Hellenistic and Roman

410–13, 422, 432; Spartan 405, 410flight from battle 168, 209, 211–12, 430–2, 509–10fodder 162, 266, 382, 385, 389food supply: on campaign 80, 151, 154, 381–2,

385, 387, 389, (see also foraging; rations);strategic consideration 125, 388, 494; see alsograin supplies

foraging 385–6foreign paymasters 259, 266–7Formiae 326formula togatorum 317–18fortifications 74, 238–9, 241–2, 368, 385, 455, 465;

battlefield 403–4, 414; Roman imperial 73, 74;see also epiteichismos; mole; siege warfare;towers; walls; and under camps; frontiers;siege warfare

Four Emperors, Year of the 34France; historiography 9–11frankincense trade 482freedmen in Roman navy 364–5frequency of warfare see prevalence of warfarefriendly fire incidents 212, 418, 421friends and friendship: Hellenistic kings’ 481–2;

in international relations 106–7; see alsoCompanions; xenia

frontiers: disputes 90, 204, 285–6, 304;fortifications 167–8, 242, 393; Roman 13, 18,74n75, 81; sacrifices 157–8, 204; sanctuaries 90;troops for defence of 222, 341

Frontinus, Sex. Julius 3, 402, 404, 406, 501; seealso Index of ancient passages cited

Fundi 326funeral, Athenian annual public 175, 236, 238

Gabiene, battle of: deployment and tactics 405,412, 423, 428; elephants 420–1; Eumeneshanded over to Antigonus 372, 376, 414;surrender 415

Gainas, king of the Goths 72Galatians 337, 341, 420, 425, 472games see athletic contestsGarlan, Yvon 10–11, 248–9garrisons 343, 475, 495gastraphetes (type of crossbow) 451Gaugamela see ArbelaGaul, Cisalpine 316, 383Gauls 192, 334, 415, 417; arms and armour 341,

425, 504; invasion of Greece 311, 425; invasionsof Hellenistic kingdoms 516; invasion of Italy313, 317, 413, 425, 484–6

Gaurium, battle of 169Gaza: Alexander’s siege 448, 458; battle of 334,

370, 415, (deployments and tactics) 405, 410,422, (elephants) 421, 429

Gedrosian desert 78, 381Gela 285Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse 188, 199, 222generals: aristocratic code of conduct 189;

authors see Arrian; Demosthenes; Sophocles;Xenophon; in battle 203, 213–23, 402–16,430–3; Carthaginian long-term commands372; combine heroism and battle management399, 407–8; in comparison of army andperson 128; disciplinary powers 34–5, 130–1,145; foreign monarchs employ 141; andheterogeneous forces; intelligenceinterpretation 406–7, 432–3; joint and dualcommands 129, 373; popular influence over30, 33–4, 36–8, 59, 372, 377; and morale 33,213, 226–8, 431–3; naval commands 226–8,234; non-professionals 128; pay 129; personalcombat 374, 408–9, 461, 507; personal natureof command 371–2, 406–7, 479; and plunder142, 183; subordinate commanders 372, 408;trials of Athenian 131, 176, 212; veneration ofsuccessful Roman 485–7; see also politics(commanders’ appointments; control ofcommanders); risk-taking; strategy; individualgenerals, and under individual states

geography 62, 78, 81, 391; see also terrainGermanicus Julius Caesar 76Germany: ancient warfare 192, 222, 430;

19th-cent. historians 7–8Glabrio, M’ Acilius (consul 191) 323–4gladiators 39Gordian III, Roman emperor 73Gortyn 284Goths 72






general index 641

Gracchus, C. Sempronius 496Gracchus, Ti. Sempronius (consul 215) 70–1Gracchus, Ti. Sempronius (tribune 133) 496graffiti 54; from Sirmium 81grain supplies: Antigonus I 382, 386, 469–70;

Athens and Hellespontine 125, 388; oncampaign 151, 154, 381–2, 385, 387, 389; Greekpolis warfare and 171–2; Roman 387, 491–4

Granicus, battle of River 33, 403, 415–16, 431–2;Alexander’s personal combat 407–9; cavalry423–4, 429; conflicting sources 62–3, 400;infantry 424–5

grappling hooks 437Graupius, Mons 75Great Plains, battle of 411–12, 431–2greaves: cavalry 118; infantry 113, 117, 150, 195,

329, 391Greece: Gallic attack (279) 311; and Hellenistic

empires 306; and Macedon 306, 379, 393, 463,466, 469, (see also Macedon (and Athens; andSparta)); maps; terminology, ThesaurusLinguae Graecae 15

relations with Rome 316, 322–3;Greek cultural influence 52, 318–19, 368, 397;Greek disregard for Roman literature 39, 52;Roman control and exploitation 488, 492–4

see also individual states and topicsGreek/barbarian distinction 90, 95, 396Greek cities of south Italy: Roman socii navales

364–6; Sicily 364–6greed 282, 289–90guerre de course 228–9guerrilla fighting 40, 495Gylippus (Spartan commander) 33, 223gymnasia 277, 334; gymnasiarchal inscriptions

452, 506

Hadrumetum 366hair used as rope 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173Halicarnassus 98, 268Hamilcar (Carthaginian commander) 320hamippoi (light infantry) 188, 222, 329handbooks, military see manualsHannibal (Carthaginian admiral) 438–9Hannibal (Carthaginian general): composition

of forces; crossing of marshes 78; deceptionand surprise 390; in east 492, (as navalcommander) 435, 441–2, 445–7; genius 372–3,433; logistics 387–8; Macedonian alliance 321,444; and morale 432; Roman influence on433, 504; sieges 321, 376; sources on 55; tactics405, 410–11, 432, (see also under Cannae;Trebia; Zama); see also Punic Wars (Second )and individual battles

Hannibal the Rhodian 456–7Hanno (Carthaginian commander) 366, 458harbours 256–7, 360, 434, 443–4, 457

hard tack 381–2, 386Harmodius (Athenian tyrannicide), sister of 47Hasdrubal (Carthaginian commander) 320–1,

367, 397, 411, 445; at Cannae 408, 416, 423; atIlipa 403, 407, 414; at Metaurus 392–3, 397,407, 409, 421

hastati (Roman front line infantry) 406, 428–9,431

Hegelochus (Corinthian admiral) 361hegemonia, hegemony 287, 289; Athenian 253,

272; hegemonic alliances 87–8, 101–6Helen as cause of war 46helepolis siege towers 360, 453, 457Hellenic League 312Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 59n16; see also Index of

ancient passages citedHellenistic world: oikoumene 304–5, 307, 309,

311–12, 368; modern studies 15–16, (see alsobalance of power theories); and Rome 318–24,398, 416, 516; see also individual kingdoms, andindividual topics throughout index

Hellenotamiai 263Hellespont 161; Athenian control 125, 263,

268–70, 388; battle of 408–9, 423, 431–2; maphelmets: archers’ 194; cavalry 118; hoplite 113,

116–17, 150, 195, 294; legionary 349;Macedonian infantry 329; peltast 339;Thracian 166

helmsmen 129, 231, 234–5, 295, 363, 446helots 284; Athens and 47, 177–8; economic

importance 109, 111, 144, 274, 370; militaryservice 65, 132, 139, 140, 277; and social/military organization 66, 291; unrest, actualand potential 47, 66, 109, 135, 177–8, 291

Helvetii 8hepatoscopy 156–7Heraclea, Italy, battle of 408–9, 414–15, 420, 423,

432, 509Heraclea Pontica 148, 163, 274, 290Heraclea Trachinia 169Heraclides of Mylasa 219, 232Heraea (Argive festival) 311Heraea, Arcadia 102heralds 95, 97, 189–90, 212; war without (polemos

akeryktos) 190, 214Herbesus; Roman supply depot 458Herippidas (Spartan soldier) 205Hermes; protection of heralds 95Hermione 99Hermocrates (Syracusan statesman) 89Herodotus 50, 59, 64; value for reconstruction

54, 64–6, 69–70, 81; see also Index of ancientpassages cited

heroism, commanders’ 399, 407–8Heron; on war-catapults 3Hesiod 281, 299; see also Index of ancient passages

cited






642 general index

Hestiaea 286n46hierarchies: of military forces 40–1, 125–7, 138,

138n135; in naval crews 295–6; of states 286–7Hiero I, tyrant of Syracuse 386, 458Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse 339, 478hieromenia (sacred period) 100–1, 155–6, 311Hieronymus of Cardia 34, 43, 48, 382, 414;

Diodorus’ use 60, 382, 400hill warfare 219Himeras River, battle of 371Hindu Kush mountains 388hipparchies (cavalry units) 331, 343hipparchoi (cavalry officers) 129, 341–2hippeis; Athenian property qualification 276n8;

Spartan elite infantry 118, 144, 144n162Hippodamus of Miletus 274Hipponium 452Histiaeus of Miletus 229, 259historiography, ancient: agonal fighting in 40;

on archers 40–2; battle-pieces 399–400; bias81; educative purpose 62; knowledge andmemory 69–71; literary nature 39, 57–60, 77;narrowing-down after Herodotus 50; practicalexperience of writers 57, (see alsoauthor-participants); priorities andassumptions 64–9; quality of sources varies399–400; and women’s role in warfare 42–7;see also individual historians,author-participants, and under speeches

historiography, modern see scholarship, modernHittites 94Homer, and Homeric world 193–5; Achilles and

Odysseus models 188; adventure and longingfor home 24–5; agonistic spirit 88; attitude towar 27, 48–9; burial truces 173; campfortifications 163; chariots 117, 193–4, 292;combined arms 292; on competition 281; date193; duels 194–5, 203; influence 48–50, 64;Hesiod’s apocryphal contest with 299; honour288; Judgement of Paris 47; light-armed troops120, 127, 293; military and social organization29, 194, 292; mutilation of corpses 174; navalwarfare not described 48–9; normativebehaviour 87; officers’ relations with men 130;oral tradition 19; Plato’s criticism of morality31; plunder 31, 250; profit motive 250, 282,288; raiding and piracy 307; ransoming ofcities 283; reprisals 251n17; repulsive detail23–4, 48–9, 81; retreat into city 176; sentries165–6; social class 19, 186, 278, 297; tribes andphratries 29, 194; Troy assaulted, not besieged237; women and war 42–4, 47; wounds 23–4,48–9, 81; xenoi as suspect 91; see also Index ofancient passages cited and under Alexander III;archery; aristocracy; phalanx

Homeric Hymn on Delian festival 49homopoliteiai (sympolity agreements) 309–10

honour 189, 197, 215, 371–2, 404–5; as motive forwar 90, 286–90; Roman concept 189, 515

hook to pull up ships, Archimedes’ 453hoplites: and agriculture 109, 190, 279, (see also

ravaging below); amateur ideal 133–4;amphibious operations 229; archaic 132–3, 138,151, 191, 198, 251, (mounted) 117, 144n162, 199;battles 202–13; citizen 138, 141–2, 500;cohesion of armies 36; in combined-armsforces 108–9, 121–2, 188, 215, 220–1, 333, 409;communalization of kudos 89; in comparisonof army and person 127; decline 16, 109, 325;desertion 293; elite units 133–4, 144–5; ethos36, 133–4, 213, 279, 293, 500, 503–4; financing150–1, 254, 257–8, 277, 293–4, 325; flexibility199, 215; Hellenistic 338–9, 425–7, 429;individual combat 199; insignia 117;introduction 73, 111; light-armed troops defeat109, 119–21, 214–15, 220, 425; on march 152,159, 171–2; mounted 117, 144n162, 199; andnaval combat 236, (see also under marines); innorthern Greece 111; organization 130;othismos, ‘shove’ 65, 192, 209–11, 218; inPeloponnesian War 109, 116n18, 119, 214–15,220–1; Persian use of Greek 140–1; politicalparticipation 138, 296–8; prestige 65, 108,126–7, 138, 295–7; races in armour 51, 133n118,196; ravaging 171–2; as rowers 229; servants115, 150, 152, 160, 293–4, 392; as social group279, 293–5, 297; supremacy model 108–9; lateemergence 192; sources on 64–5, 68, (see alsounder vase-paintings); training 132, 133–4, 138,205, 208–9, 279–80; in vase-paintings 73, 109,115, 117, 196, 199; working-class 116n18,277–80, 297–8

equipment , panoply 111–13, 117,150–1, 174, 195–6, 199, 242; armour 113–15,117, 124, 150–1, 195–6, 294, 333; lightening115–17, 122–3, 195; private provision 116, 150–1,254, 293–4, 325; state provision 277; see alsounder breastplates; helmets; shields; spears;swords

see also phalanx and under archers; Athens(army ); marines; mercenaries; metics; Sparta;terrain; vase-paintings

hoplomachoi (teachers of hoplite fighting) 133,213–14, 220, 222, 279, 501

Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus) 38–9; see also Indexof ancient passages cited

horkoi (‘oaths’, treaties) 94horse-archers see under archershorses 117, 119, 126, 266, 386; armour 118, 124;

size 119; see also stirrups, absence of and undercavalry

hostages 396–7Hostilius Mancinus 55hunting 279






general index 643

Hyacinthia (Spartan festival) 66Hybrias, Song of 274–5hybris (unprovoked aggression) 288–9Hyccara 268Hydaspes, River 361; battle of 416–17, 420,

