Cambridge Unive rsit y Pre ss 978-0-521-56494-6 - The ...assets.cambridge.org/97805215/64946/frontmatter/9780521564946_front... · The Carolingian World At its height, the Carolingian

The Carolingian World

At its height, the Carolingian empire spanned a million square kilo-metres of western Europe – from the English Channel to centralItaly and northern Spain, and from the Atlantic to the fringes ofmodern Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. As the largestpolitical unit for centuries, the empire dominated the region andleft an enduring legacy for European culture. This comprehensivesurvey traces this great empire’s history, from its origins around 700,with the rise to dominance of the Carolingian dynasty, through itsexpansion by ruthless military conquest and political manoeuvringin the eighth century, to the struggle to hold the empire togetherin the ninth. It places the complex political narrative in context,giving equal consideration to vital themes such as beliefs, peasantsociety, aristocratic culture, and the economy. Accessibly written andauthoritative, this book offers distinctive perspectives on a formativeperiod in European history.

marios costambeys is Senior Lecturer in the School of History atthe University of Liverpool. His previous publications include Powerand Patronage in Early Medieval Italy: Local Society, Italian Politics andthe Abbey of Farfa, c.700–900 (Cambridge, 2007).

matthew innes is Professor of History at Birkbeck, Universityof London. His previous publications include State and Society in theEarly Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000 (Cambridge,2000).

simon maclean is Senior Lecturer in the School of History at theUniversity of St Andrews. His previous publications include Kingshipand Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of theCarolingian Empire (Cambridge, 2003).

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian WorldMarios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon MacleanFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521564946

http://www.cambridge.org


Cambridge Medieval Textbooks

This is a series of introductions to important topics in medievalhistory aimed primarily at advanced students and faculty, and isdesigned to complement the monograph series Cambridge Studiesin Medieval Life and Thought. It includes both chronological andthematic approaches and addresses both British and European topics.

For a list of titles in the series, seewww.cambridge.org/medievaltextbooks






.

THE CAROLINGIANWORLD

.

MARIOS COSTAMBEYSUniversity of Liverpool

MATTHEW INNESBirkbeck, University of London

SIMON MACLEANUniversity of St Andrews






University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521564946

© Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon MacLean 2011

Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 20113rd printing 2012

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataCostambeys, Marios.

Th e Carolingian world / Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes, Simon MacLean.p. cm. – (Cambridge medieval textbooks)

Includes bibliographical references and index.isbn 978-0-521-56366-6 (hardback)

1. Carolingians – History. 2. France – History – To 987. 3. France – Civilization.4. Europe, Western – History. 5. Europe, Western – Civilization. 6. Europe – History –

476–1492. 7. Civilization, Medieval. I. Innes, Matthew. II. MacLean, Simon.III. Title. IV. Series.

dc70.c67 2011944 .014 – dc22 2010054602

isbn 978-0-521-56366-6 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-56494-6 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,

and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






For Rosamond McKitterick and Jinty Nelson











CONTENTS

.

List of illustrations page ixList of maps xiAcknowledgements xiiiList of abbreviations xvThe Carolingian family (simplified) xxThe children and grandchildren of Charlemagne xxi

1. Introduction 1

The dawn of the Carolingian age 1

Was there a Carolingian world? 9

The sources for the Carolingian world 16

2. The creation of Carolingian kingship to 800 31

Replacing the ruling dynasty 31

The Merovingian world and Carolingian origins 34

Charles Martel and the extension of Carolingian power 44

Securing Carolingian hegemony: Pippin III 51

Charlemagne as king 65

3. Belief and culture 80

The problem of Christianisation 81

The problem of sin 110

Christian leadership and learning 131

4. Inventing the Carolingian empire: politics andgovernment, 800–840 154

Introduction 154






viii Contents

The imperial coronation 160

Governing the empire 170

Dynastic politics, c.806–827 194

Kingship and ‘subkingship’ 208

Revolt and recovery: dynastic politics 827–840 213

5. Villages and villagers, land and landowners 223

Introduction: interpreting Carolingian society 223

Villages 229

Landowning and landowners 241

Community and mobility 246

Landlords and manors 252

The problem of economic growth 258

The powerful and the poor: social conflict in theCarolingian countryside 263

Conclusion: community and conflict 268

6. Elite society 271

Introduction 271

Aristocratic identity: vocabulary, appearance and lifestyle 275

Aristocratic behaviour: upbringing, morality and culture 296

Aristocratic families 304

Aristocratic resources and relationships: honores, beneficesand lordship 312

7. Exchange and trade: the Carolingian economy 324

Introduction: interpreting the Carolingian economy 324

Mechanisms of exchange 329

The North Sea economy 338

The transformation of the emporia: the ninth century 347

The Vikings and the Frankish economy 353

Italy and the Mediterranean economy 358

Conclusion: was there a Carolingian economy? 375

8. Sustaining the Carolingian empire: politics andgovernment, 840–888 379

Introduction: fraternal rivalry, 840–843 379

Fraternal love, 843–877 388

Government and resources 407

The end of the empire, 877–888 419

9. Epilogue 428

Bibliography 436

Index 495






ILLUSTRATIONS

.

1. A charter from St Gallen. Stiftsarchiv St Gallen,i 51 (Chartae Latinae antiquiores i, no. 76) page 26

2. The altar of Ratchis (ara di Duca Ratchis).Museo Cristiano del Duomo, Cividale delFriuli, Italy. Reproduced by kind permission ofDr Neil Christie, University of Leicester 59

3. The Tassilo chalice. The Art Archive /Kremsmunster Stiftsbibliothek / HarperCollinsPublishers 71

4a. Abbey of Lorsch, Germany, gatehouse. C© 2010.DeAgostini Picture Library / Scala, Florence 117

4b. Abbey of Korvey, Germany, Westwerk. Scala C©2010. Photo Scala, Florence 120

5. The Stuttgart Psalter, ‘Anima’. Stuttgart,Wurttembergische Landesbibliothek, BibliaFol. MS 23, fol. 55r 124

6. Mosaic, apse of the chapel at Germigny-des-Pres, France. The Art Archive / Gianni DagliOrti 127

7. Plan of St Gallen. St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek,MS 1092 128

8. Mosaic of Charlemagne and Pope Leo III,Rome. akg-images / Andrea Jemolo 164






x List of illustrations

9. Aristocratic assembly from the Utrecht Psalter.Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS 32,fol. 83r. Reproduced by kind permission of theUtrecht University Library 173

10a. Plan of Aachen palace and chapel. After K. J.Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture800–1200 (4th edn, New Haven, CT, 1978),p. 47 176

10b. Reconstruction of palace at Ingelheim.Kaiserpfalz Ingelheim – ArchimediX 176

11. Portrait of Louis the Pious from Hraban Maur’sDe laudibus sanctae crucis. Rome, BibliotecaApostolica Vaticana, Reg. lat 124, fol. 4v 200

12. Reconstruction of a hilltop settlement (curtis) atMiranduolo, Tuscany. Reproduced with kindpermission of Professor Marco Valenti,Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delleArti, Universita degli Studi di Siena 228

13. King as lawgiver, from the Golden Psalter ofSt Gallen. St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 22,fol. 39 265

14. A nobleman, fresco in church of San Benedetto,Malles Venosta, South Tyrol. The Art Archive 280

15. The earliest Confraternity Book of St Gallen.St Gallen Stiftsarchiv, c3 b55, p. 22 307

16. Silver denarius minted at Dorestad. Reproducedby permission of the Syndics of TheFitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 348

17. Portrait of Charles the Bald from the Codexaureus of St Emmeram. Munich, BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod. lat. 1400, fol. 5v 410






MAPS

.

1. Europe (relief) page xxii2. Places mentioned in Chapter 2: ‘The creation

of Carolingian kingship to 800’ 36

3. The expansion of the Carolingian empire.After map by T. S. Brown, from D. Ditchburn,S. MacLean and A. Mackay (eds.), The Atlas ofMedieval Europe (2nd edn, London, 2007), p. 18 53

4. Cultural centres in Carolingian Europe 150

5. Places mentioned in Chapter 4: ‘Inventing theCarolingian empire: politics and government,800–840’ 162

6. Places on Charlemagne’s itineraries, 768–814.Source: R. McKitterick, Charlemagne(Cambridge, 2008), p. 181 163

7. Places mentioned in Chapter 5: ‘Villages andvillagers, land and landowners’ 233

8. Places mentioned in Chapter 6: ‘Elite society’ 272

9. Landholdings of Hraban Maur’s family. Source:M. Innes, State and Society in the Early MiddleAges (Cambridge, 2000), p. 64 292