425–6, 429hypaspistai (Hypaspists) (elite troops) 331, 333,

450Hyphasis mutiny 59Hysiae 241, 286n44

Ialysus 98Iasus 286n44Ibera, battle of 411, 431Iberian mercenaries 341Ida, Mount, Asia Minor 482Idomene 339Idumaea 472ile (cavalry unit) 331, 333, 341–3Iliturgi 460Ilium 176, 312; Iliou Persis theme in epic 48; see

also TroyIlipa, battle of 405, 407, 410, 413–14, 429,

431Illyria 321, 424; Rome and 46, 319,

492–4imitation, literary 58–9imperialism: defensive 483–4, 492–3; egalitarian

forms 290; Hellenistic 479–82; Macedoniandiplomatic 462–3; modern attitudes to 483–4;Persian 214; Roman Republican 483–8, 492–3;see also under Athens

imperium, Roman 30, 36, 374, 493Inchtuthil 74indemnities 263, 488, 491India 361, 368, 417, 475; Alexander’s campaign

361, 372, 376, 379, 396–7, 448–9indirect strategy 370–1Indus, River 361infantry: and cavalry 411; dual capable 339–43,

426; and elephants 420–1; lightening ofequipment 115–17, 122–3, 195, 391; lower-class139–40, 146, (see also hoplites (working-class));multi-line systems 406, 412–13, 431; status 287,(see also hoplites (prestige)); tacticalinteractions 425–9

heavy : battles between forces of 404–6,409, 412, 425–9; coordination with lightinfantry 108–9, 215, 220, 333; depth 405–6,412–13, 426, 431, (see also under phalanx);frontage 203, 207, 405, 426; native 508; see alsohoplites; legions; phalanx

light: allied, in Peloponnesian War 221;archaic 151, 220; in battle 203–4, 404, 409,425–6; Carthaginian 341, 368; citizen 221;colonial-style warfare 214–15, 221;coordination with other forces 121, 145, 186,

333, (cavalry) 188, 221–2, 329, 424, (elephants)419, (heavy infantry) 108–9, 215, 220, 333;Epaminondas and 223; 4th-cent. development216, 220–1, 391; hoplites defeated by 109,119–21, 215, 220, 425; marginalization197–202; mercenaries 111, 220–1, 343, (see alsounder archers; peltasts); ‘peltast’ as generalterm for 221; from periphery of Greek world111, 127, 135; pillion riders 424; plundering 343;provide own equipment 254; against ravagers177; (see also velites); in rough terrain 109,119–20; Seleucid native 476; on ships 148;status 127, 205; tactical interactions 122, 425;training 135–6, 500–1; see also archers; peltasts;slingers; velites; and under Homer

informal fighting 40, 44–6, 495injury 449; see also casualties; wounds and the

woundedinnovation 368–9, 503–4, 512–14inscriptions 16, 25, 71–2; on bullets 123, 136insignia, hoplite 117insult as cause of war 287–8intelligence 214, 391, 406–7, 432–3; see also

reconnaissanceinternational relations 85–107, 303–24; agonistic

spirit 88–90, 97–8, 101, 105–6; agreements307–12; archaic 85–6, 88–101, 306–7; coinageand 94; colonization and 86–7; externalstructural determinants 86–8; geopoliticalcircumstances and 87–8, 105–7; Greek 85–107;Hellenistic 107, 303–12; norms 86–8, 101,105–7; personal relationships and 86, 93, 95,106–7, 189, (see also proxenia; xenia); polis andatomistic model of 85–6; Rome 313–24, (early)313–18, (with Hellenistic world) 318–24; seealso alliance; amphictyonies; arbitration;diplomacy; leagues; proxenia; treaties; xenia;and under religion

intimidation 244–5inviolability 95–6, 100, 189–90, 310–11Io 46Ionia 28, 137; Panionium 98–9, 312; revolt 219,

224, 227Iphiades of Abydus 245Iphicrates (Athenian general) 127–8, 164, 216,

269, 329; discipline 143–4, 220–1; Egyptiancampaign 325, 368–77; innovation 326–9,368–77; peltasts 120–1, 220–1, 266, 325–9,368–77, (defeat Spartan phalanx) 215–16, 220,(development) 339; stratagems 164, 220–1;training 161–2, 220–1

Ipsus, battle of 75, 379, 420, 468, 473Iran 396; see also Persia and under Eumenes of

Cardiairregularly armed troops 119–20, 151Isidore of Seville 352; see also Index of ancient

passages cited






644 general index

Islanders, League of the 304, 312Isocrates 274; on mercenaries 141–2; see also

Index of ancient passages citedisopolity agreements 307–9Issa; Roman protectorate 319Issus, battle of 388, 390, 400, 403, 416, 432, 464;

deployments and tactics 404, 410, 423, 429,432; mosaic 63, 73; Polybius on Callisthenes’account 52, 63–4

Isthmian festival 155, 311, 322Isthmus, wall across 66Italy 19; Greek colonization 25, 52–3, 256, 318,

364, 365–6, 472; mapsrelations with Rome 318, 496; alliance

system 317–18, 364, 365–6, 485–6, 494–7;contact with Greek culture 318; militarycontrol 377, 387, 394; use of resources 364,385, 494–7

see also individual towns and Campania;Etruria; Latins; Punic Wars (Second );Samnium

Ithome, Mount 181Itinerarium Alexandri 59n14

Jason of Pherae 143, 326, 331javelins 118, 194, 221; mounted javelin men 118,

133n118, 136, 221; see also peltastsJaxartes, River 419, 422Jerusalem 458Jews 376, 380, 458John of Ephesus 58Jovian, Roman emperor 31Juba I, king of Numidia 356Judaea 458, 472; mapJugurtha, king of Numidia 356Julian, Roman emperor 59–61Julius Africanus 501just war (bellum iustum) 314–15, 318–19; Roman

exploitation 315, 319–22, 324, 484, 515justice 78, 93–4; see also arbitrationJustinian, Roman emperor 74

Kasr el-Harit, legionary shield from 196katonake-wearers (Sicyonian subject population)

275–6Keegan, John 17, 401–2kingship

Hellenistic 461, 479–82; arbitration26, 308; fear of rivals 372; friends andhousehold regiments 481–2; legitimationthrough war 479–80, 506–7; personal nature478–9, 482, (leadership in field) 374, 405, 481,507, (and warrior tradition) 304–5, 461–2,481–2, 503, 506; prestige vessels 357–8; unitaryauthority, and specialized forces 449–50

Spartan 128, 157–8, 162, 175; see alsoindividual kings and under Macedon; Persia

King’s Peace 103, 105, 263n59kinship 28–9; diplomacy 25–6, 106–7, 380knowledge and memory 69–71kothon (Spartan cup) 151Kromayer, J. 7, 9–10, 12, 401Kyllyrioi (Syracusan subject population) 275–6

ladders, scaling 242, 442–3, 450, 453–4, 457Lade, naval battle of 70, 224, 229Laelius, C. 408, 423, 453n174Laevinus, M. Valerius (consul ? 220, 210) 366Lamachus (Athenian general) 34–5Lamian War 389, 394, 466Lampsacus 244, 286n44land: in Egypt 335, 470–5; Gracchan reforms

496; grants to combatants 330, 335, (see alsocleruchs); landlessness 498–9, 505; notoccupied by victors 285–6; reclamation 335;redistribution 282, 496; Roman distributionof conquered 515; Roman expansion 326, 335

language problems in allied forces 445Lanuvium 326Laodicium, battle of 169, 216laphurepelai (booty-sellers) 183Latins 326, 485; Latin League 313–14; revolt

(341-338) 313–14, 326, 485Laurium silver mines 224law(s) 189–90, 307–8, 316; nomos and physis 106,

502leadership see command; generals; strategyLeague of the Islanders 304, 312leagues 97–101, 312, 377, 492, 516; see also

amphictyonies and individual LeaguesLebanon 385Lebedos 98, 308Lechaeum, battle of 215–16, 220, 425Lecythus 241legions 402, 425–6; equipment 488–9, 496;

Polybius’ comparison with phalanx 191–3,202, 402, 426; tactics against phalanx 426–7,429; see also maniples

legitimate vs. privately organized warfare 248–9legitimation through war, royal 479–80, 506–7leisteia (‘booty-chasing’) 250–2, 269leisure class 273–81; greed 275, 282; military

obligation 274, 276, 278–9; and politicaloffice 274, 276, 298

Lelantine War 102lemboi (galleys) 360–1, 435–7Lemnos 255Leonidas, king of Sparta 70, 215Lepidus, Aemilius (fl. 136) 385Lepreum 100, 284Lesbos 226; see also Mytilenelessons of history 54, 59Leucaspides (elite regiment) 338–9Leucimne, battle of 175






general index 645

Leuconium, battle of 169Leuctra, battle of 60, 145, 177, 213, 217–18; depth

of phalanxes 207, 216, 218; Spartan force 148,156, 203, 217

libations on departure for war 156–7, 158Libya 51–2, 285light-armed forces see archers; cavalry (light );

infantry (light ); peltasts; slingers;stone-throwers

lightning as omen 158Lilybaeum 387, 443, 450, 455–7limited warfare 186, 188–91, 199–202, 304Lindus 98, 257Lipari Islands 366, 437–8Lisas of Tegea, grave monument of 116literature 22–52, 57–60; and agonistic spirit 40,

50, 88; archers in Greek 40–2; on athleticcompetition 24; on attitudes to war 39–47; onboredom of military life 78; displacement ofaggression 50–1; exaggerated prominence ofwar in 22–39, 50, 52–3, 88, 273, 299; onexploration and colonization 24–5; Homer’sinfluence 48–50; inaccuracy for literaryreasons 77; influence on campaigns 58–9;inscriptions as check on 25; limits ofmilitarism in Roman 38–9; male ideology 50;paradoxical attitudes to war 22; andreconstruction 81; repulsive detail 23–4, 48–9,81; on siege warfare 243; survival of sourcematerial 52–3; and taste for technicality 51–2;on women and warfare 42–7; see alsoindividual authors and epic poetry; epinicianpoetry; historiography

Livy (T. Livius) 57, 60, 313; on battle casualties414–16; on Roman character 429, 460; andPolybius 52, (compared) 71, 414, 430,(misunderstanding of ) 71, 399–400; see alsoIndex of ancient passages cited

local and regional warfare 16, 23, 25locations of battles 400, 402–4; uncertain 75, 77lochos (cavalry unit) 343lochos (infantry unit) 156, 164, 206; Athenian

130, 156; Hellenistic 336–7; lochagoi 129, 130,156, 207; Macedonian 331, 333; orthioi lochoi218–19; Ten Thousand 159

Locri 465Locris 169, 171, 173; East 99, 102; Ozolian 252logades (elite units) 220logistics and supply 150–4, 380–8; of allied or

coalition forces 387–8; and culture ofprofessional command 369; bases 385, 458;fodder 382, 385; Greek 150–4; Hellenistic382–3, 458; literary evidence 78–81; on march392; merchants and 381, 386; for naval forces153–4, 385; Persian in Greece 224–5; Roman13–14, 383, 386–8, 488–9, 491; sophistication,and size of forces 378; and strategy 388; and

winter campaigning 389; see also foraging;rations; requisition; transport; and underAlexander III; Carthage; catapults; desertcampaigns; Philip II of Macedon; siegewarfare

Long Walls: Argos 44; Athens 237–8, 267longing (pothos) for unknown sights 24looting see plunder; ravaging; sacking of citieslow-intensity warfare see informal fighting;

raidingloyalty 130, 137–8, 147n5, 480–2; see also

treachery and under payLucania 170Lucian 57, 78; see also Index of ancient passages

citedLucilius, C.; see also Index of ancient passages

citedLucullus, L. Licinius (consul I 74)Luttwak, E. 74n75, 81Lycia 169, 339Lyciscus (Aetolian politician) 322–3Lyciscus (Macedonian general) 370Lydia 86, 94, 98–9, 192, 237, 269Lydus (John the Lydian) 66n40; see also Index of

ancient passages citedLyncestis, battle of 169Lysander (Spartan general) 226, 241, 244, 387Lysias 148, 233; see also Index of ancient passages

citedLysimacheia 385Lysimachus 308, 385, 468; campaign in Asia

Minor 388, 468; finances 468, 477

Macedon: adapts to southern Greek practice 303;and Athens 85, 142, 256, 272, 361–2, 388; andCarthage 321, 361, 380; expansion 325–6, 462;finance 329, 363, 462–4, 466, 477; kingship86, 304–5, 461, 480–2, (Philip II’sdevelopment) 303, 369; and League ofCorinth 104; logistics see under Alexander III;Philip II; Lysimachus’ conquest 468;manpower 325–6, 333–4, 466, 469, 477;mercenaries 146, 477, 507–8; militaryreputation 27, 507–8; mineral wealth 462,466, 491, 493–4; navy 358–9, 361–2, 434, 477;and Persia 430; population transfers 325–6;Rome and 319, 358–9, 385, 387, 391, 424, 488,(control and economic exploitation) 491–4,(see also Macedonian Wars); shipbuilding361–2; and Sparta 370–1, 412; state 477;timber 256, 361–2, 386, 462; warfare seen ascraft 503; warrior tradition 304–5, 461–2,481–2, 506; woman commander, Olympias 43

army 130, 145–6, 325–33, 337, 372; cavalry119, 134–5, 145–6, 221, 329–30; influence overleaders: 33–4, 37, 59, 372; phalanx 3, 111, 113,187–8, 192, 208, 329; professionalism 145–6;






646 general index

Macedon (cont.)326; size 325, 378–9; training 80n89, 133, 145–6,326, 334; see also Companions; sarissa; andunder marching; phalanx; siege warfare

see also Alexander III; Antigonus I, II, III;Antipater; Demetrius I; Perseus; Philip II, V;Polyperchon; and under catapults; coinage;combined arms; siege warfare

Macedonian Wars: First 364, 444; Second318–319n31, 321–2, 387, 515; Third 322–3, 383,387

machimoi (Egyptian warrior class) 473–4Magnesia, battle of 75; cavalry 423–4, 429;

deployments 404–5, 412, 420; flight andpursuit 414, 418, 431; peltasts 339, 343, 425;Roman army 408, 416, 429, 433; Seleucid army408, 418, 420–1, 423–4, 429, (composition)330, 335, 425, (dispositions) 405, 412

Magnesia-on-the-Maeander 310–11Magnesia ad Sipylum 310, 312Mago (Carthaginian commander) 344n77Malalas 56–7; see also Index of ancient passages

citedMalchus 60; see also Index of ancient passages citedmale ideology 50, 293Malians 99maniples (infantry units) 426–7; and breaking

up of line 219, 428; virtus and longevity 512–14Manlius Capitolinus, M. 71manoeuvres 409–13; see also flanking

manoeuvres; oblique tactics; and under navalcombat

manpower: Greek 137–45, 306, 325, (see alsounder individual states); Hellenistic 305, 325–6,333–6

Roman 326, 363–6, 379, 496, 511–12; allied317–18, 326, 330, 336, 485–6, 494–7, 508–9;problems 495–6; recovery 413, 514–15; reserves413, 433; willingness to fight 495–6, 511, 516

see also citizen forces; mercenaries; metics;native populations (subject); recruitment;slaves; specialization; training; and underAthens; Macedon; naval forces; Seleucidkingdom; Sparta; tactics

Mantinea 102, 148, 162, 180, 328first battle (418) 68, 75–6, 169, 175,

204; Argive flight 209, 212; depth of phalanxes207, 218; tactics 156, 204, 206, 216–17, 410

second battle (362) 59–60, 75–6, 191,216; tactics 218, 223

third battle (207) 75–6, 419Mantitheus (Athenian aristocrat) 126, 207manuals, military 3, 368–9, 501; see also

individual authors; stratagems (collections);and under tactics

manure 172Maracanda (Samarcand) 392

Marathon, battle of 55, 89, 122, 190, 244–5, 277;burial of dead 69, 175; Herodotus’ account69–70, 78, 190; reconstruction 69–70, 78, 80;Spartan delay 66, 155–6, 161

Marcellus, M. Claudius (consul I 222) 316,409, 509; siege of Syracuse 37, 397, 449,457

marching 78, 159–61, 389–93; forced 389–90,392–3; hoplites’ porters 152, 160; light-armedforces protect or harass 120, 122; Macedonianexcellence 133, 161, 162, 392, (see also underindividual kings); to music 73; order 159–60,331; ravaging on the march 171–2; Roman 74,392–3; Spartan 160, 161; and terrain 78, 159; seealso under camps; Cunaxa

Mardonius (Persian general) 147, 190–1, 202Mariandynians 274, 290marines 139, 153, 295, 363, 366–7, 504; in battle

230, 233, 236, 436–7, (see also boardingtactics); hoplites 124, 139, 148–9, 215, 229,231–2, 295–6, 503–4; numbers 147–9, 231,359–60, 363; and ship design 147–9, 233,358–60; see also under hoplites

Marius, C. (consul I 107) 397, 433, 496marriage; elite connections 86, 304–5Mars his Field (pamphlet, 1595) 6marshes, crossing of 78marvels, accounts of 51–2Masada 77masculinity 50, 293Masinissa, king of Numidia 423Masistius (Persian commander) 422massacres: of children at Mycalessus 27,

499–500; of defeated populations 240–1, 285,396, 459–60; of mercenaries 396, 415; womenand children spared 396–7

Massilia 394, 445Maurice, Roman emperor 422; see also Index of

ancient passages cited (under Ps.–Maurice)Medea 46Medeon, Phocis 310medical services: public 86; military 13, 65, 76,

152, 395Medism 70, 259Megalopolis 342–3Megara 67, 90, 102, 155–6, 170; battle of 215Megara Hyblaea 285Meidylidai (Aeginetan kinship unit) 28–9Melitene, Roman–Persian battle near 57–8Melos 26, 269; Athenian siege 179–80, 239, 241,

247, 290Memnon of Rhodes (Persian admiral) 445memory 54–5, 69–71, 77‘men are the city’ principle 28–30, 47Menander (dramatist) 143Menander (historian) 60Mende 240, 244, 286






general index 647

Menecrates (Corcyrean proxenos in Oeanthea) 91mercenaries 140–4; archaic 120, 140–1, 220, 499;

Athenian use 137, 142, 216, 257, 265–6,499–500; campaigning season 140, 388–9;citizen troops compared 143, 500, (trainingrequirement) 133–8; in class conflict 141;cleruchs 472; commanders 216; costs 129, 142,257, 343, 464–5; discipline 143–4; for distantcampaigns 141–2, 146; and economy 16;foreign monarchs’ use 109, 140–1, 267; ingarrisons 343; Hellenistic 214, 368, 498–500,507–8, (Successor era) 343–4, 464–5, (andview of warfare as craft) 502–3, 516; inhierarchy of forces 127; hoplites 109, 138,140–2, 188, 329, 500; increasing use 34, 105,141, 187, 214, 216, 368, 498–500, 507–8;light-armed 111, 220–1, (see also under archers;peltasts); marines 366–7; massacre atMycalessus by 27, 499–500; motivation 135,142–3, 498; pay 129, 142, 257, 343, 464–5;rations 343; recruitment 142–3, 396, 473n47,498; retrained to fight in different styles 504;risks of employing 142; in Rome 508n49;social impact 505–6; specialist skills 140, 179,241; studies of 9, 15; terms for 141, 343;treatment of captured 396, 406–7; tyrants’ use141, 499; value 143–4; see also under individualstates and archers; Crete; navies;Peloponnesian Wars; peltasts; plunder; poor,the; siege warfare; slingers; Thrace; training

merchant marine 154, 224–5, 269–70,471

merchants 153–4, 381, 386Mermnad dynasty of Lydia 86Meropis, Cos 268Messana, battle of 169Messapians 52–3Messene 45, 242Messenia 101; area of Artemis of the Lake 90,

285n41; Messenian Wars 90, 97, 173–4, 181,284, 286n45

messes (phiditia) 290–1, 294metaichmion (no man’s land) 203–4Metaurus, battle of the 392–3, 403, 407, 414, 431;

elephants 420–1; Hasdrubal at 397, 409;outflanking manoeuvre 411, 432

Metellus Numidicus, Q. Caecilius(consul 109) 356

Methana 178Methone 448, 460Methymna 176metics 132, 138–9, 140, 459; Athenian 25, 138–9,

(hoplites) 138–9, 277, 298, (rowers) 139, 228,234, 298

Middle Ages 5, 19middle class 294–5Miletus 86, 98–9, 169, 224, 460

militarism 7, 13–15, 27; see also under Rome(society ); Sparta

military service: Athens 274, 276, 278–9; Sparta278; working classes 277–9; see alsoconscription; recruitment

militias 16, 205Miltiades, son of Cimon 255Miltiades, son of Cypselus 69–70, 254–5Mimnermus 192; see also Index of ancient passages

citedMindarus (Spartan admiral) 161mines and minerals 397; see also under Macedon

Spainmining, siege 450–1mints, Hellenistic 464, 466, 482missile troops and weapons 191, 329; see also

archers; javelins; peltasts; slingers; spears(throwing); stone-throwers; tiles as missiles;and under naval combat

Mithridates VI, king of PontusMnasippus (Spartan commander) 151moats 454mobility of Hellenistic and Roman armies 391–3mobilization 148–50, 334, 473mole, at Tyre 457Mommsen, T. 483monarchy see kings; tyrannymonetization 261, 263–4, 380, 386monopolistic state 248, 252, 255–6monuments 45, 54, 355, 412, 418, 487, 510moon, phases of 66, 155–6mora (unit) 206morale 62, 226–8, 413, 430, 432–3; see also under

generalsmother-cities 26, 97, 287motivation 213; see also causes of war and under

mercenaries; profitMotya, siege of 241mounds, siege 77, 239mountains 78, 167–8, 388, 419mourning, postbellum 12mules 152–3; drivers 177multiculturalism, Hellenistic 16multiple fronts, war on 486, 495Mummius, L. 494Mursa, battle of 75music 73, 134, 158, 280–1mutilation of corpses 173–4, 397mutiny 37, 227Mycale, Cape: naval battle of 225; see also

PanioniumMycalessus 27, 241Mycenae 176, 285Mycenaean culture 117, 121Mylae, naval battle of 169, 438–9Mylasa, battle of 219Myndos 457






648 general index

Mytilene: arbitration 96–7, 308; naval operationsin Peloponnesian War 154, 230–231n180;6th-cent. dispute with Athens 96–7

revolt and Athenian siege 150, 153,161, 169, 180, 238, 243; funding 266, 268, 270;reinforcement 179, 239; surrender 138;treatment afterwards 241, 243, 261, 288

Myus 98

Nabataea 371, 381, 472Nagidos, Cilicia 26Naissus, battle of 76naming practices, Roman 318Napoleon III, emperor of France 77Naqsh-i Rustam 55, 73national bias in histories 69, 81nationalism, modern 7, 11–13native populations: military recruitment 335,

508; subject 139, 239, 274–6, 284, 290–1, (seealso helots)

natural resources 491; see also grain supplies;mines and minerals; timber

nature/law (physis/nomos) relationship 106, 502Naucratis 255–6Naupactus 101, 181, 286n45Nauplia 99naval combat 170, 224–36, 434–47; aftermath

175–6, 181, 236; amphibious operations 229;command 446–7; communication 232–4,445–7; coordination 445–6; duels and melees233; experience of battle 233–4; fire as weapon443; flagships 447; formations 232; historicaloverview 224–6; land-based forces involved in236, 434, 445; literary bias against 48–9, 52;manoeuvring 230–1, 435, 444, (see alsoramming, naval); missile weapons 123–4, 230,236, 360, 437, 441–2; morale 226–8;operations other than battle 228–9; plunder236; sinking of ships 435; sources 434; tactics359–60, 434–7, (see also manoeuvring aboveand boarding tactics; ramming, naval); see alsocatapults (ship-borne); navies; siege warfare(naval involvement); and under individualstates and casualties; reconnaissance; surprise

navies 124–5, 357; and citizenship 298; coastalraiding 125, 384–5; colonization anddevelopment of 224; defection 258; departurescenes 154, 158; epiteichismos supported by 178;escorts for warships 383, 434; food and drink153–4; Greek 124–5; guerre de course 228–9;Hellenistic and Roman Republican 357;hierarchy on board ship 295–6; inventories153; land bases 125, 261–2; and land campaigns147–9; leadership 226–8, 234, 446–7, (see alsoofficers and specialists below); losses in storms236, 395, 440–1; manpower 138, 228, 362–7,(see also mercenaries; metics; slaves below);

mercenaries 137, 140–1, 257; metics 139, 228,234, 295, 298; missile forces 123–4, 148, 230–1,236; mobilization 150; morale 226–8; mutiniesand riots 227; night operations 393; officersand specialists 124, 129, 136–7, 150, 228, 234,385, 446–7, (see also boatswains; captains;helmsmen; trierarchs); pay 140, 227, 258, 295,363, 385; polyglot 445; professional sailors 129,136–7, 228, 295, 363; recruitment 150, 385;Roman socii navales 364–6; shore breaks153–4, 161–2, 443; slaves 139–40, 150, 234, 295,298, 364–6, 385; social status 125–7, 287,295–8, 447; sources on 71, 74–5, 153; speed 125,161; supplies 153–4, 385; timing of campaigns155; training 136–7, 226–8, 231, 359, 365, 385,(see also under rowers); voyages 161–2; see alsoboatswains; helmsmen; marines; merchantmarine; naval combat; piracy; rowers; ships;transport (naval ); trierarchs; and underindividual states

Navius, Quintus (centurion, fl. 211)Naxos, Cyclades 168, 269; revolt against Athens

226, 238, 261Naxos, Sicily 169, 285neaniskoi see neoiNeapolis 318Near East 117, 193, 239, 241, 397–8; see also

individual countriesNearchus, periplous of 361Nemea 66Nemea, battle of the 122, 202, 204, 207, 216;

tactics 216–18, 410–11Nemean games 155, 311neodamodeis (helots freed for military service)

140, 277neoi, neaniskoi (men of military age, Hellenistic)

335, 341Neolithic slingers 123Neoptolemus (officer of Alexander the Great)

48, 431–2Nepheris 389Nepos, Cornelius 69; see also Index of ancient

passages citedNericus, battle of 169Nero, C. Claudius (consul 207) 407, 411Nervii 62Nesiotic League (League of the Islanders) 304,

312Nessana, papyri from 77–8Nestor (Homeric figure) 251n17neutrality 89, 95, 100New Carthage, siege of 366, 373–4, 392, 449,

453n174; artillery captured at 387, 453; andCarthaginian logistics 387–8

Nicanor (Macedonian admiral) 372, 393Nicias (Athenian general) 32–3, 106, 268; Peace

of 102






general index 649

Nicostratus (Rhodian naval captain) 446night operations 159, 166, 168, 391, 393, 403;

watch system 166; see also under surpriseNike, winged, of Paeonius 101nineteenth-century scholarship 5–9, 16Nisaea, Greece 169, 180Nisaean (Parthian) cavalry 334no man’s land 203–4Nomentum 326nomos/physis relationship 106, 502non-combatants see civiliansnorms in international relations 86–8, 101,