10. The lands in the will of Eberhard and Gisela ofFriuli. After map in D. Ditchburn, S. MacLeanand A. Mackay (eds.), The Atlas of MedievalEurope (2nd edn, London, 2007), p. 48 305






xii List of maps

11. Exchange and trade: the North Sea and theBaltic Sea 339

12. Dorestad. After Fig. 2 in W. A. van Es,‘Dorestad centred’, in J. C. Besteman, J. M.Bos and H. A. Heidinga (eds.), MedievalArchaeology in the Netherlands (Assen andMaastricht, 1990) 350

13. Exchange and trade: the Mediterranean Sea 360

14. Places mentioned in Chapter 8: ‘Sustaining theCarolingian empire: politics and government,840–888’ 380

15. Viking raids, c.835 to 863 392

16a. Ninth-century divisions: The partition ofVerdun, 843 402

16b. Ninth-century divisions: The Carolingiankingdoms in 855 402

16c. Ninth-century divisions: The partition ofMeersen, 870. After maps in R. McKitterick,Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians,751–987 (London and New York, 1983), pp.381, 382, 383 403

17. Viking raids, 863–77 415

18. Viking raids, 879–91 416

19. Places on the itineraries of Charles the Fat(876–88) 423






ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

.

Our initial thanks are due to Rosamond McKitterick and to JintyNelson, for first presenting each of us with the challenge of teachingthe history of the early Middle Ages. As many of the references inthis book testify, the work of these two scholars has fundamentallyinfluenced the development of this field over the last few decades,and during our PhD research and since we have also been privilegedto learn from them in person. We also owe warm thanks to ElinaScreen. Her contribution extends well beyond the formal aspects towhich we initially asked her to pay attention; both form and con-tent would have been much the poorer without her diligent work.We would like too to thank Sally Lamb, on whose work Maps 15,17 and 18 are based, and all those who read parts of the book indraft, or discussed particular problems or issues with us. All offereduseful comments, though of course none is responsible for the viewswe have expressed. From the start we envisaged that undergradu-ates would form an important part of our readership, and indeedthe idea for this book first arose when two of the authors coveredsome of Rosamond McKitterick’s lecturing duties at the Univer-sity of Cambridge during a period of research leave. Teaching andwriting history are genuinely interconnected activities, and we aregrateful to our friends and students at the Universities of Liverpool,Birkbeck London and St Andrews not just for road-testing drafts ofsome chapters, but also for helping us form and clarify our ideas.We are also indebted to successive commissioning editors at CUP






xiv Acknowledgements

for their encouragement, efficiency and patience: Bill Davies, SimonWhitmore, Michael Watson and Liz Friend-Smith. Our most pro-found gratitude goes, of course, to our families, for support, encour-agement, and welcome distraction: to Greg and Joe, and Naomi andEvan, and to Charlotte, Jayne and Claire.






ABBREVIATIONS

.

AB Annales Bertiniani [Annals of St Bertin], ed. F.Grat, J. Vielliard, S. Clemencet and L. Levillain(Paris, 1964), trans. J. L. Nelson, The Annals ofSaint-Bertin (Manchester, 1991)

AF Annales Fuldenses [Annals of Fulda], ed. F. Kurze,MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi ix

(Hanover, 1891), trans. T. Reuter, The Annals ofFulda (Manchester, 1992)

AL Annales Laureshamenses [Annals of Lorsch], ed.G. H. Pertz, MGH SS i (Hanover, 1826),pp. 22–39

AMP Annales Mettenses priores [Earlier Annals ofMetz], ed. B. von Simson, MGH SRG in usumscholarum separatim editi x (Hanover and Leipzig,1905)

Annales HSS Annales. Histoire, Sciences SocialesARF Annales regni francorum [Royal Frankish Annals],

ed. F. Kurze, MGH SRG in usum scholarumseparatim editi vi (Hanover, 1895), trans. B.Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI,1970)

AV Annales Vedastini [Annals of St Vaast], ed. B. vonSimson, Annales Xantenses et Annales Vedastini,MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi xii

(Hanover and Leipzig, 1909); extract (a.844–62)






xvi List of abbreviations

trans. P. E. Dutton (ed.), Carolingian Civilization:a Reader, 2nd edn (Peterborough, ON, 2004),pp. 347–50

AX Annales Xantenses [Annals of Xanten], ed. B. vonSimson, Annales Xantenses et Annales Vedastini,MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi xii

(Hanover and Leipzig, 1909); extract (a.882–6)trans. Dutton (ed.), Carolingian Civilization,pp. 507–12

Bede, HE Bede, Historia EcclesiasticaCapit. i, ii A. Boretius and V. Krause (eds.), Capitularia

regum francorum, MGH Leges sectio iii, 2 vols.(Hanover, 1883–97)