105–7Numantia, siege of 459numbers: critical assessment of sources 7–8,

68–9, 80; see also size of forcesNumidia 387; map

oars, breaking of enemy’s 230–1, 435oarsmen see rowersoaths 36, 94–5, 104, 106, 189–90, 203obligations see military service; officiaoblique tactics 405, 409–10odds: preferred, for attacks on cities 179; refusal

to fight against 170Odysseus 41–2, 130, 135, 250, 282Oeanthea 91, 94Oeniadae 147n3, 262n57Oeniades of Sciathos (proxenos at Athens) 92Oenoe 168Oenophyta, battle of 215officers 127–32, 206; see also individual types,

command; generals; and under naviesofficia (obligations) 315, 320oikoumene (Hellenistic world) 304, 309, 311,

368Old Paphos, Cyprus 77oligarchy, evolution of democracy into 276–7,

506oligopolistic state 248, 251–2, 255Olpae, battle of 169, 220Olympia 50, 101–2; treasuries 101, 145, 238, 259,

259n43, 310; see also Olympic gamesOlympias, queen of Macedon 43, 388Olympias (modern reconstruction of trireme)

18–19, 74–5, 124, 161–163n27; rowers’conditions 153, 225, 233–4

Olympic games 100, 155, 196, 311; victories 50, 101Olympus, Mount; Gauls or Galatians defeated

at 425Olynthus 136, 159, 167, 285, 290; Philip II’s siege

138, 452, 452omens 158Onasander 3, 175, 207, 402, 406–7; see also Index

of ancient passages citedOnchestus 99Onomarchus (Phocian general) 316, 419

Ophellas (Ptolemaic governor of Cyrene) 386Opis mutiny 37oracles 66; Delphic 97, 285–7oral tradition 19Orchomenus 99orders, Roman conflict of 487–8, 512Orestes (mythical figure), bones of 64Orestes, Tagus of Thessaly 177Oreus 267Orneae 178Ostia 364ostriches 51–2othismos see under phalanxoulamos (cavalry unit) 347ouragos (‘tail-officer’ in phalanx) 207outflanking see flanking manoeuvresoutposts on enemy land see epiteichismosoxen 152–3, 172, 390Ozolian Locrians 252

Pactolus River, battle of 223Padua 418paean 173, 204, 232–4Paeligni 416Paeonius of Mende 101Pagasae 361Pagondas (Theban general) 219Palaemagnesia 310Palestine 393, 472; mapPallantia, siege of 385Palos, Cephallenia 453Pamirs, Alexander’s crossing of 78Pammenes (Theban commander) 369Pamphylia 269, 339Panactum 244Panathenaea, Great 311panhellenism 61, 190–1Panhormus, Samos 443, 447panic 81Panionium 98–9, 312Panormus, battle of 169papyri 59–60, 77–8paradoxography 51–2Paraetacene, battle of 410, 420, 425, 428, 464;

casualty figures 414, 423; cavalry 420, 422–3Paralus (Athenian state trireme) 150Paris (Homeric figure) 47, 87Parium 245parma (shield)Parmenio (Macedonian general) 62, 404–5Paros 97, 255Parthenon frieze 46Parthia 368, 422–3, 430, 475; mapParthini 319passes, defence of 167–8, 419pater patratus (title of fetialis) 315patra (Dorian kinship unit) 28–9






650 general index

patricians see aristocracy (Roman); orders,Roman conflict of

patriotism 213, 298–9Paullus, L. Aemilius (consul 182, 168);

Macedonian campaign 322, 391, 491;monument at Delphi 338; triumph 358–9

Pausanias, king of Sparta 33Pausistratus (Rhodian admiral) 443, 447pay: Athenian, (military and naval) 129, 258,

266, 276, (for political office) 276–7; andloyalty of troops 227, 258, 481; Romanmilitary 389, 489; and standing armies 326,389; see also professional forces and undermercenaries; navies; slaves

paymasters: foreign 259, 266–7, 381; trierarchs259–60

peace 105, 283, 299, 307; see also treatiespeasants see working classPedum 326Peithon, satrap of Media 396Pella 362Pelopidas (Theban general) 144–5, 217, 223, 369Peloponnesian League 64, 103, 226, 259Peloponnesian Wars 226; amphibious operations

229; battles 88, 150, 168–70, 214, (see alsoindividual names); burial truces 173, 175;causes 46, 67; citizens’ military experience 51,143; epiteichismos 177–8, 239; helots’ role 47,135, 140; hoplites in 109, 119, 141, 214–15,220–1; light-armed forces 220–1, 499–500;manpower losses 325; mercenaries 141, 221,499–500, 503; naval operations 141, 228–9,(transport of troops) 125, 148, 169, 170, (seealso individual battles); new style of warfare186, 202–10, 214–15, 221; outbreak 94–5; Persiaand 66–7; raiding 85, 125, 168, 172; siegewarfare 168, 178–9, 226, 239–41, 245; Spartanpolitical structures affect strategy 85; tacticsdiscussed in drama 51; Thucydides’ bias 67;unreported fighting at Nemea 66; see alsoArchidamian War, individual battles andunder individual states

pelta see peltepeltasts 108, 119–21, 340; Athenian 110, 120–1,

135, 148; Boeotian 177, 341; coordination withother forces 121, 145, 333; equipment 119–21,327–8, 339; Homeric 120, 127; hoplitesdefeated by 120–1, 425; Iphicratean 220, 266,325–9, 339; marginalization 199–202;mercenaries 120, 135, 141, 187–8, 221, 499–500;Ptolemaic 334; on ships 148, 149, 231, 233;status 127; training 135, 500–1; see also infantry(light ); javelin men; slingers; and underThrace

pelte (shield) 121, 326–7, 328, 329, 339, 343,368

pentekontor (type of ship) 124, 224Perachora 183Perdiccas (Macedonian noble) 334, 372, 393,

466–8Pergamum see Attalid kingdomPerge 456Periander, tyrant of Corinth 96–7Pericles 67–8, 172, 239–40; speeches 35, 137, 177,

238, 264Perinthus 388, 450–2, 456, 462–3perioikoi 274, , 284; Spartan 284, 291, (as

hoplites) 277, 291, 298periplous (naval manoeuvre) 230, 435, 444Persepolis 464Perseus, king of Macedon 421Persia: Alexander’s conquest 80, 370, 425, 463–4,

(see also battles of Arbela; Granicus; Issus);archers 122, 126, 140–1, 267, 425–6; aristocracy122, 126; camps 163–4; cavalry 126, 422–3, 425;chariots 217, 417–18; civil wars and rebellions224, 377–8; discipline 36; elephants 417; Greeksuccesses against 20, 430; as Greek paymaster259, 267, 381; Greeks employed in 86, 140–1,267; infantry equipment 327; King’s ‘Friends’329–30; kings’ leadership in battle 405; literaryinfluences on campaigns against 59; map;missile troops in Macedon 333; navies 148,224, 263n61, 445, (see also under Phoenicians);peace with Greeks, mid-5th-cent. 25; andPeloponnesian War 66–8; requisition 386;Roman campaigns 57–9, 61, 73, 77; siegecraft77, 237–8; sources 55; see also individual kingsand Ionia (revolt); Persian Wars

Persian Wars 64, 89, 95, 148, 162, 188;abandonment of Greek cities 168, 237; Greekstates’ submission 168; naval warfare 224–5;size of Xerxes’ force 8; strategy 65, 186;unlimited war 186, 202, 214; see also individualbattles and King’s Peace

person, army compared with 127–8pezetairoi (Foot Companions) 331Phaeacians, Homeric 87phalanx 192–202, 215–20; advance 204–9, 215;

archaic 109, 197, 209; Carthaginian 355;cavalry coordination 119, 215; depth 205–7,210, 218, 368, 405; development 186, 192–202,215–20, 292; Hellenistic 192, 205, 336–9,425–6, (as core of army) 343, (deepening) 368,(push) 210–11; hollow square formation 412;in Homer 191–5, 209, 232; legionary battlesagainst 426–7, 429; light-armed forcesmarginalized by 197–202; militia 205;opening of ranks 217–19; organizationand composition 202–3, 205–9, 215,(fragmentation) 217–19; othismos (‘shove’) 65,192, 209–11, 218; Polybius’ comparison with






general index 651

legion 191–3, 202, 402, 426; Ptolemaic 334;push 65, 192, 209–11, 218; reserves 219;rightwards tendency 208, 216–18; scholarlyopinions on 191–2; Seleucid 334; social andpolitical basis 292; sources on 191, 193, 195,197; term 192; Theban tactics 206–7, 218, 223;training requirement 205, 208–9

Macedonian 187–8, 192, 330–1, 333, 504;Alexander’s 325, 333; allies and mercenaries in329, 333; creation 329; equipment 329, 333;mobilization 334; tactics 113, 208; treatises on 3

see also sarissa; see also file; hoplites; infantry(heavy )

Phanae, battle of 169Pharnabazus (Persian satrap) 169, 219Pharnaces II, king of Bosphorus 356Pharsalus 177; battle of 62, 209Phaselis 93–4Phayllos (Crotonian naval commander) 233Pheia, battle of 169Pheretime of Cyrene 43phiditia (messes) 290–1philanthropy, competitive 478, 482Philetairos, king of Pergamon 339Philia, workshop in sanctuary at 163philia (friendship) 97, 106–7Philinus of Acragas (historian) 317Philip, Roman emperor 73Philip II, king of Macedon 462–3; and Athens

269, 361, 388; bribery 463; classical trendsculminate under 145–6, 187, 202–10;diplomacy 26, 86, 104, 303, 462–3; finance329, 462–3; imperialism 462–3; innovation369; and League of Corinth 104; logistics 162,369, 381, 392; loss of eye 448; monarchy 86,303, 369; navy 361; Olympic victory 50;Onomarchus defeats 419; as ‘plunderer’ 269;and professional command culture 369; stateand warfare 462–3; vengeance as motive 89–90

army : artillery 369, 449, 451–2; cavalry119, 221, 331; combined arms 202–10, 369;Companions 330; equipment 329, 333;marching 162, 392; mercenaries 462; phalanx329; size 325, 378–9

siege warfare 369, 447, 450–1, 457,462–3; Abydus 459; Amphipolis 361, 450–1;Byzantium 451–2, 462–3; Methone 448, 460;Olynthus 138, 452; Perinthus 451–2, 456,462–3; personnel 369, 449, 451–4; andtreachery 138, 375

Philip V, king of Macedon: alliances, (AntiochusIII) 304, (Carthage) 321, 444; arbitration 308;asymmetrical deployment 404–5, 410, 412;catapults 453; finances 363; and HellenicLeague 312; navy 358, 363, 435–7, 444, 504;phalangists’ versatility 504; and Rome

318–319n31, 321–2, (see also Macedonian War,Second); siege warfare 450–1, 453; in SocialWar 371; surprise attack on Eretria 457; andwarrior king ideal 482

Philo of Byzantium 3, 152; see also Index ofancient passages cited

philology 5–7, 9, 15Philomelus (Phocian leader) 328Philopoemen (general of Achaean League) 322,

343, 419, 504Philostephanus of Cyrene 347Philostratus (Rhodian naval captain) 446Phlius 156, 177–8, 220n144; Spartan siege 177,

179–80Phocaea 98, 181, 397Phocis 99, 168, 310, 328; Spartan alliances 102,

167; Thessalian wars 168, 190, 288; ThirdSacred War, seizes Delphi 173, 283n30, 310, 316

Phoebidas (Spartan general) 177Phoenicians: Alexander’s engineers 454; naval

manpower 363; in Persian fleet 232–3, 261,263n61, 361; ships and shipbuilding 124, 224,358, 362

Phormio (Athenian naval commander) 68,227–8, 235–6

phratry (kinship unit) 28–9, 194Phthiotid Achaeans 99phylai see tribesphylarchs (cavalry commanders) 129physis/nomos relationship 106, 502pikes 428; see also sarissa; spearspillaging see lootingpilum, legionary 350pinacography 51Pindar 24, 27, 50–1; see also Index of ancient

passages citedpipers 124, 173, 204, 209, 230piracy 181, 229, 307, 309, 319, 493Piraeus 150, 226, 237–8, 240, 256–7; battle of

(403) 173Pisa (area around Olympia) 96, 101Pisidia 339, 475Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens 120, 246n220,

254plague 58n11, 106, 240, 243–4, 459Plataea: and outbreak of Peloponnesian War

94–5; Peloponnesian invasion 166–7, 171; inPersian Wars 175; surprise Theban attack (373)167

battle 22n1, 162, 175, 183, 205, 225;archers 122, 144n162, 204, 422; Spartan force33, 66, 225, 277, 278n15, (helots) 65, 140

Peloponnesian siege 179–80, 239,243; Thucydides’ account 58, 243; traitorsadmit Thebans 178, 246; treatment aftercapture 240–1, 286; women’s role 43, 246






652 general index

Plato: and agonistic spirit 88; on elite need tomaintain respect through military skill 279,296–8, 505; on hoplomachoi 213, 502; andleisure class 279–81, 289; on warfare as techne502; see also Index of ancient passages cited

plebeians, Roman 487–8, 512pleonexia see greedPliny the Elder 52; see also Index of ancient

passages citedplunder 151, 170–3, 177, 180–3, 397; armies

funded by 268, 282–3, 490–1; Athens and255–6, 259, 266, 268–9, 272, 283; ofbattlefields 76, 173, 212; captured cities 250,283–4, 460; division 183, 236; evacuationlimits value 282–3; Hellenistic kings’ 463–4,466, 468, 470, 476–7, 481; merchantmen astarget 269–70; as motive for warfare 250–1,282–4, 484, 495, 515; Rome and 484–5, 488,491, 494–5, (monuments built with) 510;sacrifice of tenth to gods 183; sale 153, 183;studies of 11–12, 15; from temples 259, 263–5,283; see also under baggage trains; looting;ravaging; sacking of cities; Sparta

Plutarch 27, 43, 52, 400, 414; on Pyrrhus 404,408; see also Index of ancient passages cited

polemarchs: Athenian 128; Hellenistic colleges335; Spartan 128, 156

policing 35, 248polis; agonistic spirit within 88–9; and atomistic

model of international relations 85–6;autonomy 104–5, 322–3; colonial, as model forTen Thousand 31; democracy and militarydiscipline 131–2; honour 197; see also civicmodel of organization (Greece)

political rights 297–9, 309; see also citizenshippolitics 273, 290–8; careers, (in Athens) 274,

276, 298, (in Rome) 484, 486–7, 510–11, 515;commanders’ appointment, (Greece) 128–31,213, (in Republican systems) 372, (Rome) 373,377, 486–7; control of commanders 374, 481,(see also trials); and distortions in accounts70–1; and international relations 85, 87–8,105–7; link with war and finance 485; pay forparticipation 276–7; and Roman imperialism485–7; social groups politicized by war 296–8,335; see also hoplites (political participation);political rights

Polyaenus 3, 51, 220–1, 402, 501; see also Index ofancient passages cited

Polybius: on battle by mutual consent 202–3; onbattle casualties 414–16; on Callisthenes 51–2,63–4, 78; and cavalry formations; on Ephorus60; and geographical information 62; horrorat Roman cruelty 397; idealizes past 191; onlegion, (comparison with phalanx) 191–3, 202,402, 426; and Livy 52, 71, 414, 430; andmilitary experience 57, 399; partial

preservation 60; on Roman discipline andcharacter 36, 404, 460; on Roman and Greekmilitarism 27–8, 30; Roman propaganda 191,317; and Roman tastes 52; sources onHannibal 55; on strategy 402; tacticalemphasis 62; tales 51; on Timaeus 51–2, 57; seealso Index of ancient passages cited

Polycrates of Samos 86Polycritus (Aeginetan naval commander) 233Polyidus the Thessalian (siege engineer) 449,

451–2Polyperchon, regent of Macedon 376, 393, 466polyremes 124–5, 357–60, 435; Antigonus I’s 466;

artillery and fighting platforms 359–60, 442;Demetrius Poliorcetes’ 358–9, 362, 442;Dionysius I of Syracuse and 451; prestigevessels 357–9; Roman 359–60, 364

Polyxenidas (Rhodian, admiral of Syrian fleet)443, 447

pomerium, Roman 30Pompeii 340Pompey the Great (Cn. Pompeius Magnus) 38,

320Pontus 339, 417–18; see also Mithridates VIpoor, the 138; see also working classPopillius Laenas, C. (consul I 172) 324popular opinion: in Macedonian army 33–4, 37,

59, 372; in Rome 30, 36–8, 377, 488, 511–12; inSparta 33; see also democracy

popular parties 376porters, hoplites’ 115, 150, 152, 160, 293–4, 392Porus, ruler of Pauravas 417, 419Poseidon, sanctuaries of: Calauria 99–100;

Mycale 98Posidonius 3postmodernism 12pothos (longing, for unknown sights) 24Potidaea 149, 215; battle of (431) 216–17

siege 180, 239, 244–5; Alcibiades andSocrates at 78, 164–5, 244; length and cost243, 265; treatment after defeat 181, 241

poverty see poor, thePraesus, Crete 284praetorship 30, 389, 487, 492Prasiae 99pre-state (pre-juridical) warfare 193–203, 248–9prestige: archaic civic 89; honour and 286–7;

military excellence and 298–9; of militaryservice 139; as motive for war 89–90, 285–6,377; see also hierarchies and under hoplites

prevalence of war: exaggerated in literature22–39, 50, 52–3, 88, 273, 299; in Greece 23, 88;Hellenistic world 377–8, 461, 464, 482, 516; inRome 484–5, 511

prices for supply to Roman army 80Priene 96, 98, 285, 308‘primitive’ vs. ‘civilized’ warfare 248–9






general index 653

principes (Roman second line infantry) 406,411–12, 428–9, 431

Priscus 58, 60, 76; see also Index of ancientpassages cited

prisoners, fate of 180–3, 184, 250, 396–7, 415,509–10; exchanges 240; killing 181, 183, 396–7,415; see also cities (treatment of defeated);ransoming of prisoners; slaves (prisonersenslaved )

Pritchett, W. K. 8–9privateering 248–51; Athenian 254–5, 269Privernum 326processions, Roman 510Procopius 49, 56–8, 74; see also Index of ancient

passages citedproeisphora (Athenian tax) 271professional forces 146, 186, 213–14, 368–9; and

elite citizen units 144, 220; extendcampaigning season 140, 388–9, 489; naval129, 136–7, 228, 295, 363; see also mercenaries;pay; standing forces; and under Macedon(army); Sparta

profit: Hellenistic kings’ use 478–9, 482; asmotive for war 250–1, 280–5, 288–90, 371–2,377, (see also under plunder); at outsiders’expense 282; Romans and 371, 377, 487–8,495–6; strategies to maximize 371–2, 375, 488

proletarii 364–5, 496propaganda 55, 191, 317, 481–2property qualifications: Greek 138, 276, 276n8,

299; Roman 496protection; Athens’ sale of 266, 269–70protector (junior staff officer) 60protostatai (officers) 206–7provinces, Roman 491–2, 495–7proxenia 91–4, 312Prusias I, king of Bithynia 441–2, 447Psophis 450, 453psychological factors in battle 421, 425, 428–32;

Spartan discipline 215Ptolemaea (Alexandrian festival) 311Ptolemaeus (nephew of Antigonus I) 370, 391Ptolemaic empire see EgyptPtolemy I Soter, king of Egypt 393; Antigonids’

wars against 362, 370, 387–8, 469, (battle ofSalamis) 358, 440–1; cleruchs 334, 472, 475; ashistorian 31, 52, 62–4

Ptolemy II Philadelphos, king of Egypt 319, 334,357, 434, 470–2, 475

Ptolemy III Euergetes, king of Egypt 305, 482Ptolemy IV Philopator, king of Egypt 357, 371,

504; see also Raphia, battle ofPtolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt 304, 343Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt 324public model of warfare see under statepublicani (Roman contractors) 488–9Pulcher, P. Claudius (consul 249) 365, 444

Punic Wars: cavalry superiority 429; Romannavies 364, 445

First 319, 366, 386, 395, 489; naval combat364–5, 374, 437–9, 441, 443–4, 489, (see alsobattles of Aegates Islands; Drepana; Ecnomus;Mylae)

Second 71, 339, 372–3, 392–4; andalliances 339, 380; Fabius Maximus’ strategy377, 514; logistics 385, 387–8, 394, 489;Macedonian intervention 321, 444, 515;manpower 365–7, 511–12; navies 364, 395, 437,444; Roman justification 320–1; siegecraft 394;in Spain 320–1, 391; see also Hannibal(Carthaginian general), and individual battlesand sieges, notably Cannae; Capua; Syracuse;Trasimene; Trebia; Zama

Third 55, 387, 397, 460, 484, 496; see alsoindividual battles and Scipio Africanus (theelder), P. Cornelius

punishments: Greek 35, 131, 132; Roman 36puppet states, Roman 492purification on return from war 185pursuit 212, 222, 411, 413–14, 423Pydna, battle of 406, 415–16, 420, 426, 427, 433;

reforms afterPygela, battle of 169Pylos 177–8, 239Pyrrhus, king of Epirus 403–4, 414–15, 504;

death 177, 394, 459; elephants 420; expelsDemetrius from Macedon 360, 362; personalcombat 408–9, 482, 509; Roman campaigns318, 380, 404, 430, 433, 504, (Roman success)319, 486; shield introduced by 341; substitutein battle 432, 509

Pythagoras of Selymbria (proxenos at Athens) 93Pythian games 100, 155, 311

raiding 167, 244, 307, 414; naval 360–1, 384–5;state attitudes to 250–2, 254–6; see also underPeloponnesian Wars

Rameses II, pharaoh; statue at Abu Simbel 86ramming, naval: Greek 224, 230–1, 234–6;

Hellenistic 360, 434–7, 440rams, battering 238–9, 241, 394, 450–1,

454ransoming of prisoners 181, 283, 396, 509–10rape 90, 246–7Raphia, battle of 75, 335, 339, 394, 415; archers

425–6; elephants 420, 429; native Egyptiantroops 474, 508; Ptolemy’s rapid march to 392;Seleucid loss of coordination 408, 411; size ofarmies 379, 464

rations 148–9, 150–1, 153–4, 343, 381, 392;cooking and eating of 151, 153, 164–5;prepared, ‘hard tack’ 381–2, 386

ravaging 74, 152, 168, 170–3, 177–8, 293razing of cities 104, 397, 460






654 general index

Real-Encyclopadie der klassichenAltertumswissenschaft 7

realist studies 18–19rebellions, massacre of prisoners after 396reconnaissance 202, 214, 390, 403, 409; by

cavalry 118n24, 119, 221, 329; naval 162,360–1, 445; patrols on the march 160; bypeltasts 120

reconstruction 54–81; artillery 75; battles 64–5,75–6; common sense and 80–1; comparisonswith recent warfare 54, 80–1; geographicalknowledge and 78; hoplite warfare 64–5;knowledge and memory 54–5, 69–71; logistics78–80; priorities and assumptions 64–9; ofreligious motivation 66; sieges ; 76–7

source materials 54–7; archaeology73–8; inscriptions 71–2; literary 55–60, 64–5,78–81; non-literary 71–81; participants’narratives 54–5, 60–4; personal interests ofinformants 69; visual art 55, 72–3

see also under triremesrecruitment: contracts 20; Roman 29–30, 495–6;

Seleucid 476; see also under mercenaries;native populations; navies

redress 304, 307–8, 314–16, 319–22; see alsorevenge

refuge, right of 310refugees 74, 181, 241, 285, 286n45, 460Regillus, L. Aemilius (praetor 190) 397Regulus, M. Atilius (consul I 267) 386, 415, 420,

429–30reinforcement 179, 369–70, 441religion: and arbitration 97; decline 95, 106; and

international relations 87, 94–5, 101, 106,189–90, 309; modern interpretation 66; andoaths 189–90; and Roman warfare 72, 314–16,318–19, 321; sacred periods and truces 100–1,155–6, 311; superstition 32–3, 106; Thucydides’disregard for 66–8; and victory 72; and xenia90–1, 94; see also hepatoscopy; sacrifice

Renaissance 5, 6, 19reparations 488reprisal 251, 288requisition 381, 386, 463, 490–1, 493rerum repetitio see redressreserves: classical 219; Hellenistic 369–70, 405–6,

408, 420; Roman 408, 411–12, (line reliefsystem) 406, 413, 428, 431

resilience, Roman victory through 374retreat 119, 159; into cities 176–7; wounded and

183–5; see also withdrawalreturn of armies 183–5revenge 89–90, 251, 288, 375, 460; see also redress‘revolutions’ in Greek warfare 186–7, 202–10,

215–22rhetoric 57

Rhine; Roman military archaeology 13–14Rhodes 269, 312, 322; Antigonus I and 362, 375,

383; Antiochus III’s war against 443, 445–6; asarbitrator 26, 308, 323; Demetrius Poliorcetes’siege 387, 393, 396, (siege weapons) 360, 383,453, 465; navy 360, 363, 435–7, 447;shipbuilding 360, 362; siege artillery 383, 442,452–3, 453n173; slingers 133, 136

risk-taking: commanders’ personal 448–9;strategic 371–2, 374, 377, 514

ritual, modern studies of 10–12rivals, fear of 372river, Spartan rerouting of 180roads 100, 160–1, 383, 384, 394rock of Heracles, Aornus 376, 448–9Rome: ager romanus 326, 335; agrarian crisis 515;

archaeology 13, 74; calendar 389, 510; comedy507; conservatism 512–14; defeat or flightunacceptable 509–10, 514–15; determinationand resilience 374–5, 413, 426–7, 433; Greekcultural influence 318–19, 368, 397; humancost of wars 394–8; kings 485; literature 38–9,52, (see also individual authors); magazines 383;medical services 395; naming habits 318; piracy319; pomerium 30; roads 383, 394; Servian Wall394; sources 13, 70–1, 74, 190, 313, (see alsoindividual authors); superiority, assumption of318–20, 323; Trajan’s column 55, 56; treatiseson warfare 3, (see also individual authors); seealso architecture, Roman; and under frontiers;grain supplies; honour; logistics; profit;religion; temples

army : age of soldiers 513–14; campdiscipline 404; cavalry 330, 512; changes inorganization and tactics; conservatism 512–14;deployment 428; equipment 196, 433, (stateprovision) 488–9, 496; generals 373–4, 485–7,(see also command); heavy infantry 405, 429,(multi-line system) 406, 412–13, (see alsocohort; legions; maniples); light infantry 348,350, 352 (see also velites); Marius’ reforms 496;men’s influence on command 30, 36–8, 377;non-combatant staff 76; reconnaissance 390;recruitment 29–30, 495–6, 510; reserves 413,433; and risk 374; scale and range ofcampaigns 378; size 335–6, 378–9; standingarmy 489; see also centurions; cohort; andunder citizen forces; command; discipline;logistics and supply; marching; mercenaries;pay; property qualifications; punishments;reserves; seasons, campaiging; single combat;strategy; tactics; training

external relations 313–24; Aequi313–14; Athens 319, 322; Attalid kingdom 322,477, 493; exploitation of conquered lands492–4; see also amicitia; provinces; redress;