CC Codex epistolaris Carolinus, ed. W. Gundlach,MGH Epp. iii (Epistolae merovingici et karoliniaevi i) (Berlin, 1892), pp. 476–657

CCCM Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalisCCM Corpus consuetudinum monasticarum (Siegburg,

1963– )CCSL Corpus Christianorum, series LatinaCDL L. Schiaparelli, C. Bruhl and H. Zielinski (eds.),

Codice diplomatico longobardo. 5 vols. Fonti per lastoria d’Italia 62–6 (Rome, 1929–86)

Chron. Moiss. Chronicon Moissiacense [Moissac Chronicle],ed. G. Pertz, MGH SS i (Hanover, 1829),pp. 282–313; extracts trans. in P. D. King,Charlemagne: Translated Sources (Kendal, 1987),pp. 145–9

CL K. Glockner (ed.), Codex Laureshamensis,Arbeiten der historischen Kommission fur denVolksstaat Hessen 3. 3 vols. (Darmstadt, 1929–36)

Conc. i, ii A. Werminghoff (ed.), Concilia aevi Karolini ii.1and ii.2 (Hanover, 1906–8)

DA Deutsches Archiv fur Erforschung des MittelaltersDipl. DiplomataDipl. Kar. i E. Muhlbacher et al. (eds.), Die Urkunden der

Karolinger i: Die Urkunden Pippins, Karlmanns undKarls des Großen. MGH Diplomata Karolinorum i

(Hanover, 1906)






List of abbreviations xvii

Dipl. LG P. Kehr (ed.), Die Urkunden Ludwigs desDeutschen, Karlmanns und Ludwigs des Jungeren.MGH Diplomata Regum Germanie ex stirpeKarolinorum i (Berlin, 1934)

Dipl. Loth II T. Schieffer (ed.), Die Urkunden Lothars I undLothars II. MGH Diplomata Karolinorum iii

(Berlin, 1966)DNB H. C. G. Matthew, B. H. Harrison, L. Goldman

(eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(Oxford, 2004)

EHD D. Whitelock (ed.), English Historical Documents,2nd edn (London and New York, 1979) i:c.500–1042

EHR English Historical ReviewEinhard, VK Einhard, Vita Karoli [Life of Charlemagne], ed.

O. Holder-Egger, MGH SRG xxv (Hanover,1911), trans. P. Dutton, Charlemagne’s Courtier:The Complete Einhard (Peterborough, ON,1998), and D. Ganz, Two Lives of Charlemagne(Harmondsworth, 2008)

EME Early Medieval EuropeEp., Epp. Epistola, Epistolae [Letter(s)]Fred., Cont. Fredegar, Continuations, ed. and trans. J. M.

Wallace-Hadrill, The Fourth Book of the Chronicleof Fredegar with its Continuations (London, 1960)

HL Paul the Deacon, Historia langobardorum [Historyof the Lombards], ed. L. Bethmann and G.Waitz, MGH SRL (Hanover, 1878), pp. 12–187

HZ Historische ZeitschriftLHF Liber historiae francorum [Book of the History of

the Franks], ed. B. Krusch, MGH SRM ii

(Hanover, 1888), pp. 215–328

LP i, ii Liber pontificalis [Book of the Popes], ed. L.Duchesne, Le Liber pontificalis. Texte, introductionet commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886 and 1892);amplified 3 vol. edn ed. C. Vogel (Paris,1955–7), trans. in three books by R. Davis, TheBook of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis), revisededition (Liverpool, 2000); The Lives of theEighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)






xviii List of abbreviations

(Liverpool, 1992); The Lives of the Ninth-CenturyPopes (Liber Pontificalis) (Liverpool, 1995)

McKitterick, R. McKitterick, History and Memory in theHistory and Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004)

MemoryMGH Monumenta Germaniae historicaMIOG Mitteilungen des Instituts fur Osterreichische

Geschichtsforschungn.s. new seriesNCMH ii R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge

Medieval History ii: c.700–c.900 (Cambridge,1995)

Notker, Gesta Notker Balbulus, Gesta Karoli magni imperatoris,ed. H. F. Haefele, MGH SRG, n.s. 12 (Berlin,1959), trans. D. Ganz, Two Lives of Charlemagne(Harmondsworth, 2008)

P&P Past and PresentPBA Proceedings of the British AcademyPBSR Papers of the British School at RomePL Patrologia Latina: Patrologia Cursus Completus,

Series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, 221 vols. (Paris,1841–66)

Poet. PoetaeQFIAB Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven

und BibliothekenRegino, Regino of Prum, Chronicon, ed. F. Kurze,

Chronicle MGH SRG l (Hanover, 1890), trans. S.MacLean, History and Politics in Late Carolingianand Ottonian Europe: the Chronicle of Regino ofPrum and Adalbert of Magdeburg (Manchester,2009)

s.a. sub annos.n. sub nomineSRG Scriptores rerum GermanicarumSRL Scriptores rerum LangobardicarumSRM Scriptores rerum MerovingicarumSS ScriptoresStory (ed.), J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne: Empire and Society

Charlemagne (Manchester and New York, 2005)TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society






List of abbreviations xix

UBF E. E. Stengel (ed.), Urkundenbuch des KlostersFulda. Veroffentlichungen der historischenKommission fur Hessen und Waldeck 19

(Marburg, 1936)UBMR H. Beyer, L. Eltester and A. Goerz (eds.),

Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der jetzt diePreußischen regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trierbildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien i: Von denaltesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169 (Koblenz, 1860)

VMPIG Veroffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts furGeschichte






ArnulfBp of Metz

Pippin I

Ansegisel

Begga Grimoald

Childebert ‘theAdopted’ d.662

Pippin IId.714

Mayor of the palacem. 1. Plectrude

2. Alpaida

Charles Martel (2)b.688, d.741

Mayor of the palace

Pippin IIIb.714/15, d.768

K of the Franks 751

Charles (Charlemagne)b.747/8, d.814

K of the Franks 768K of the Lombards 774

Emperor 800

Louis ‘the Pious’b.778, d.840

K in Aquitaine 781Emperor 813

Louis ‘the German’b. c.806, d.876

K in Bavaria 817K in E. Francia 833

Karlmannb. c.830, d.800

K in Bavaria 876K in Italy 877abdicated 879

Arnulf, d.899K in E. Francia 888

Emperor 896

Louis ‘the Child’b.893, d.911

K in E. Francia 900

Drogo (1)d.707

Grimoald (1)d.714

Carlomanmonk from 748

d.755

Grifod.753

Carlomand.771

K of the Franks 768

Lothar Ib. c.795, d.855

K 814K in Italy 822Emperor 833

Pippin Ib. c.797, d.838

K in Aquitaine 814

Pippin(‘Carloman’ until 781)

b.777, d.810

(at least) 16 otherchildren

Childebrandd.751

Chiltrudem. Odilo, Duke of the

Bavarians

Charles‘the Younger’b.772/3, d.811

Pippin‘the Hunchback’

b.770, d.811

TassiloDuke of the Bavarians 748

deposed 788

Charles ‘the Bald’b.823, d.877

K in Neustria 838K in W. Francia 840

K in Italy 875Emperor 875

Louis IIb.825, d.875Emperor 855

Lothar IIb.835, d.869

K in Lotharingia 855

Louis ‘the Younger’b. c.835, d.882K in Franconia 876K in Bavaria 879K in Lotharingia 880

Charlesb.845, d.863

K inProvence

Charles ‘the Fat’b.839, d.888

K in Alemannia 876K in Italy 879Emperor 881

K in Franconia, Saxony,Bavaria 882

K in W. Francia 885

Louis ‘the Stammerer’b.846, d.879

K in W. Francia 877

Louis IIIb. c.863, d.882

K in W. Francia 879

Carloman IIb.866, d.884

K in Aquitaine 879K in W. Francia 882

Charles ‘the Simple’b.879, d.929

K in W. Francia 898deposed 922

Zwentiboldb.870/1, d.900

K in Lotharingia895

Irmingarde

Louis of Provence(‘the Blind’)

b. c.880, d.928K in Provence 890

K in Italy 900Emperor 901

Boso of Provenced.887

K in Provence879–80

b. = bornm. = marriedd. = diedK = kingBp = bishop

Married unionUnmarried union

The Carolingian family (simplified)






Cha

rles

(C

harl

emag

ne)

b.74

7/8,

d.8

14K

ing

of th

e Fr

anks

768

Kin

g of

the

Lom

bard

s 77

4E

mpe

ror

800

Unk

now

n (‘

Ger

perg

a’?)

daug

hter

of

Des

ider

ius,

Kin

g of

the

Lom

bard

sm

.769

Him

iltru

dec.

768

Hild

egar

dda

ught

er o

f C

t Ger

old

m. c

.771

, d.7

83

Fast

rada

daug

hter

of

Ct R

adul

fm

.783

, d.7

94

Unk

now

nM

adel

gard

Ger

svin

dSa

xoni

cige

neri

s

Reg

ina

c.80

0A

dalli

ndc.

806

Liu

tgar

dm

.794

x796

,d.

800

Pipp

in‘t

he H

unch

back

’b.

770,

d.8

11

Cha

rles

‘the

You

nger

’b.

772/

3, d

.811

Ada

lhai

db.

773/

4, d

.774

Rot

rud

b. c

.775

, d.8

10

Pipp

in(‘

Car

lom

an’ u

ntil

781)

b.77

7, d

.810 L

ouis

‘th

e Pi

ous’

b.77

8, d

.840

K in

Aqu

itain

e 78

1E

mpe

ror

813L

otha

rb.

778,

d.77

9/78

0

Gis

ela

b. 7

81,

d. a

fter

800

Hild

egar

db.

782,

d.7

83

Hru

odha

idb.

c.7

84d.

aft

er 8

00 The

odra

dab.

c.7

85, d

.844

Abb

s of

Arg

ente

uil

Hilt

rude

b. c

.787

, d.

afte

r 80

0

Ruo

thild

d.85

2A

bbs

ofFa

rem

outie

rs

Ada

ltrud

eT

heod

eric

b.80

7, d

. aft

er 8

18cl

eric

Dro

go,

b.80

1, d

.855

Abt

of

Lux

euil,

Bp

of M

etz,

Arc

h-ch

apla

in

Hug

o,b.

802/

6, d

.844

Abt

of

St Q

uent

in a

ndSt

Ber

tinA

rch-

chan

cello

r

Ct R

oric

oL

ouis

, b. c

.800

, d.8

67A

bt o

f St

Den

isA

rch-

chan

cello

r

Ber

nard

b. c

.797

, d.8

18K

in I

taly

812

/13

5 da

ught

ers

Nith

ard,

d.8

45C

t, la

y A

bt o

fSt

Riq

uier

Har

tnid

Ang

ilber

t,d.

814

Ric

bod,

d.8

44A

bt o

f St

Riq

uier

Ber

nhar

d, f

l.843

Abt

of

Mou

tier-

St-J

ean

Alp

ais,

b. c

.794

,d.

aft

er 8

52A

rnul

f, b

. c.7

94,

d. a

fter

841

Ct o

f Se

ns

Lot

har

Ib.

c.7

95, d

.855

K 8

14K

in I

taly

822

Em

pero

r 83

3

Pipp

in I

b. c

.797

, d.8

38K

in A

quita

ine

814

Rot

rud

b. c

.800

, d.8

41H

ildeg

ard

b.80

2/4,

d. a

fter

841

Abb

s. o

f N

otre

-Dam

e, L

aon

Lou

is I

I, ‘

the

Ger

man

’b.

c.8

06, d

.876

K in

Bav

aria

817

K in

E. F

ranc

ia 8

33

Gis

ela

b.81

9/82

2, d

. aft

er 8

74C

harl

es I

I, ‘

the

Bal

d’b.

823,

d.8

77K

in N

eust

ria

838

K in

W. F

ranc

ia 8

40K

in I

taly

875

Em

pero

r 87

5

Irm

inga

rd, d

augh

ter

of C

t Ing

ram

m.7

94, d

.818

Judi

th, d

augh

ter

ofC

t Wel

fm

. c.8

19, d

.843

Mar

ried

uni

onU

nmar

ried

uni

on

b. =

bor

nm

. = m

arri

edd.

= d

ied

fl. =

flo

uris

hed

K =

kin

gC

t = c

ount

Abt

/Abb

s =

abbo

t/abb

ess

Bp

= bi

shop

Ber

tha

b.77

9/80

,d.

aft

er 8

23

The

child

ren

and

gran

dchi

ldre

nof

Cha

rlem

agne






0

0

500 km250

300 miles200100

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

N o r t hS e a

TyrrhenianSea

B a l ti c

Se

a

Ad

r i a t i cS e a

A t l a s M o u n t a i n s

Cantabrian MtsP y r enees

Sierra Morena

Sierra Nevada

Ap

e

nn

in

es

Dinar ic

Alps

A

lp s

Carpathians

Massif

Central

Ardennes

Ju

r a

Sudeten

Vos

ges

IonianSea

Iberian Peninsula

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Over 6000 ft

3000 – 6000 ft

1500 – 3000 ft

600 – 1500 ft

Under 600 ft

Map 1. Europe (relief)