general index 655

and under Achaean League; Aetolian League;alliance; arbitration; Carthage; colonies;Corinth; diplomacy; Egypt; Greece;Hellenistic world; Illyria; imperialism; Italy;just war; Macedon; Sardinia; Seleucidkingdom; Sicily; Syracuse; treaties

navy 357; manpower 363–6, 445; marines363; polyremes 359–60, 364; in Punic Wars359–60, 365–7, 437, 489; resilience 374;shipbuilding 385; supply convoys 387; training359, 365; troop transports 387

society, politics and the state482–97; attitudes to warfare 39, 81, 498,514–16; authoritarianism 36–7; censors 353;census 365; civic institutions and militaryorganization 29–30, 36–9, 511; clientage 377;cohesion and stability 484, 506, 514–15;competition 511; conflict of the orders 487–8,512; control and exploitation of conqueredlands 492–4; Decemvirate 316; dictatorship30, 373; finance 485, 488–91, (see also underplunder; profit; taxation); Gracchan reforms496; kings 485; linking of war, finance andpolitics 485; militarism and socialization towarfare 27, 30, 38–9, 484, 486–7, 510–11;political bias in sources 70–1; population 335;populism distrusted 70–1; publicani 488–9;slaves in forces 364–6, 510; strong men 496–7;structural advantages 433; tribes 29–30;uniformity of military structures, commandand control; virtus, concept of militaryexcellence as 498, 509–16; see also centuries;comitia centuriata; consuls; contiones;dictatorship; fetial procedures; imperium;officia; praetorship; proletarii; provinces; andunder aristocracy; citizen forces; citizenship;class, social; command; education;imperialism; magistracies; manpower;militarism; plebeians; plunder; politics;popular opinion; profit; propertyqualifications; religion; senate; taxation

wars and battles : annihilation ofenemies 377; declaration of war 315; domesticmotivation 512; frequency 378, 484–5, 511;Gallic invasion 313, 317, 484–6; guerrillafighting 495; hill warfare 219; land battles399–433; local 314–16; multiple fronts 378,486, 495; Parthia 422, 430; scale and range378; siege warfare 389, 394, (Lilybaeum) 387,(see also Agrigentum; Carthage; NewCarthage); treatment of non-combatants andprisoners 366, 397, 460; Veii 314, 316, 485; seealso individual battles and wars and underAfrica; civil wars; Persia; plunder; Pyrrhus,king of Epirus; Samnium; Spain; strategy;tactics; triumphs

Romulus 509rorarii (light infantry) 350rout 211–12, 430–2rowers 124, 233–4; Athenian 139, 150, 234–6, 298,

504; captured with ships 440; casualties 440;citizens 234, 295–6, 298, 504; criminals not yetused 385; experience of battle 225, 233–4;hierarchy 295–6; infantrymen as 229, 504;mercenaries 137, 141; metics 139, 234, 295, 298;pay 140, 227, 295, 363, 385; physical effort226–7; in polyremes 357–9; ravaging by 172;recruitment 363, 385; slaves 139–40, 150, 234,295, 298, 364–6, 385; Thrasyllus arms aspeltasts 135; time, keeping of 230, 234;training 132, 137, 161, 231, 359, 385; workingconditions 18–19, 123, 153–4, 230, 233–4,295

Rufus, Q. Curtius 59, 416; see also Index ofancient passages cited (under Curtius Rufus, Q)

Russia, south 270

Sabines 326Sachkritik 7–8sacking of cities 48, 182, 283–6, 397, 460Sacred Bands: of Carthage 347; of Thebes 144–5,

220, 220n144, 503sacred period (hieromenia) 100–1Sacred War, Third see under Phocissacrifice 156–8, 185, 203, 315; before battle 66,

157–8, 190, 204, 213; at border 157–8, 204; ofprisoners, by Carthaginians 396; Spartan 66,157–8, 166; by victors 173, 183, 185; see alsohepatoscopy

sacrilege 173, 189–90sacrosanctity 189–90; see also inviolabilitysaddles 368Sadyattes, king of Lydia 98–9safe passage 100–1Saguntum 320–1Sahara desert 383Saka horse-archers 419, 422Salamis, Cyprus: battle (307) 379; Demetrius

Poliorcetes’ attack (306) 360, 453; naval battle(306) 358, 434, 440–1

Salamis, Greece 65, 90; naval battle 183, 211,224–5, 229–30, 233, 236, 504

Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus) 38; see also Index ofancient passages cited

sally ports 454salpinx (musical instrument) 158salt trade 494Samarcand (Maracanda) 392Sambre, battle of the 62Samicum, Triphylia 99Samnium 219, 326, 364, 380, 386, 488; see also

Sentinum, battle of






656 general index

Samos 70, 86, 97–8, 237, 259; and Athens 263,268–9, 381, (revolt and Athenian siege)179–80, 226, 238, 261, 265; Priene’s borderdispute with 96, 285, 308; Rhodian fleet’sescape from Panhormus 443, 447; Spartansiege, 6th-cent. 180–1

sanctuaries 90, 99–101, 162–3; inviolability 100,189–90, 310–11; see also temples

Sangala 396–7Sappho 22; see also Index of ancient passages

citedsarcophagus, Roman 511Sardinia: Carthaginians in 366, 441; Roman

control 387, 441, 491–2Sardis 172, 464, 468sarissa (Macedonian pike) 329; method of use 71,

74, 337, 338, 399–400Sasanids; use of war elephants 417scale of warfare, Hellenistic 378–9, 461, 464scars, Roman display of 510–11scholarship, modern 3–21n33, 399–402; 18th

cent. 5; English-speaking world 7–10;feminist, postmodernist and post-Marxist 12;future 19–21; and imperialism 483–4; medievaland Renaissance 5; national agendas 69; 19thcent. 5–9, 483; pragmatism 4–5, 7–8;sociological influence 9–13; and topography400; 20th/21st cent. 8–21, 400–2, 483–4; seealso archaeology; balance of power theories;‘face-of-battle’ approach

Scione 180, 241, 286Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Numantinus),

P. Cornelius 55, 411–12Scipio Africanus (the elder), P. Cornelius 430,

433, 449; African campaign 387, 411, 442–3,453n174; siege warfare 389, 442–3, 449,453n174; in Spain 373–4, 460, (captures NewCarthage) 366, 373–4, 387–8, 392, 449, 453,(at Ilipa) 405, 407, 410; tactics 392, 403, 405,407–8, 410–11

Scipio Asina, Cn. Cornelius (consul 260/59)437–8

Scipio Barbatus, L. Cornelius (consul 298) 511Scipio Calvus, Cn. Cornelius 445Sciritae (Spartan unit) 160Scotland 74scouting see reconnaissancescutum (shield) 196Scylax of Myndos 36Scythians 35, 122; cavalry 221, 331, 422seafaring see merchant marine; naval combat;

navies; ships; transport (naval )seasons, campaigning: Greek 109, 138, 140,

154–6; Hellenistic and Roman 326, 388–9,489; mercenaries and 140, 388–9

seers 158Segesta 172, 267

Selasia, battle of 342–3Seleucia-in-Pieria 311Seleucid kingdom: and Antigonids and

Ptolemies 303–5, 482; cavalry 334, 423, 476;chariots 418; cleruchs 475–6; Daphne Parade339; finance 476–7; garrisons 475; infantry 334,339, 405, 476, (Roman influence) 504; Jews376; manpower 334–5, 363, 476; mercenaries476; reforms 504; and Rome 363, 477, 504,(see also Magnesia, battle of); state 475–7; seealso Antiochus I, III; Seleucus I, II, III, IV

Seleucus I Nikator, king of Syria 468, 476Seleucus II, king of Syria 310Seleucus III, king of Syria 481Seleucus IV, king of Syria 353Selinus 46–7, 172, 246Sellasia, battle of 370–1, 403, 406, 412Selymbria 269Senate, Roman 37–8, 374–5, 377, 481,

486–7Sentinum, battle of 373, 414–15, 432; Celtic

chariots 417, 421sentries 165–6Sepeia, battle of 64Serdaioi 94, 97serf-like classes, indigenous see native

populations (subject)Sertorius, Q. 27servants, infantrymen’s 115, 150, 152, 160, 293–4,

392Servilius, C. 352Servilius Pulex Geminus, M. (consul 202) 509Sestos 269, 459–60Shapur I, king of Persia 55, 73sheds, protective siege 238shields: of Achilles 49; cavalry 118, 328, 352, (see

also thureos); devices and colours 117, 294,337–9; Dipylon type 251; fighting with, atgames 504; Gallic 504; Hellenistic phalanx337–9; hoplite 113, 115, 117, 150–2, 160, 195–6;(‘Boeotian’) 114, (protection in phalanx) 122,206, 208, (races with) 51, 133n118, 196; lightinfantry see parma; pelte; Macedonian 337,338; smaller, 4th-cent. 391; thrown away 206,293; see also scutum

ships: archaic 251; building of 125, 256, 261, 358,360–2, 437; as fighting platforms 360, 441–2,453; gear 153, 161; length of service 359; speed359; storm damage 440–1; troops on board123, 147–9, 169, 170, 215, 229, 233, (see alsomarines; troop transports, naval); see alsobiremes; cataphracts; corvus; lemboi; merchantmarine; pentekontor; polyremes; ramming,naval; trihemioliai; triremes; and under timber

Sicels 284, 472Sicily: Athenian interest 25; Athens’ allies’

payments 267; cavalry 221; combined arms






general index 657

forces 188, 199; Dionysius of Phocaea in 229;factionalism 375–6; finances 477–8; maps;subject native populations 284, 472; tyrants326, 499, (see also individual names); wealth256, 488, 491–2

Athenian expedition 32–5, 106, 170,255, 268; foreign troops 136, 330; navaloperations 61, 150, 154, 162; Thucydides’account 24, 28, 48, 61, 85, 158; see also underSyracuse

Carthaginian presence 366, 375–6,378, 380, 396; logistics 378, 380–1, 387; siegewarfare 241, 243–4, 246, 368; see also underSyracuse

Roman presence 387, 488, 492, 495,510; Carthaginian wars 375–6, 380; sociinavales 364–6; taxation 491–2

see also individual citiesSicyon 102, 150, 165, 169, 178, 457; subject native

population 275–6, 284, 290Side 435, 446Sidon 355, 358siege engines 368, 451, 457, 462–3, 465; logistics

382–3, 448; see also artillery; battering rams;catapults; ladders, scaling; sheds; towers(siege)

siege warfare 76–7, 223–4, 237–47, 393–4,447–60; accounts of 58, 243; archaic era 180,237; archery 42, 123, 242; Carthaginiandevelopment 237, 241, 368; casualties 394;circumvallation see under walls; civiliandefenders 43–4, 246–7, 382–3, 451, 453n173,459; command 449; conditions forparticipants 243–7, 394, 459–60; disease 244;duration 179, 239, 243; early Greece 237;escape from 179; evacuation ofnon-combatants 459; finance 179–80, 239,243, 265, 393, 465; fire as weapon 179, 239, 241,245, 457; against forces withdrawn into city176–7; fortifications 178, 454, (see also underwalls); 4th-cent. developments 241–2; logistics238, 240, 244, 381–3, 395, 458, (supply by sea)238, 240, 441, 456–7; Macedoniandevelopment 242, 360, 369, 375, 447, 450–1;mercenary specialists 179, 241; mounds 77,239; naval involvement 387, 434, 441, (see alsocatapults (ship-borne); ships (as fightingplatforms)); Near Eastern influence 241;personnel 241, 449–50, 453–4; reconstruction76–7; river rerouted at Mantinea 180; siegetrains 453–4, 457, 462–3; siege-works 76–7,239, (see also under walls); slingers 124; sorties179; starvation 245, 394–5, 459; Syracusanexpertise 179, 241, 243, 393–4, 451–2, 462,(Archimedes’) 393–4, 449, 453–4, 457, 462,465, (assaults) 179, 244, 456; treachery,(precautions against) 178, 245–6, 375, (towns

taken through) 34, 239–40, 244–5, 375–6,447–8, 457–8; women’s role 43–4, 246, 382–3,451, 453n173, 459

treatment of defeated cities238, 240–1, 243, 245, 250, 283, 459–60;enslavement 240–1, 246–7, 396–7, 459–60;massacres and suicide of defeated 240–1, 459;Romans’ 397, 460; see also sacking of cities

see also individual sieges and AeneasTacticus; assaults on cities; blockades; siegeengines; undermining; and underPeloponnesian Wars; Persia; surprise; walls;and individual states

Sigeum 96–7signalling 445, 447Silenus of Caleacte 55silver: Laurium minesSilver Shields (Argyraspides) (elite unit) 414, 428Simonides 22, 49, 64; see also Index of ancient

passages citedSimos of Thasos (rower in Athenian fleet) 234Sinai desert 392single combat: Greek 194–5, 199, 203, 211–12;

Hellenistic, between commanders 507,509n54; Roman 509–10, 513–14

Sinope 246Siphnos 259Sirmium; graffito from Avar attack 81Sittacene 333size of forces: advantage of smaller 378–9, 407;

Greek: 170; Hellenistic and Roman 378–9,402, 405, 407, 429, 464

skill, warfare as see techneskirmishing 203–4, 409, 422–4slaves 47; defence of cities 44, 47, 246, 459;

fomenting desertion of 239; in historiography47, 139, 172; leisure class supported by 274;military service 132, 139–40, 385–6, 459, 510,(see also under navies); pay 140; porters andservants with armies 115, 150, 152, 160, 172,293–4, 392; rebellions of Sicilian 495; recentstudies 12, 15; treatment by attackers 172

prisoners enslaved 104, 181, 183, 241,268, 371, 397, 459–60; figures 183; Greeks’scruples against enslaving Greeks 283; womenand children 240–1, 246–7, 396–7, 459–60

see also under naviesslingers 108, 119–20, 123–4, 136; Acarnanian 136,

162, 221; archaic 194, (armour) 151; incombined arms forces 145, 188;marginalization 199–202; mercenary 136, 141;naval 124, 148; Rhodian 133, 136; Romanallied; status 123, 127

Smyrna 310Social Wars: Athenian (357–355) 266, 271;

northern Greek (220–217) 371; Roman(90–88) 496






658 general index

societyGreece 132–3, 273–99; competitive

ethos 281–90; and discipline 132; experienceof warfare 292–8; greed 282; group identity130, 293–8; hierarchy of military forces 123,125–7, 296; interaction, and normativebehaviour 87–8; and literary emphasis onritualized warfare 50; and militaryorganization 290–2, 299, (see also civic modelof organization); see also class, social and underAthens; Sparta

Hellenistic world 498–508; unrest504–6

see also cleruchs and under Egypt; see alsoaristocracy; citizenship; class, social; metics;native populations; perioikoi; slaves; workingclass; and under Rome

socii navales, Roman 364–6sociological method 9–13Socrates of Athens 59, 106; at siege of Potidaea

78, 164–5, 244Socrates the Boeotian 339Sogdiana, Alexander in 388–9Solachon, battle of 59Solon, laws of 89, 316; see also Index of ancient

passages citedSolygeia, battle of 169, 175, 212, 219sophists 106, 502; see also hoplomachoiSophocles 25, 52, 206; see also Index of ancient

passages citedSosibius (Ptolemaic general) 334Sosylus 55, 219; see also Index of ancient passages

citedSoteria (festival at Delphi) 311soteria (sacrifices for reaching safety) 185sources see individual authors, archaeology;

literature; and under reconstruction andindividual topics

Spain: Carthaginians in 320–1, 366, 378, 391;manpower 366, 415, 425–6; map; Romans in320–1, 394, (campaigns) 377, 387, 389, 391,490–1, 495–6, (control and exploitation)491–2; see also individual cities and battles andunder Scipio Africanus (the elder), P.Cornelius

Sparta: burial of dead 175; camps 163–6; catapultsin field 419; cavalry 118, 135, 222; city unwalled237; command 33, 35–6, 128, 130, 156;conservatism 85; diet 165; discipline 35, 132,215, 237; entertainments 165, 280; epiteichismosof Decelea 178, 239; exclusivity 90; externalrelations 86, 104, 168, 259, 290, (alliances) 64,99, 102–3, 149–50, 226, 284, 291, (see alsounder Argos; Boeotia; Elis; Macedon;Thebes); honour 215; imitators 144, 503; andJews 380; kings 128, 157–8, 162, 175, (see alsoAgesilaus; Agesipolis; Agis; Archidamus II;Cleombrotus I; Cleomenes I, II; Demaratus;

Leonidas; Pausanias; Teleclus); light-armedforces 160, 199; manpower 68, 139–40, 217–18,278; massacre of defeated populations 240–1;medical services 152; mercenaries hired by502–3; and Messenians 97, 101, 173–4, 181,285n41; messes 290–1; militarism 27–8, 30;military organization 253, 290–1; mobilization149; motivation for warfare 512; music 280;navy 268; perioikoi 103, 278, 284, 291, (ashoplites) 277, 298; plunder and extortion 183,268, 283; professional forces 109, 111, 133, 144;and pursuit 212; religion 66, 155–8, 165, 204;road system 161; sieges see under Mantinea;Plataea; Samos; society, (and militaryorganization) 66, 275, 290–1, (see also helotsand militarism; perioikoi; religion above);tactics 216–18, 405, 410–11; Tanagra memorialat Olympia 101; ‘tearless battle’ 209; training165, 273, 279, 290–1, 299, 502–3; units andofficers 128, 130, 144, 156, 220n144, (lochoi)156, (Sciritae) 160, (see also enomotiai;hippeis); voting methods 31; votive figurines28, 196; warfare as techne 502–3; workersaccompanying army 151–2; Xenophon and 68

and Athens 68, 287; diplomacy 92–3,96; invasions of Attica 85, 103, 149–50, 178,226; siege of Athens (404) 226, 239, 245; seealso Peloponnesian War

hoplites 133, 207, 215–16, 293–4, 338–9;advance 204, 209, 215; defeat by light infantry120–1, 215–16, 220, 425; perioikic 277, 298;tactics 216–18, 405, 409–11

see also individual battles and wars, helots;Peloponnesian League; and under aristocracy

Spartolus, battle of 169, 220spears: cavalry 118, 200, 329, 423; and declaration

of war 315; hoplite 150, 184, 195, (throwing) 41,109, 198, (thrusting) 115, 117, 196, 205–6;legionary; light infantry 121, 327–8, 368–77;throwing 109, 117, 120

spear-won land (doriktetos chora) 304, 481, 506specialization 146, 329, 449–50; modern

scholarship 14–15, 17, 19; regional 133–5; siegewarfare 241, 449–50; see also navies (officersand specialists) and under alliance;mercenaries

speeches: generals’, before battle 203, 406; inhistoriography 39–40, 58, 58n10, 59n16, 399

speira (military unit) 336Sphacteria 68–9, 215, 220, 222, 229, 425Sphodrias (Spartan general) 96spindle 41, 43spoils of war 183, 509; spolia opima 509; see also

plunderspondai (‘libations’, treaties) 94square formations 159, 412Stagirus 244–5Stalae, Crete 284






general index 659

Standards 337standing forces 145–6, 326, 389, 464, 489, 508stasis 89state: concepts and approach 248–9; private and

public models of warfare 248–55, 269Greek 248–72; adjustments (431-322) 272;

centralization 254–6; finance 256–64;formation, and rise of phalanx 292

Hellenistic era 461–82; earlySuccessors 464–70; in Hellenistic states470–9; imperialism 479–82; see also underindividual states and rulers

see also monopolistic state; oligopolisticstate; and society, politics and thestate under Athens; Rome

status see class, social; hierarchies; prestigeStesichorus 171Stiris 310stirrups, absence of 118–19, 134, 423–4stone-throwers 119–20, 151; see also tiles as

missilesstorms at sea 236, 395, 440–1Strasbourg 210n104stratagems 188, 369, 432–3, 501–2, 514;

collections 3, 51, 59, 369, 402, 416, 501, (see alsoindividual authors); Iphicrates’ 164, 220–1

strategy 186–7, 203, 213–23, 369–80, 402–16,430–3; and alliances 379–80; avoidance offighting 375–7; complexity 370–1;coordination, (of armies) 369–70, (of arms)222–3; as craft 501–2; emergence 186–7, 202,213–23; Hellenistic 368–80, 501–2; Herodotusand 65, 81; indirect 370–1; lessons of history59; and logistics 388; Polybius on 402; andpopular opinion 33, 372, 377; profit motive371–2, 377; in republican systems 372–3, 377;and reserves 369–70; Roman 371, 373–5, 377,388, 514; scale of warfare 378–9; as stratagems369, 432–3; and success in battle 430–3; use oftreachery 375–6; see also command; generals;risk-taking; stratagems

stratiotes as meaning mercenary 141Stratus, battle of 169stripping of dead 173, 212, 236strong men, Roman 496–7structuralism 10–11subjection see under alliance; native populationsSuccessor era: alliances 379–80; land forces

333–48; manpower 333–6, 363; mercenaries343–4, 464–5; navies 361–3, 465–6; scale ofwarfare 461, 464; state and warfare 464–70;warrior elites 461–2; see also individualSuccessors and kingdoms

Suessa, battle of 432Suessula 326, 385suffering, human 394–8; see also casualties; cities

(treatment of defeated); injury; prisoners, fateof; wounds and the wounded

Sulpicius Paterculus 441superstition 32–3supply see logistics and supplysurprise 167, 179, 202, 222, 432–3; code of

conduct 189; at Delium 216; Hellenistic andRoman 390, 403; intelligence and 391; in navalcombat 229–30, 444; night operations 189,393, 403, 450; raids 167; reserves and 219;Scipio Africanus’ operations 392, 407; in siegewarfare 450, 457–8

surrender 183, 244–5, 397, 415, 509–10surveyors 76Susa 86, 464, 468Susian Rocks 390swords: cavalry 118; Celtic use 368, 425–6;

hoplite 115, 150, 195–6; peltasts’ 120, 328;Spanish 425–6

Sybaris 94, 97, 286, 286n46Sybota, naval battle of 150, 231–3, 236symbola (tokens of agreement) 91, 308symbolai (treaties) 93–4, 307–8symmachos, symmachia (ally, alliance) 101symmories (taxation groups) 271sympolity agreements 309–10symposium 281Synnada, Phrygia 468synoecism 309synteleis (joint contributors to war taxes) 271Syphax 403Syracuse: battle (426) 169; Carthaginian wars

240, 244, 358, 396, 437n152, (underAgathocles) 371, 376–7, 417, 478, (underTimoleon) 378, 403, 417; citizenshipin annexed territories 285; combinedarms forces 188, 199; elite units 144, 220;finance 477–8; hamippoi (light infantry) 222;hoplomachoi 213, 220; mercenaries 179, 449,457, 473n47; navy 124, 139, 150, 358, 451;Roman friendship 339, 386, 478; sale ofprisoners in 183; subject population, Kyllyrioi275–6; tithe system 478; tribal organization29, 148

Athenian expedition (415–413) 25,61, 161; battles 155, 159, 169, 185, 190, 203–4,207–8, 223; siege 171, 179–80, 220, 239, 243–4;Spartan assistance 33, 223

Roman siege 37, 397, 444, 449, 457, 459;Archimedes’ defence 393–4, 449, 453–4, 457,462, 465; ship-borne siege engines 453,453n174; supply by sea 441, 456

see also Agathocles; Dionysius I, II; Gelon;Hiero I, II; and siege warfare (Syracusanexpertise)

Syria 363, 472; map; resources 361–2, 385–6,476–7; Successors’ wars 304–5, 385, 482, (seealso Syrian Wars); see also Coele-Syria;Seleucid kingdom

Syriac historiography see John of Ephesus






660 general index

Syrian Wars: First 334; Second 434; Third 371;Fourth 334

Syrianus Magister 58n10; see also Index of ancientpassages cited (Syrianus (Anon.))

Tacitus, Cornelius 34, 38, 43, 74, 76; see alsoIndex of ancient passages cited

tactics: combined arms 409, 416–29; as craft501–2; Hellenistic innovations 368, 410, 501–2;interaction of forces 416–29; and manpower217–18, 336; manuals and treatises 3, 210–11,332, 336–7, 402, 422; Peloponnesian Wardebates 51; Polybius’ emphasis 62; Pyrrhustransmits Italian to Greece 504; Roman 62,410, 433; and success of classical armies 20;symmetry and asymmetry 404–5, 410, 429;taught by hoplomachoi 214; see alsodeployment; manoeuvres; and underindividual states and types of troops and navalcombat

Taenarum; mercenary hiring fair 498takabara (Persian infantryman) 327Talthybioi (Spartan hereditary heralds) 95Tanagra 342; battles of: (457) 101, 175, 215; (426)

169Tarentum 318, 338, 457–8; cavalry 504; in Second

Punic War 390, 444, 453n174Tarquin the Proud 316Tarquinii 318Tarracina 364Taurus mountains 391taxation: Athenian 243, 254, 263, 270–2;

Hellenistic 309, 462, 466, 470–2, 476; Roman488–91, (provincial) 491–4

taxeis (Athenian military units) 129–30, 156, 206,331; taxiarchoi 129–31, 148, 156

taxis, parataxis (Thucydidean, ‘battle-formation’192

‘tearless battle’ (368) 209techne (craft); socially acceptable and banausic

502; see also craft, concept of warfare astechnicality, taste for 51–2tedium of military life 78Tegea 96, 148, 176, 205; and Sparta 64, 102,

175Tegyra, battle of 216–17, 223Telamon, battle of 413, 425Teleclus, king of Sparta 90Telesicrates of Cyrene 51Telesilla (Argive poetess and commander) 43Telesippus of Piraeus (metic rower) 234Teleutias (Spartan admiral) 178television 54Tempe, Vale of 65temples: Roman dedication 487, 510; sacked 283;

treasures appropriated 259, 263–5, (see alsounder Delphi; Olympia)

Ten Thousand 25, 152, 162, 185, 325, 502–3; civicorganization, army as polis 30–4, 38;formations 159, 218–19; pay rates 129

tents 151, 164Teos 98, 308, 310–11terminology 7, 15terrain, suitability to: cavalry and light-armed

troops 109, 124, 186, 222; hoplites 109, 119–20,202, 214–15, 218–19; marching order 109,119–20, 159

territory see landtetrarchia (Macedonian cavalry unit) 331Teuta (Illyrian queen) 46, 255Teutoburger Forest; Varian disaster 76Thala, Numidia 383Thales of Miletus 99Thasos 168, 256, 285; Athenian control 226, 238,

261, 269Thebes: and Aegina 107; Alexander’s conquest

396, 459–60; cavalry 216, 219, 223;fortification of camps 164; hegemony 103–5,214, 369, 503; looting 170, 177; and outbreakof Peloponnesian War 94–5; Persian conquest168; and Plataea 94–5, 167, 178; reserves 219;Sacred Band 144–5, 175, 220, 220n144, 503;slaves and metics help defend 459; and Sparta85, 105, 144, 177, 244, 287–8, 370, 503; training133–4

tactics 218, 409–10; at Coronea 209–10,218; at Delium 173, 210, 216, 218–19; depth ofphalanx 206–7, 218; at Nemea 217–18

Thebes, Phthiotic 450, 453Themistocles 97, 100, 224, 256–7, 259Theophiliscus (Rhodian admiral) 436, 446Theophrastus 85; see also Index of ancient passages

citedTheophylact Simocatta 57–9, 78; see also Index of

ancient passages citedTheoric Fund, Athenian 271theoroi (sacred envoys) 100Theoros of Samos (painter) 340Thermon; Aetolian League sanctuary 310Thermopylae: battle in Persian Wars 65, 70,

75–6, 215, 257–8, (perioicic hoplites) 277,277–278n13, (Spartan reluctance to engage)66, 155; Gallic attack (279) 425; Hellenisticbattle of 75–6, 426, 432

Thesaurus Linguae Graecae 15Thespiae 148, 177, 213Thessalonica; Agios Athanasios 338Thessaly: Agesilaus’ march through 159; archaic

hegemony 103; aristocracy 127–8; cavalry127–8, 134–5, 177, 187–8, 199, 329, (antiquity)117–18, 221, (tactics) 331, 422; in Delphicamphictyony 99; federal organization 86;feudalism 111, 128; hierarchy of forces 127;hoplites 111; under Jason of Pherae 326; under






general index 661

Macedon 462; perioikoi 284; Phocian wars168, 181, 190, 288; Roman bases 387; siegeengineers 449; subject native population 274,284

thetes (the poor) 116n18, 138Thibron (Spartan general) 129Thirty Tyrants 165thorakitai (‘cuirassed’ infantry) 347Thrace: cavalry 221–2, 329, (wedge formation)

221, 331, 422; cleruchs from 334, 472–3, 475; inDelian League 263; hoplites 111; Lysimachus’campaigns 468; mercenaries 27, 221, 241,265–6, 499–500; native population 285;peltasts 120, 135, 187–8, 221, 368, 499–500;Thracians in Macedon 329

Thracian Chersonese 254–5, 269Thrasybulus (Athenian general) 165, 185, 269Thrasyllus (Athenian politician) 135Thucydides 66–9; accuracy 68–9; and agonistic

spirit 105; on army and polis 28–9, 32–3;attitude to war 27; and Cleon 67; commandat Amphipolis, and exile 61; ethnography,kinship and mythology in 50; on etiquettebefore battle 190, 203–4; on finance 67, 71;frequency of Athenian warfare in 23;geographical mistakes 78; Herodotus’influence 64; and Homer 31, 48–9; on hoplitewarfare 68, 190–2, 216; influence 58, 58n11; oninternational relations 85; on kinshipdiplomacy 26; on leisteia 252; literary nature ofwork 24, 35, 48, 50, 61, 64, 66–7, 158; militaryemphasis 25, 40, 50, 52; narrowing-down ofhistoriography 50; naval statistics 148–9,184–263n60; Pindaric echoes 27, 50; prioritiesand assumptions 66–9; pro-Periclean bias67–8; and religion 66–8, 106; Roman taste for52; on Sicilian expedition 28, 32–3, 48, 85, 158,190, 203–4, (literary quality) 24, 61, 158; onsiege warfare 180, 243; on Spartan commandstructure 35–6, 130; and speeches 39;symmachia/epimachia distinction 102; onwarfare as techne 502; on women as causes ofwar 46–7; see also Index of ancient passages cited

thunder as omen 158thureos (shield) 339–43; thureomachia (athletic

event) 341, 342; thureophoroi 337, 339–43,426

Thurii 285n38Thyamia 165, 178Thymbrara, fictitious battle of 210, 218–19Thyrea 90, 286Ticinus, battle of the 424Tigranocerta, battle oftiles as missiles 43–4, 177, 246, 394,

459Timaeus; Polybius’ criticisms 51–2, 57; see also

Index of ancient passages cited

timber 162, 383, 448, 482; for shipbuilding 256,358, 361–2, 385; see also under Cyprus;Macedon; Syria

time see water-clocks and under rowerstiming of campaigns 33, 154–6; see also seasons,

campaigningTimoleon (Corinthian general in Sicily) 378,

403, 417Timotheus (mercenary leader) 159, 216, 269, 381Tisamenus of Elis (seer) 158tithes: Egypt 470–2; Syracuse 478tokens of recognition or agreement 91, 92,tools 151–2, 154topography, military 391, 402–4; modern studies

7, 9, 75, 77, 400Torgium, battle of 396Torone 239–40, 244, 286torture 181, 391towers: defensive, on walls 454, 456, 465; for

elephant crews; ship-mounted assault 360,453; siege 241, 360, 453, 457

trade 125, 307, 309; see also merchantstradition, strength of 110tragedy, Athenian 44–6, 64, 237; see also

individual tragedianstraining: and amateur ideal 133–4, 280; Athenian

213–14, 220–1, 277, 279, 501, (see alsoephebeia); Carthaginian leaders’ 373; eliteunits 132, 137, 506; in family 213–14, 279, 373;Greek 132–7, 299, (see also Athenian above andunder Macedon (army); Sparta); Hellenistic334–5, 368, 500–1, 504, 506, 508; light-armedforces 135–6, 341, 500–1; mercenaries’ andcitizens’ needs compared 133–8; music in 280;Roman 359, 373; success due to 133, 220–1,432; year-round 145–6, 326; see alsohoplomachoi and under archers; athletics;catapults; cavalry; hoplites; Macedon (army);mercenaries; navies; rowers; Sparta

Trajan’s column, Rome 55, 56transport

land : for artillery and siege engines 382,453; contractors 471, 488–9; Philip IIeliminates wheeled 392

naval 378, 380–1, 383–5, 440, 456–8;Carthaginian 368, 380–1; Roman 385, 387; insiege warfare 238, 240, 441, 456–7; see alsomerchant marine; troop transports, naval

Trasimene, battle of Lake 71, 413, 415, 431;ambush 390, 403, 410

travel, literary interest in 24–5treachery, strategic use of 375–6, 391, 447; see also

under siege warfaretreasuries: sacred 101, 259, 263–5, (see also under

Olympia); satrapal 464; Successors’ controland use 464, 466, 468–9, 477






662 general index

treaties: of alliance 290; bilateral 97, 317–18;commercial 93–4; Hellenistic inter-city 308–9;on missile weapons, spurious archaic 191;oaths in 94–5; religion and 189–90; Roman315–18; spondai 94; symbolai 93–4, 307–8;symmachiai 344; violation 90, 97

treatises, military 3–5, 402, 416, 422; see alsocatapults (treatises); manuals, military;stratagems (collections); tactics (manuals andtreatises)

Trebia, battle of the 411, 425, 429, 431;outflanking manoeuvre 410, 432

trees, ravaging of 171trials for military misconduct 131–2, 176, 206, 212triarii (third line of infantry) 406, 411–12, 428tribes 10; Greek 29, 156, 194, (Athenian) 28–9,

128–9, 148, 156, 291–2; Roman 29–30tribunes, Roman military 510tribute: Athenian see under Delian League;

Hellenistic 464, 468, 476–7; Roman 488tributum (Roman tax) 490Trichoneians of Aetolia 95trickery 187–8, 222, 245; see also deception;

stratagems; treacherytrierarchs 142n153, 150, 153, 259–60, 270–2;

wealth and prestige 129, 138, 295–6trihemioliai (type of ship) 360–1, 435triremes: as artillery platforms 453; Athenian

construction programme 125; Athenian state150; development 124, 224; lightness 230–1,234; limitations 125; manoeuvring 230, 233;muffling of noise 230; reconstruction 18–19,73–5, 124, 161–163n27, (see also Olympias);rowers’ conditions 18–19, 123, 153–4, 230,233–4, 295; speed 153, 161, 161–163n27, 230–1,234, 359; troops on board 123, 147–8, 149, 229,233

triumphs 358–9, 377, 487, 511; plebeians’ 487–8troop transports, naval: Greek and Hellenistic

147–8, 149, 229, 266, 360–1; Roman 387trophies 173, 174, 175, 232Troy 48, 180, 182, 237, 340; see also Homer; Iliumtruces 189–90; burial 173, 175, 183, 212; sacred

100–1, 155, 311trumpet signals 130, 204, 233–4Tunis 442–3tunnels, siege 77Twelve Tables 514n75twentieth-century historiography 8–21Tylissos 97tyranny 86, 141, 306, 326, 499; see also individual

tyrantsTyre; sieges

Alexander’s 445, 448, 450, 453, 459;engineering 454, 457; logistics 381, 458; navaloperations 440, 443–5, 448; treatment oncapture 396, 460

Antigonus I’s 386Tyrtaeus 36, 165, 173; on phalanx 109, 197, 209;

see also Index of ancient passages cited

undermining 450–1uniforms 131, 293–4units, military: Greece 127–32, 156; informal

social groups as basis 291–3; see also tribalorganization and individual units

unlimited warfare (polemos akeryktos or aspondos)186, 190, 214

Utica 366, 453n174

Valerian, Roman emperor (P. LiciniusValerianus) 73

Valerius Antias 71Valerius Laevinus, M. (consul ? 220, 210) 366Valerius Maximus; see also Index of ancient

passages cited 350Varian disaster 76vase-paintings 54, 166, 251; archers 109, 122;

cavalry 136; departure ceremonies 156–7;hoplites 195, (equipment) 41, 109, 115, , 134,174, 184, 196, (mounted) 117, 199,(organization) 109, 196–7, 198, 291;light-armed forces, colonial warfare 199; navalwarfare 181

vectigal (tax) 489–90Vegetius Renatus, P. Flavius 3, 212, 219, 404,

406; see also Index of ancient passagescited

Veii 314, 316, 485Veith, G. 7, 9, 12, 401velites (light infantry) 426, 513–14Velitrae 326vengeance see redress; revengeVernant, J.-P. 10verutum (javelin) 350victory: concession of 173, 175, 212, 415; sacrifice

after 173, 185; see also cities (treatment ofdefeated); dedications, victory; monuments;prisoners, fate of; triumphs; trophies

Vidal-Naquet, P. 10Villanovan culture 349Vindolanda tablets 77–8, 79Virdumarus (Gallic chieftain) 409Virgil 38–9, 48, 52, 226–7; see also Index of

ancient passages citedvirtus, military excellence as 498, 509–16visibility in battle, limited 408visual representations of war see art, visualVolsci 313–14, 326volunteers 149, 150votive objects 196

wagons 150, 152–3, 184–5, 382; anti-elephant421






general index 663

walls: Argive Long 44; Athens 176–7, 237–40,(Long) 237–8, 267; cities lacking 177, 237;development 176–7, 237–9, 241–2, 454; atIsthmus of Corinth 66; Rome, Servian 394;strategic bases 385

in sieges : breaching 394, 450–1;circumvallation 77, 179–80, 243, 450–1, 455–6;counter-walls 179, 243, 450–1

war-cry 204warrior tradition, Macedonian 304–5, 461–2,

481–2, 503, 506watches of night 166water-clocks 166water supplies 153–4, 162, 163, 459wealth 250, 263, 282, 325, 471, 508; as cause of

war 280–5; and navies 224, (Athenian) 129,138, 224, 226, 234; see also finance; propertyqualifications

weapons 73–4, 163, 368, 500–1, 504; see alsoindividual types

Weber, Max 248wedge formations 221, 331, 332, 410, 422Weil, Simone 49winter: campaigns 155, 388–9, 392; quarters

388–9, 489withdrawal 412–14; see also retreatwomen 12, 42–7; active role in warfare 25, 42–7,

233, 246–7, 459; arbitrators 96; as causes ofwars 46–7; cleruchs 474, 476; commanders 43,233; evacuation before siege 459; hair used forartillery ropes 44, 382–3, 451, 453n173; men’sprotection and control 299; in militaristicsociety 27; Pisistratus’ use in ambush246n220; and spindles: 41, 43; treatment ofcaptured 240–1, 246–7, 396–7, 459–60

working class: in Homeric army 278; hoplites116n18, 277–80, 297–8; light-armed 119–20,

127, 135; Macedonian infantry 146;mercenaries 135, 142–3, 498; no legal militaryobligation 278–9; in navy 295–7; in Persianlevies 126; social unrest 138, 505; in Thessaly274; see also proletarii; thetes

World Wars 7–8, 11, 80–1wounds and the wounded 183–5, 212–13, 395,

416, 448; literary descriptions 23–4, 48–9,81

writing 13, 77–8, 79

Xanthippus (mercenary commander) 405, 415,430, 433

Xanthus 107, 242xenia 90–1; elite international ties 86, 93, 282;

judicial cases 93–4; profit at expense of xenos282; in religion 90–1; suspicion of xenos 91, 93;tokens 91, 92; see also proxenia

Xenias of Elis 93Xenophon: and agonistic spirit 88; apologetic

nature of Anabasis 30; and exploration 25; ongeneralship 3, 214, 369; influence 59; militarycareer 35, 61, 143, 162; on organization andtypes of forces 108, 333; panhellenism 61;pragmatism 3; readers’ knowledge 65; Spartanbias 68; on warfare as techne 502; see also TenThousand; Thymbrara; and Index of ancientpassages cited

Xerxes I, king of Persia 89, 92, 95; see also PersianWars

xyston (cavalry spear) and xystophoroi 329, 423

youth and desire for war 299, 480

Zama, battle of 430; cavalry 411, 420, 423, 429;deployment and tactics 406, 413, 428, 431–2;elephants 420–1, 429; losses 415






Documents

Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805217/82739/index/9780521782739_index… · INDEX OF ANCIENT PASSAGES CITED Aelian (1) Tact. 3.1–3: 214n121 3.4: 214n121 11.2–5: