Cambridge U nive rsit y Pre ss Power, Index More informationassets.cambridge.org/97805216/20949/index/9780521620949_index.pdf · Beyan-ı Menazil-i Sefer-i Irakeyn (Mecmua-i Menazil),

665

Abbasid caliphate, 415–16‘Abbas I (Safavid shah), 41–2, 53–4, 138–9Abdüllatif Çelebi. See LatifíAbdülvehhab Efendi, 193–5Abdüssamed Diyarbekri, 29absolutism

architecture as reflection of, 465central European dynasties’ adoption of,

251–2domestic borrowing rejected by Ottoman,

256–8Ottoman expansion and role of, 248–52

Abu Bakir Darani, 147–8Abu Hanıfa, 339–40Abūl-Fidā al-Hamawi, 422Acem Alisi (Alaüddin), 511Aceman, 494action radius, military strategy and importance

of, 279adaletnames ( justice edicts), 334–7Addi Quarro, battle of, 184Aden, Ottoman control of, 177–9Adja’ib al-makhluqatwa ghara’ib al-mawdjudat

(Wonders of creation and marvels of existence), 540–2

administrative structure in Ottoman Empire

beylerbeylik of Egypt and Hijaz and, 186–90capital formation in Ottoman polity and,

262–7economic policies and ideology and, 258–62financial administrative shortcomings and

collection cost increases, 254–6governance in Ottoman Empire and, 205–40institutions of government and, 222–32in post-conquest Ottoman regions, 63–4private profit limitations and, 267–9sultan’s authority and, 207–18

timar system and, 293–6. See also bureaucracy in Ottoman Empire

Aegean Islands Ottoman raids on, 141–8Ottoman western Mediterranean expansion

and domination of, 155–70Venetian attacks on, 152

ağa bölükleri, janissary restructuring as, 282–4ağas, architectural projects by, 472age data, population demographics

based on, 363agriculture

harvest cycle and, 416nomad involvement in, 398–401

Ahbar ad-duwal wa atar, 449–50ahi confraternities, 466–70ahidname

Ottoman economic policy and granting of, 261

trade policies and, 6–7Ahlak-ı Alâî (Kınalızade), 435–8Ahmad b. Majid, 425, 426–7Ahmed (son of Bayezid II), 30–2, 103–4, 105,

207–8Ahmed Bey (nazır-ı emval), 193–5Ahmed I (1603–17), 454–5

judiciary corruption and, 334–7Ahmedi, 446Ahmed Karahisari Qur’an, 498–501Ahmed Pașa, 32, 114–15, 184

gazel poetry and, 568–70poetic discourses of, 583–6

Ahval-i kiyamet, 454–5Aja’ib al-makhluqat, 412–15Akbar (1542–1605), 348–9Akdağ, Mustafa, 116, 384, 385–6Akhlaq-i Jalali (Dawwani), 435Akhlaq-i Nasiri (Nasiruddin Tusi), 435

Index

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Index

666

Akkerman Bayezid II and, 27–8, 50–1Ottoman occupation of, 9

Akkoyunlu, Turkoman confederation architecture of, 474decorative aesthetic of, 474–86, 490–1expansion in Anatolia of, 276–7Mamluks and, 86–91Ottoman expansion in, 10, 26, 79–81, 85–91

Ak Şemseddin, 324, 343Alanya, Ottoman capture of, 144Alaüddevle, 28–9, 30–2, 89–90, 92, 94

Selim I/Isma’il war and, 108, 110–13Al-‘Aylam az-zahir fi ahwa ‘il wa l’awahir

(Cenabi), 449–50Alba Iulia, treaty of, 37–8Albania

migration from, 394–5Ottoman expansion into, 25, 28Skanderbeg uprising in, 9–10

Aleppo Selim I’s conquest of, 475urbanization and population growth in,

379–82Alexander VI (Pope), 27–30, 69–70al faraj ba’d al-shidda (relief after distress), 427Alfonso, D., 199Ali Dede Sigetvarî, 342–3Ali Ekber, 425–6Ali Kuşçu, 415–16Alkas Mirza, 36–7, 123–5Al-Malik al-Ashraf Inal, 347–8Al-manhaj al-sawi wa l’manhal al-rawi fi l-tibb

al-nabawī (Suyuti), 432Al-miftah al-jafr al-jami (Bistami text), 491–2alum mines, 142–3Amasya

calligraphy and book arts in, 478–9palace complex in, 462, 466, 469poetry in court of, 581–3treaty of (1555), 38–9, 41, 126–32, 340

America, Ottoman knowledge of, 425–6Amr ibn Davud, 179–80Amir Khusrav Dehlavi, 488–90Anatolia

architecture in, 474auxiliary forces in, 296–7bandit armies in, 386–7Bayezid II’s incursions into, 28–9carpet production and export in, 484–5

grain harvests in, 383internal disorder in 1526–9 in, 228Islam’s roots in, 320–1judiciary system in, 328–9Mediterranean coastline seized, 144Mehmed II’s administration of, 74–91nomad migration from, 398–401Ottoman expansion and control in, 74–96in poetry, 574–5population demographics in, 375–9, 385–6post-conquest rebellion in, 211–12provincial government in, 225–6revolt in 1520 in, 115–17Selim I and, 30–2, 107Süleyman and, 32–3, 34, 44See also Rum

Ancona, 261–2, 270–1Angelović, Mikhail, 23–4Angiolello, Giovan Maria, 144n23, 146n40,

149n68, 152–3Anis al-‘Ushshaq (Ramii), 581–3Antalya, Venetian attack on, 144antinomian beliefs, 343

of ulemas, syncretism with Islam, 320–1Arabic

influence on Rum literary tradition of, 552–5, 558n29, 558–60, 559n34

learning tools for, 560–2in Ottoman historical sources, 4prose structure and, 562–5

d’Aramon, Gabriel (French ambassador), 161, 162–3, 163n179

archaeometry, Ottoman historical sources and, 15–16

archeology, Ottoman historical sources and, 15–16architecture

in Bayezid II’s reign, 8–9elites’ patronage and advancement of, 466–70,

472–4, 491–528imperial aesthetic in, 510–28monumental cursive scripts and, 480Ottoman religious architecture, 407–8political transformation and imperial ethos

reflected in, 459–74representations of power in, 529–32in Rum, 556n25

Armenians under Mehmed II, 322–5population data on, 369–70

army judges. See kadıaskers






Index

667

army of the Ottoman Empire auxiliary forces in, 296–7deployments in 1453 campaign and, 303fortress garrisons in, 297–302historiography concerning, 280–2janissaries as land force of, 282–4salaried horsemen in, 284–6sipahis in, 286–96

artisan production costs of war and conquest and drafting of, 14decorative aesthetic and, 474–86longevity of Ottoman political economy and,

272–4ornament aesthetic and, 493–504profit limitations on, 267regional trading and, 6–7sürgün migrations and, 391–2

arts in Bayezid II’s reign, 8–9imperial image articulated in, 491–528Ottoman literary discourse on, 544–7visual arts, 457–60See also architecture; literary production and

tradition; visual artsaruz metric form, poetry in, 567, 581–3Asafname (Lütfi Paşa), 434–5ashlar masonry, in Ottoman architecture, 469Asian Mode of Production, imperial revenues

and expenditures and, 246Aşik Çelebi, 445–6, 548, 559–60, 567

biographical dictionary of, 589–91discourses on poetry by, 559n34, 584, 590n123

Aşikpaşazade, Ottoman chronicler, 409on Bayezid II, 113historical narratives of, 3–4, 447–8on Mehmed II, 74–5, 75n5, 77–8, 80, 81, 92–3prose style of, 562–5

askeri. See military administrative class (askeri)Assmann, Jan, 439astrology, Ottoman interest in, 416–18

prognostications and end of time predictions and, 453–5

astronomy, Ottoman knowledge of, 415–20Astuacatar, 322–5Atayi, Nevizade, 332, 342, 576–8Athar al-bilad, 412–13Atjeh, Sultan of, 243–4atlases, Ottoman production of, 421–3Attar (scholar and writer), 560–2, 576–8attraction (mahabbet), Ottoman principle of, 435–8

Aulic War Council, 316–17autobiography

in poetry, 572–6in prose, 576–8, 578n90

auxiliary military forces in Ottoman Empire, 303avariz registers

costs of war and conquest and, 13–15population data from, 363–5

Ayalon, David 117Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia) church/mosque, 324,

378–9, 415–16, 465–6artistic images of, 534–43

Ayas Paşa, 452Aydınoğulları, history of, 449Aynı Ali, 214–15, 434–5Ayşe Sultan, 539azeb (azab), 307–8

Baba İlyas-ı Horasani, 321Baba Nakkaş ceramics, 476–80Baba Zul-Nun, 340Babai uprising, 321, 346–7babas (spiritual leaders), 321Baghdad, as cultural center, 542–3al-Baghdadi, 325–6Baharistan (Land of Spring) ( Jami), 538, 586–9Bahjatu t-tawarikh (Şükrullah), 449Bahrü‘l-Ma’arif (The Sea of Knowledge), 581–3Baki (poet), 218–19, 432, 568–70, 578–9Baykara meclisi (literary gathering), 555n22Balastero, Andrea, 151Balbi, Nicolò, 166Balbi da Correggio, 164n192, 164–5Balım Sultan, 346–7Balkans

Catholic population in, 370–2cizye payments in, 363–5forced migrations from, 390–3gazi architectural projects in, 473Islamization in, 374–5nomad migration from Anatolia to, 398–401in official illustrated histories, 508–9Ottoman expansion into, 249–52, 256–8population data for, 370, 372timar system in, 287 See also Albania; Bosnia; Hungary

bandit armies, integration of, 386–7Barakat II b. Muhammad b. Barakat (Şerif of

Mecca), 349–50Barbaro, Giosafatte, 84






Index

668

Barbarossa/Barbaros. See HayreddinBarbera, Benedicto, 150Barbosa, Duarte, 189–90Barendse, René J. 196–7Barkan, Ömer Lütfi, 246, 262–3, 267, 361–2, 375–6Barkey, Karen, 386–7Basra, beylerbeylik established in, 181–2, 352–4Bathori, Stephen, 42, 53–4Battalname, 441–2, 552–5Bayezid (son of Süleyman), 38–9, 126, 127–8,

207–8, 220, 238–9Bayezid I (1389–1402), 2, 9, 347–8

Byzantines and, 395Timur’s attacks on, 365–6

Bayezid II (1481–1512) administrative legacy of, 239–40anonymous texts concerning, 2–3architecture in reign of, 8–9, 466, 472, 477–69art in reign of, 8–9, 487–90astronomers in court of, 417calligraphy and book arts under, 478–9collections of art and manuscript in reign

of, 476colleges founded by, 333–4Halvetiye religious order and, 342Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234–6historical writing in reign of, 439history of reign of, 27–30, 45, 173–5janissaries under, 216–17land and tax laws under, 237leadership style of, 219–20legal system under, 325–6library of, 409literary patronage in reign of, 552–6, 562–5Mamluks and, 91–6Mediterranean expansion under, 148–55Mehmed II and, 22as Mehmed II’s successor, 148naval forces under, 304periodization in regime of, 50–2population growth under, 375–9Quaytbay and, 94–6religious institutions in reign of, 339–40, 346–7rivalry with Cem (brother), 27–30, 50–2, 91–6,

148–9, 149n68, 207–8scholarly and literary activities sponsored

by, 3Selim’s rebellion against, 444Shah Isma’il, 102–4, 105–6standing army under, 282–4

state expansion under, 19–20Sunni Islam under, 11

Bayındır (Emir), 474Baykara, Hüseyin, 555–6Bayrami dervish order, 321, 324, 343

illicit branches of, 343–7Baysungur, 86Bedayiü‘l-Asar (Most Ornate Stories), 576–8Bektaşi, 321, 345, 346–7, 372–3, 441–2belagat poetic technique, 584–5Bergama, carpet production in, 484–5Beyan-ı Menazil-i Sefer-i Irakeyn (Mecmua-i

Menazil), 505–7beylerbeylik

of Egypt and the Hijaz, 186–90establishment in Basra of, 181–2establishment in Yemen of, 179–80, 181, 191–3of Ethiopia, 193–5provincial government structure, 225–6

beylerbeyis architectural projects of, 472–3governmental duties of, 226–32judiciary as check on, 232–3

biographical dictionaries development in Rum of, 548–51, 559–60histories of Rum poets as, 586–92table of, 588–92

Birgevi Mehmed b. Pir Ali, 341–3, 411, 432–3Bistami, Abd al-Rahman al-, 491–2, 539–40Blackburn, Richard, 191Black Sea

Mehmed II’s expansion in, 79, 144–5Ottoman expansion in, 25–6, 52, 57–9piracy in, 74–5

Blount, Henry, 171–2Bocskai, István, 63–4Bodrum, 154body and health, Ottoman knowledge of, 430–3book arts

manuscript culture in Rum and, 551n8 See also calligraphy and book arts

Book of Dede Korkut, 441–2Book of Forty Questions, 414–15border agreements, Ottoman terms for, 13border regions in Ottoman Empire

geographic knowledge and, 421–3migration patterns in, 396–8

Bosnian kingdom fortress garrisons in, 300Islamization in, 374–5






Index

669

Ottoman expansion into, 9–10, 22–3, 49–50as Ottoman province, 225–6

Botero, Giovanni, 248–9Boxer, C. R., 195–6, 198Brahe, Tycho, 419Branković, George, 22, 23–4Branković, Lazar, 23–4Braudel, Fernand, 174–5, 195–6, 197–8, 361Brummett, Palmira, 21, 44–73Buonrizzo, Alvise, 166–7Burak Reis, 149–50, 151bureaucratization in Ottoman Empire

architectural influence of, 511–13, 527–8as historical source, 5impact of war on, 55–7institutions of government and, 222–32integration of military and, 65–8Ottoman capital formation and servile status

of bureaucrats, 263Ottoman Red Sea expansion and importance

of, 185–6post-conquest administration, 63–4prose structure development and, 562–5state stability linked to, 20structural reforms in, 100 See also beylerbeylik

Bursa caravansarys in, 472economic productivity in, 273historical sources on, 5kadı hierarchy in, 328, 332–4population estimates for, 376private profit limitations in, 268slave population in, 370textile production in, 481

Busbecq, Ogier Ghislain de (Habsburg ambassador), 121–2, 126–7, 163–4, 248

on plague outbreaks, 365–6Byzantine Empire

decline of, 276–7migration patterns in, 395Ottoman identification with, 241–2

Cafer Paşa, 170–1Caffa (Kefe), Ottoman capture of, 144–5Cairo

cultural influence of, 475fortress garrisons in, 301–2kadı hierarchy in, 332–4Mamluk presence in, 174–5

Ottoman development of, 45urbanization and population growth in,

379–82Çaldıran, battle of (1514), 19–20, 30–2, 109–10caliphate

declining status of, 350Ottoman legal theory and, 325–6social order and position of, 437–8

calligraphy and book arts, 476–80ornament aesthetic and, 493–504

Cami’ün-Neza’ir (A Compilation of Parallel Poems), 580–1

Campanella, Tommaso, 396canal construction, Selim II’s initiatives for, 39–40Canale, Nicolò da, 25, 144n23Canatar, Mehmet, 366–7Çandarlı dynasty, 212–13, 321, 337–8Çandarlı Halil, 212–13Çandarlı İbrahim, 212–13cannon foundries, Ottoman armanents

technology and, 309–10Caoursin, 148capital formation, Ottoman economic policies

and, 262–7Capsali, Moses, 322–5captives of Ottoman soldiers, forced migration

of, 387–90Caraldo, Pero, 177–9caravansarys, pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4Carlos V (King of Spain), 177–9carpet production, 484–5, 501Castaldo, Giovan Battista, 37–8castles, fortress garrisons in, 297–302Cateau-Cambrésis, peace of, 38–9, 121–2Catholics in Ottoman Empire

Orthodox Christians’ dispute with, 374population data for, 370–1

Cavalli, Marino, 156–7cavalry in Ottoman army, 284–6cebecis in Ottoman army, 285–6cebelis, timar system and, 293–6Celâleddîn-i Rumi, 343, 576–8celalis, 43, 55, 386–7Celalzade Mustafa Çelebi

administrative legacy of, 239–40dynastic rivalries and, 209–10, 223–4as historical source, 4, 70–3, 100histories written by, 444–5, 452prose works by, 562–5

Çelebi Paşa, 572–6, 581–3






Index

670

celep appointments military provisioning system and, 310Ottoman capital formation and, 264–5,

269–72, 273, 274–5Celvetiye dervishes, 343cemaat (artisan communities), 493–504cemaat ( janissary corps), 400cemaat-i nakkaşan, 493, 494Cemili (poet), 579–80Cem Sultan, 9–10, 45

Bayezid II rivalry with, 27–30, 50–2, 91–6, 148–9, 149n68, 207–8, 472

calligraphy and book arts in court of, 476–80execution of sons of, 221in Italy, 425literature commissioned by, 434pilgrimage to Mecca of, 351–2

Cenabi, 449–50Cenderecizade Mehmed, 546–7ceramics

ceramic tile, architectural incorporation of, 470–2, 511

decorative aesthetic of, 480–1, 496, 501–4faience pottery, 8–9

Çeşme, 152Chagatai language, poetry in, 555–6, 557n27,

580n96Charles V (King of Spain and Holy Roman

Emperor), 12, 32–3, 35–6, 159–64domestic borrowing under, 252–3power aspirations of, 277Süleyman I’s campaign against, 51–2, 67–8,

241–2Charles VIII (King of France), 27–30China

knowledge of astronomy in, 415–16Ottoman travel narratives on, 425–6

Chios island, Ottoman capture of, 142n59–148, 142–3, 165–6

Christianity in Ottoman Europe, 65–8Ottoman expansion and, 11in Ottoman paintings, 543Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 173–5Ottoman tolerance of, 248–50Red Sea expansion by Ottoman Empire and,

176–7rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and, 69–70tolerance in Istanbul of, 322–5Uzun Hasan’s relations with, 84

warfare justified as defense against, 277–80

See also Orthodox Christianity; ProtestantsChronology of Ottoman history, xvii–xxiçift, Ottoman laws relating to, 236–7Ciğalazade Sinan Paşa, 137, 170–1, 215–16Cihannüma (Katip Çelebi), 423Cihannüma (Neşri), 449Cinani (poet), 576–8Ciudadela, 163–4cizye registers, population data from, 363–5‘classical age’, Ottoman history in context of, 2classicism, Ottoman visual arts and, 457–8climes (iqlim), Ottoman system of, 420–1, 422coffee trading, Ottoman Red Sea expansion

and, 185collective homage, in Ottoman

conquests, 48–9college system in Ottoman empire, 326–32

ulema career path through, 332–4‘command economy’, interregional/ inter-

empire trading and, 6–7commentaries (şerh) on poetry, 581–3communication systems in Ottoman Empire,

intermediaries in trans-imperial zone and, 61–2

conquest historial definitions of, 48–9rhetoric for proclamation of, 70–3territorial incorporation following, 211–12

Constantine XI, Mehmed II’s alliance with, 22Constantinople. See IstanbulConstitution Livornina, 261–2Contarini, Paolo, 168–9Conti, Sigismondo de’, 145–6Cook, Michael A., 385–6Copernicus, 419–20Coptic Christians, 369–70Corfu, Ottoman attack on, 149–50, 159–60Corinth, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4Coron (Korone), 150–3, 155Correia, Gaspar, 181Correr, Giovanni, 131–2corsairs

Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and, 146–7, 149–50, 155–70

protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2raids by, 153 See also levends in naval fighting force

Corsaro, Zuan Monaco, 146–7






Index

671

corvée (feudal obligation), Ottoman abolishment of, 250

Corvinus, Matthias (King of Hungary), 23–4, 28cosmography

as encyclopaedia, 412–15geographic knowledge and, 422in illustrated manuscripts, 540–2Ottoman historiography and, 440timekeeping and, 416

Cossack raids, 398costs of war and conquest in Ottoman

Empire, 13–15Counterreformation, 249, 370–2court culture and politics

decorative aesthetic and, 474–86ornament aesthetic and, 493–504

‘courtyard of the eight’ (sahn-i seman/semaniye), 324

Couto, Dejanirah, 196–7, 198Crépy, treaty of, 161Crete

Mehmed IV’s occupation of, 172Ottoman attack on, 166–70

Crimea, khanate of, 9, 52, 77–8criminal justice, Ottoman law concerning, 235criminals, in naval fighting forces, 307–8cultural tradition

geography and, 422gift exchange in, 474–86ornament aesthetic and, 493–504representations of power in, 528–43visual arts and, 458–9

Cüneyd, 97–8, 100–1cursus honorum (legal education), 332–4,

348–9, 354. See also legal infrastructure in Ottoman Empire

customs duties, in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 194–5Cyprus

judicial consultations on proposed conquest of, 330–1

Ottoman occupation of, 39–40, 57–9, 166–70, 352–4

sürgün resettlements in, 391–2

Dahlak, Ottoman occupation of, 182–3Damascus

textile production in, 481urbanization and population growth in, 379–82

‘Damascus wares’, 501–4al-Damiri, 429

Danişmendname, 441–2Danube river, as Ottoman zone of operation,

57–9Darir, Mustafa, 539–40d’Aubusson, Pierre, 93–4Dávid, Géza, 19–20David of Trabzon, 75–7Davud Ağa, 530, 546–7Davud Paşa, 28–30, 93–4Dawlat-shah (poet), 586–9decorative aesthetic

defined, 493–504Ottoman artisan production and,

474–86defter (register, inventory)

pepper and spice trade figures in, 200–1in Yemen beylerbeylik, 191–3

defterdars (finance officers) governmental duties of, 222–32as provincial governors, 226–7

Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, 434–5Deli Hasan, 43delis (army auxiliary forces), 296–7Delle Navigationi e Viaggi, 423–9Demetrios Palaiologos, 22–3, 24, 212Demirci, Süleyman, 364–5Derviş Eğlence, (storyteller), 576–8dervishes

convents of (zaviye), 462–6illicit orders of, 343–7literature of, 549n5permitted orders of, 341–3ulema as, 320–1 See also Mevlevi (whirling dervishes)

Derviş Paşa, 381Despina Hatun, 76, 79, 98De Venetis, Jacobo, 150devlet el-ebed müddet (perpetual state)

ideology, 274Devletoğlu Yusuf, 558–9devşirme (state levy on non-Muslim boys), 46

cultural and artistic influence of elites drafted from, 459–60, 472

Islamization in Ottoman Europe through, 65–8, 373–4

in Mehmed II regime, 323–4in official illustrated histories, 508–9physiognomy and recruitment practices

for, 433upward mobility through, 216–18, 251






Index

672

disease, population demographics and data on, 365–6

Diu campaign, 179–80, 191–3, 196–7, 198divan (poetry collection)

commentaries on, 582–3gazel poetry, 567–70as historical source, 3, 566n56illuminated manuscripts, 490–1, 538, 544kaside (praise poetry) in, 570–2poetic form and content of, 568

Divan-ı Hümayun Mühimme Defterleri, 187–8divan-ı-hümayun (Imperial Council), 222–32,

248–9, 328judicial decisions by, 329

Divan-ı Husaini, 544Divnić, Juraj, 69–70Diyarbakir, provincial government structure,

225–6Djinggis, Khan, 415–16domestic borrowing system

Ottoman delay in adoption of, 256–8Ottoman revenue adminstration impacted

by, 252–3Donini, 158Don Juan of Austria, 167–8, 169–70Doria, Andrea, 35–6, 155, 161, 162–3, 169Doria, Antonio, 159Doukas, 75–6dry-field agriculture, yield fluctuations in, 5–6Dukakinzade Ahmed Paşa, 212–13Dulgadir, 87–8, 90–1

post-conquest revolt in, 211–12Selim I’s campaign against, 110–13

Dulkadir dynasty, 473–4Durrës, 152Dürr-i Meknun, 413–15, 432–3, 454Düsturname (Enveri), 449Dutch, coffee trade and, 185dynastic families

authority of sultans and, 207–18history of, 445–9kaside (praise poetry) and rise of, 570–2literary patronage by, 552–5, 553n12marriage negotiations and, 210–11

ebced numerical system, 589–91Ebul Fazl Mehmed Çelebi, 337–8Ebul-Hayri Rumi, 434Ebu-Muslimname, 441–2Ebussuud Efendi, 132, 166–7, 221–2, 325–6, 329–30

administrative legacy of, 221, 239–40

Cyprus conquest and advice of, 330–1heresy trials under, 340–1as kadıasker of Rumeli, 233, 237–8Süleyman’s elevation of, 330ulema rules established by, 332

economic policies in Ottoman Empire capital formation and, 262–7expansion and, 41–2, 185–6, 241–6financial administration and changing

conditions in, 254–6historical legacy of, 274–5imperial revenues and expenditures and, 246–8longevity of Ottoman political economy and,

272–4loss of Ottoman supremacy and, 238–9migrations in search of income and, 393–5Ottoman campaigns and, 21population increase, food shortages and

migration, 382–7private profit accumulation limitations in,

267–9provisionism, fiscalism and traditionalism in

Ottoman administration, 258–62in Yemen beylerbeylik, 191–3

Edirne economic productivity in, 273kadı hierarchy in, 328mosque in, 465–6palace complex in, 452, 462, 469, 472

educational institutions language learning tools and, 560–2Rum literary tradition and, 554n20–555,

558n31, 558–60 See also medreses

Eğridirli Hacı Kemal, 580–1Egri fethi Şehnamesi, 538Egypt

beylerbeylik of, 186–90fortress garrisons in, 301–2Ottoman conquest of, 32, 45, 173, 174–5, 322,

348–9political, economic and military importance

to Ottomans of, 185–6Selim I and conquest of, 113, 276–7tax registers and population estimates for, 361 See also Cairo

ehl-i hıref (artisans working for the palace), 493–504

ehl-i kalem (men of the pen), 337–8elites

absolutist regimes and control of, 248






Index

673

architectural patronage and construction by, 472–4, 491–528

charities sponsored by, 472courtly paintings and portraits commissioned

by, 535–6decorative aesthetic influenced by, 476elite vs. folk literatures and, 549n5fiscal inefficiencies in policies of, 256–8gift exchange among, 474–86government role of, 221–2illustrated manuscript patronage by, 532–43influence on architecture of, 459–60interregional/inter-empire trading and, 6–7knowledge production and, 407–8, 415–20military recruitment of, 389–90Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7Ottoman legal structure and, 325–6post-conquest co-optation of, 402Rum literature and poetry and patronage of,

552–5, 553n12 See also ulema (scholar-officials)

encyclopaedias, cosmography and production of, 412–15

Enez Ottoman possession of, 142–3Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4,

144n23England

coffee trade and, 185domestic borrowing in, 256–8economic policy and foreign trade in, 260–1emerging commercial power of, 44, 172, 241,

242–3Ottoman trading and, 6–7revenues and expenditures in, 247

Enveri, 449Eremya Çelebi, 369–70Erünsal, İsmail, 409esham (tax farm shares), 255, 256–8Eskandar Beg Monshi, 121, 130, 214–15Ethiopia, Ottoman presence in, 174–5, 181, 182–3,

184beylerbeylik of, 193–5

Euboea (Negroponte), 142–3Venetian loss of, 9, 25Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4

eunuchs, illustrated histories commissioned by, 538

Europe domestic borrowing system in, 252–3Islamization and, 65–8

military revolution in, 315–19Ottoman economic policy and protectionism

in, 260Ottoman expansion in, 44–73post-conquest Ottoman administration in,

63–4Evliya Çelebi, 413–15Evrenosoğlu family, 212–14, 226–32, 473executions

dynastic security and practice of, 207–8, 209–10

sultan’s role in, 221expansion of Ottoman Empire

characteristics of, 62–8conquest and administration patterns in, 63–4definitions and terminology, 46–9Eastern expansion and consolidation, 104–25political factors in, 248–52in Red Sea, 173–201rhetoric of, 68–73trans-imperial zones and frontiers in, 59–60zones, stages and context of, 57–62

expenditures. See revenues and expendituresexplosive devices, military development of,

285–6exports, Ottoman economic policy and role

of, 259eyalet system (provinces), 185–6

Fadullah b Ruzbihan Khunji, 98faience pottery, 8–9Farah, Caesar, 191Fatih socio-religious complex, 462–6Fatima Sultan, 539Fenarizade Muhyiddin Çelebi, 555–6Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 32–4, 35–6, 37–8

Holy League and, 159–60Süleyman’s campaign against, 51–2

Ferdinand I, Duke of Tuscany, 261–2Ferhad Paşa, 41, 137, 221–2Feridun Ahmed Bey, 4, 533, 544fermans (sultanic commands), 187–8Ferrante (King of Naples), 144Ferrara, Constanzo da, 486–7fesahat poetic technique, 584–5fetvas (legal opinions)

against astronomy and astrology, 415legal authority of, 234–5, 330

Figueira, Luiz, 181–2Filarete (Florentine architect), 465Fil Yakup Paşa, 118–19






Index

674

financial policies of Ottoman regimes capital formation in Ottoman polity and,

262–7collection cost increases and administrative

shortcomings, 254–6economics and, 258–62, 269–72, 274–5‘financial revolution’ in Europe and, 252–3imperial revenues and expenditures and,

246–8inefficiencies in, 256–8longevity of Ottoman political economy and,

272–4private profit limitations in, 267–9ulema involvement in, 337–8

Firdevsi, 488–90firearms, Ottoman use of, 173, 174–5

armaments technology development and, 309–10

army restructuring based on, 284artillery units in Ottoman army and, 284–6

Firuz Ağa, 476–80Flanders, domestic borrowing system in, 252–3,

256–8Fleet, Kate, 19–43Fleischer, Cornell, 450Flemming, Barbara, 64–5folkloric practices

elite vs. folk literatures, 549n5Ottoman medical practices and, 432vilayetname folk legends and, 441–2, 443

food supplies migration due to shortages in, 393–5population demographics and, 382–7

fortresses army garrisons in, 297–302living conditions for soldiers in, 313–15Ottoman expansion and role of, 60–1

Foscolo, Andrea, 153Fourth Crusade, 9Fra Bernardino (corsair), 153France

armaments technology in, 309–10domestic borrowing system in, 252–3emerging commercial power of, 242–3Ottoman alliances with, 32–3, 38–9, 159–64Ottoman trading and, 6–7public debt in, 252–3revenues and expenditures in, 247

François I, 35–6, 159–64fratricide, dynastic disputes and practices of,

207–8

free market conditions longevity of Ottoman political economy and,

272–4Ottoman economic policy and role of, 260

frontier narratives, Ottoman historiography and, 441–2

Fürkatname (Halili), 572–6Fuzuli, 440–1

galatat dictionaries, 560–2Galateo, Antonio De Ferrariis, 146, 148Garcia de Noronha, D., 180Garzoni, Costantino, 168–9Gattilusio, Dorino, 147Gattilusio, Nicolò, 147–8Gazali (poet), 576–8Gazanfer Ağa, 538gazavatname histories, 537–8, 539, 574n81gazel poetry

form and content of, 567–70by Süleyman I, 578–86

Gazi Umur Bey, 146–7Gedik Ahmed Paşa, 85

execution of, 209–10, 221Mehmed II and, 22, 145–8mosque of, 466–70Ottoman expansion and, 26, 149

gedikli zeamets, 292Gelibolu (Gallipoli), shipyards in, 305Gelibolulu, Mustafa Ali, 4, 168, 350,

417, 421gazel poetry by, 568–70on Iran-Ottoman relations, 139–40Künhü‘l-ahbar (world history) by, 450–1Menakıb-ı Hünerveran of, 494, 544–6Nusretname of, 537–8, 542Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and, 172painting and, 544prose by, 562–5, 563n48, 564n52–65statecraft manual by, 434–5on Turkish language in Rum, 556–8, 557n27

Genç, Mehmet, 246, 258–62, 267, 269–72Gencine-i Feth-i Gence, 538Genoa, public debt in, 252–3geography

in illustrated manuscripts, 504–9, 540–2of Ottoman expansion, configurations and

zones of, 57–9in Ottoman historical sources, 5Ottoman knowledge, 420–3spheres of operation and, 70–3






Index

675

travel and Western culture and expanded knowledge of, 423–9

Georgia, Ottoman occupation of, 41, 105Gerber, Haim, 268Gerlach, Stephan, 142n59–148, 170al-Ghazālī, 434gift exchange, artisan production and influence

of, 474–86Giray dynasty, 399–400girih (decorative interlace), 475–6Giustiniani, Gieronimo, 165–6Göde Ahmed Bey, 85–6Godhino, Vitorino Magalhães, 177–9, 195–6, 197Golden Horn aesthetic style in faience, 496governance structures in Ottoman Empire,

205–40divan-ı-hümayun (Imperial Council), 222–32institutions of government and, 222–32processes of government and, 218–38sultan’s authority and, 207–18

grain harvests and shipments beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 188–9food supply estimates and, 382–7protection in Mediterranean of, 171–2

grave registration, 334–7Grimani, Antonio, 151Gritti, Battista, 144–5Gülistan (Sadi), 560–2, 576–8, 578n90, 582gunpowder mills (baruthane), Ottoman

armanents technology and, 309–10

Habsburgs Counterreformation initiated by, 249–50European military revolution and, 315–19Mehmed III and, 42–3migration patterns in border regions near,

396–8military parity with Ottomans of, 277Murad III and, 42Ottoman confrontation with, 45, 50–2Ottoman Empire rivalry with, 241–2Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and

conflict with, 159–64piracy sponsored by, 14–15serfdom under, 250Süleyman and, 32–3, 38–9War Council of, 251–2 See also Holy Roman Empire

Hacı Bektaş, 346–7, 441–2, 473Hadidi, 100–1Hadikatü‘ssu’ada (Fuzûlî), 440–1

hâdim al-haramayn (servitor of the two holy sanctuaries), sultans as, 349–52

Hadım Ali Paşa, 30Hadım Süleyman Paşa, 177–9, 191Hadis-i nev, 425–6Hafez (poet), 582–3Hagia Sophia. See Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia)

church/mosquehagiographies

Ottoman historiography and, 434of poets, 445–6

Hakim İshak, 340–1Halife, Hasan, 103–4Halife Çelebi, 472–4Halil, Çandarli, 22–3, 97–8, 321Halili (penname), 572–6Halvetiye order of dervishes, 342, 443

persecution of, 345Sunni ‘right belief ’ defended by, 342–3

Hamdallah Mustawfi, 422Hamon, Moses, 432Hamza Bali, 342–3, 344–5Hamza Saru Görez, Müftü, 107, 142–3, 221–2Hanbalis, 348–9Hanefi school of Islamic law, 234–6, 238, 320–1,

325–6, 348–9Haniwaldanus, anonymous author, 94–6Haremeyn, beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 187–8Hasan Bey, 75–6Hasan Paşa, 43, 542–3Hasb-i Hal (Nev’i), 567hass, tax and population data and, 358–60Hass Murad Paşa, 212–13hatayi decorative aesthetic, 475–6, 495, 501–4Hayali (poet), 568–70, 582–3Hayat al-hayavan (al-Damiri), 429Haydar (son of Tahmasp), 132–3Haydar the Geomancer, 454–5Hayreddin Bey, 178Hayreddin Reis (Hayreddin Paşa), 12, 153, 225–6,

509Charles V and, 12, 35–6as naval commander, 306western Mediterranean expansion and, 155–70

hazine (treasury), cultural production and, 493health, Ottoman knowledge of, 430–3Heberer von Bretten, Johann Michael, 171–2, 387Heinen, Anton, 412–13heliocentric systems, Ottoman disinterest in,

419–20Hemden Paşa, 108






Index

676

Henri II (King of France), 38–9, 161–2heroic stories, as historical source, 3–4Hersekzade Ahmed Paşa, 28–9, 210–11, 212–13,

239–40Heşt Behişt (Amir Khusrav Dehlavi), 488–90Heşt Bihişt (Bidlisi), 448Heşt Bihişt (Eight Gardens of Paradise) (Sehi

Bey), 445–6, 586heterodoxy, in Sunni Islam, 338–47Hevesname (Book of Desire) (Cafer Çelebi),

572–6, 584–5Hevesname (Book of Desire) (Paşa Çelebi), 572–6,

581–3Hidaya (al-Marghinani), 327–8Hijaz

beylerbeylik of, 186–90Ottoman relations with, 173–5, 185–6pilgrimages to, 347–8

Hijra (627–28), 330–1hilat (honour robes), 474–86historical overview of Ottoman Empire

from 1451 to 1603, 19–431451 to mid-sixteenth century, 22–36mid-sixteenth century to 1603, 36–43

historiography of Ottoman Empire archaeometry and, 15–16army structure and history, 280–2coverage of international trade and, 195–201definitions of conquest in, 48–9definitions of Europe and expansion in, 46–9dynastic history and, 445–9in illustrated manuscripts, 504–9, 529–43imperial revenues and expenditures, data on,

246–8official court historiographers and, 508–9Ottoman concepts of time and, 439–45pepper and spice trade data and, 199–201rhetoric of expansion and, 68–73stereotyping of Ottoman Empire and, 1world history and, 449–53zones, stages, and contexts of, 57–62

Hızır Bey, 76, 193–5Hoca Sadeddin, 81–2, 101, 112, 419, 448–9, 452Holy Apostles, Byzantine Church, Ottoman

complex on site of, 462–6Holy League including Venice, 35–6, 39–40, 53–4,

159–60, 167–8, 169Holy Roman Empire

governance in, 248–9Ottoman Empire ambitions and,

241–2

holy war doctrine, Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80

House of Osman, historical narratives of, 451–2Hud (Arabian prophet), 440Hülägü (son of Chingiss Han), 415–16humouralism

Kınalızade’s discussion of, 435–7in Ottoman knowledge of body and health,

430–3Hundi Hatun, 210–11Hünername (Book of Arts and Skills), 72–3,

533–4, 537Hungary

Catholic population in, 370–2cizye payments in, 363–5economic importance of, 67–8European military revolution and, 315–19fortress garrisons in, 297–302janissary participation in campaign for, 283Mehmed II’s focus on, 144–5, 276–7naval river flotillas in, 308Ottoman expansion in, 23–4, 28, 32–3, 38–9,

42–3, 51–2Ottoman military strategy concerning, 279population estimates for, 376serfdom in, 250timar system in, 288–96

Hunyadi, John, 22Hürrem Sultan/Roxelana (wife of Süleyman I),

37–8, 125, 210–11, 388–9architectural projects influenced by, 511,

516–19Hurufis, 321, 346–7Husayn Bayqara, 490–1Hüsameddin Ankaravi, 344–5Hüseyin Ağa, 472Hüseyin (Emir), 174–5, 177–9Hüseyin Hezarfen, 331–2, 336–7Hüseyin Paşa, 193–5Hüsrev and Şirin, 572–6, 573n74Hüsrev Paşa, 133, 380–1Hütteroth, Wolf Dieter, 385–6

İbn el-Hac Hasan, 333–4Ibn Iyas, 30–2, 112İbn Kemal. See Kemapaşazadeİbn Khaldun, 450–1Ibn Taymiyya, 341–3Ibn ‘Ulayyan, 39–40, 214–15İbrahim (ruler of Karaman), 22–3, 79–81İbrahim Cevri, 417






Index

677

İbrahim Gulşeni, 345–6, 443İbrahim Müteferrika, 423, 434–5İbrahim Paşa, grand vizier of Süleyman I, 32,

34–5, 114–15, 119–20, 177, 215administrative legacy of, 239–40, 504–5execution of, 209–10geographic knowledge under, 424–5imperial imagery in artistic projects of, 491–2as military commander, 218–19, 278–9post-conquest rebellions and, 211–12

İdrîs Bidlisi, 214–15, 448ignorance, Ottoman concepts of, 407–8Ilkhanid dynasty, 352–4illustrated manuscripts, 476–80, 488–90

geography and history in, 504–9, 540–2multiple copies of, 539ornament aesthetic and, 493, 494paintings and biographies of authors of,

544–7representation of power in, 528–9, 532–43

ilmiye hierarchy, 331–2knowledge production and, 409–11, 418–19

İmadüddin Hüseyinoğlu Hasan, 560–2Imber, Colin, 21, 158n148Imbros, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4imperial ethos

architecture influenced by, 459–74artistic articulation of images of, 491–528Ottoman European expansion and, 50–1protection of Muslim sanctuaries and,

349–52in Topkapı Palace design, 459–60trans-imperial zone and, 59–60ulema (scholar-officials) and, 322–5in visual arts, 457–8warfare as tool of, 279–80

imports, Ottoman economic policy and role of, 259

İnalcık, Halil, 195–6, 198administrative structure and, 63–4conquest of Constantinople and, 241–2fiscal policies and, 55, 260on longevity of Ottoman political economy,

272–3on Ottoman Balkan expansion, 251on Ottoman capital formation and wealth

accumulation, 263, 264on population demographics, 361–2Red Sea expansion and, 174–5on rural migration patterns, 385–6on ulemas, 337–8

income levels historical trends in, 259migration patterns and changes to, 393–5timar system and, 288–96

India Moghuls of, 348–9Ottoman knowledge of, 426–8pepper and spice trade and, 199–201Portuguese expansion into, 196textile production in, 481

Indian Ocean region Ottoman expansion in, 12, 173, 243–4Ottoman Red Sea protective operations in,

175–85Portuguese ambitions in, 243–4

industrial arts, 476–80, 493inheritance rights

grave registrations and, 334–7Ottoman capital formation and infringement

of, 263Innocent VIII (Pope), 27–30Inquisition, Islamic inquisitions and, 372–3inşa literary prose, 576–8inter-empire trading, growth of, 6–7interest rates

European domestic borrowing system and, 252–3

Islamic prohibitions on interest taking, 256–8profit limits and, 268–9

intermediaries, in trans-imperial zone, 61–2international trade

Ottoman economic policy and, 258–62, 275Ottoman expansion and, 195–201

Iran fortress garrisons on frontier with, 301geography of, 422Ottoman confrontations with, 11, 41–2, 44,

53–4, 139–40Ottoman trading with, 6–7Selim’s ban on trade with, 114Süleyman’s relations with, 34–5, 38–9, 113–25treaty of Amasya and, 126–32

Iraq Jacobites and Nestorians in, 369–70Ottoman provinces in, 225–6, 276–7, 352–4Selim II and, 39–40

Isabella of Hungary, Süleyman and, 33–4, 37–8İsa Bey, foundation in Skopje of, 472–3İsfendiyaroğulları

Mehmed II’s conquest of, 75–6Uzun Hasan’s alliance with, 79






Index

678

İshak (Karaman ruler), 26, 80–1, 87–8İskender Bey-Scanderbeg, 213–14İskender Çelebi, 209–10İskendername (Ahmedi), 446, 487–8İskender Paşa, 36–7, 125Islam

Christian-Islam confrontations, Ottoman European expansion and, 65–8

conversions to, 323, 369–75data on women’s conversion to, 366–9dominance in post-conquest Constantinople

of, 322–5Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234in illustrated manuscripts, 539–40institutional polity in Ottoman empire of, 317Iranian-Ottoman conflict and, 11kaside (praise poetry) and, 570–2Ottoman embrace of, 45Ottoman legal system and influence of, 232Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80padişah of, 348–9slavery and conversion to, 372–3voluntary conversions to, 323–4 See also Shi’a Islam; Sunni Islam

Islamic holy cities beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 187–8kadı hierarchy in, 328Mamluk presence in, 174–5Ottoman control of, 45, 113Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–5sultans as servitors of, 349–52treaty of Amasya and protection of, 126–7

Isma’il (son of Tahmasp), 132–9Ismail Abu Taqiyya, 273, 379–80İsmail Bey (İsfendiyaroğulları ruler), 75–6, 80Isma’il Safavid (Shah), 10, 29–30, 34–5, 44, 97

ascends Iranian throne, 322Ottoman Eastern expansion and

consolidation and, 104–25posthumous power of, 116religious beliefs of, 339–40Safavid ascendancy and, 97–104Selim I’s war with, 50–2, 70–3, 106–13, 276–7

İsmihan (daughter of Selim II), 525isolarii (maps and sailing handbooks), 423–5

as illustrated history, 504–5Issawi, Charles, 380Istanbul

Albanian migration to, 394–5architecture in, 459–74

Catholic population in, 370–2conquest of, 9, 21, 44, 241–2economic and trade importance of, 142–3empire consolidation and, 45European influences in, 46–9Ottoman sources on history of, 2population growth in, 6–7, 377–9religious tolerance in, 322–5shipyards in, 305symbolism in Islam of, 347–8under Mehmed II, 22–3

istimalet (accommodation/persuasion) in Balkan provinces, 251decline of, 251–2Ottoman expansion and role of, 249–50

Italy domestic borrowing system in, 256–8Mehmed II’s campaign in, 145–8migrations to Ottoman Empire from, 396Muslim slaves in, 14–15Ottoman western Mediterranean expansion

and attacks on, 159–64Ottoman withdrawal from, 27–30textile production in, 481trading restrictions in ports of, 261–2

Ivan IV (RussianTsar) (1547–84), 53–4Iyas, Ibn, 112İz, Fahir, 562–5İznik (Nicaea) pottery, 8–9

Jalalnddin Dawani, 435Jalayrid dynasty, 352–4Janbirdi al-Ghazali, 32, 112–13, 114–15, 117, 211–12janissaries

as army land forces, 282–4Bayezid II and, 27–30conversion to Islam among, 373–4corsair capture of, 153devşirme as route to service in, 215–16, 282–3garrisons in beylerbeyliks of, 179–80, 185–6,

189–90living conditions in military garrisons for,

313–15in naval forces, 307–8raiding parties organized by, 397revolt of, 41Safavid war and, 108, 126Selim I supported by, 27–30support of sultan by, 216–18timars received by, 229–30






Index

679

training and selection process for, 216–18Jeddah, Ottoman protection of, 175Jerba, 161Jewish population in Ottoman Empire

data on women in, 369in imperial Istanbul, 322–5tax farming by, 262–7, 270–1restrictions on tax farming, 261–2

John IV (Byzantine rule of Trebizond/Trabzon), 76

judiciary system in Ottoman Empire, 232consultations on conquest and war and, 330–1kadı hierarchy and, 328ulema hierarchy and, 328–32venality and unemployment in, 334–7

Julius III (Pope), 162–3, 163n179juros (Castilian annuities), 252–3

kadı, 193–5, 222–38in Bursa, 328career mobility of, 332–4in Edirne, 328hierarchy of, 328–32judicial independence of, 329–30politicial activities of, 337–8sürgün migrations, 391–2system of, 232–8venality and unemployment of, 334–7

Kadızadeli movement, 341–3Kadızade Rumi, 415–16Kadri of Bergama, 560–2, 582–3Kafescioğlu, Çiğdem, 20–1Kanizsa, as Ottoman province, 225–6kanunname (law code), 186–90, 237

Ottoman legal practices and, 325–6 See also legal infrastructure in Ottoman

EmpireKanunname-i Mısır, 114–15Kapı Ağası medrese, architecture of, 469Karagöz Paşa, 28–9, 92–3Karakoyunlu dynasty

architectural influences of, 474decorative aesthetic of, 474–86

Karaman Ottoman incorporation of Karaman, 2–3,

26, 79–81provincial government in Karaman, 225–6

Karaman dynasty Bayezid II and, 28–9decorative aesthetic of, 475

Mamluk involvement in, 86–91Mehmed II’s campaign against, 22–3, 82–3rebellion in, 212–14

Karamanlı Nişancı Mehmed Paşa, 144–5Kara Memi, 496–7Kara Yazıcı, 43kaside (praise poetry), 567–8, 570–2Kasım (brother of Pir Ahmed), 82Kasım Paşa, 114–15Kaşşaf (Seyyid el-Şerif ), 333–4Kastriota, George, 25, 394–5. See also Skanderbeg

uprisingKatib Çelebi, 157, 165–6, 168, 170

Cihannüma of, 423, 455–6on Mehmed II, 145statecraft manual by, 434–5

Kitab-i Bahriye (Piri Reis), 427Kava’idü‘l-Fürs, 560–2, 561n44–562Kaykavus İbn Iskandar, 434Kazimierz IV (King of Poland), 27–8, 29–30Kemalpaşazade (İbn Kemal), 72–3, 88–9, 92,

277–8, 340–1, 344on Bayezid II regime, 50–1on Bayezid II’s Mediterranean expansion, 152–3historical narrative of, 448–9on Mehmed II, 81prose work of, 576–8publications of, 560–2on Selim-Isma’il war, 107, 111on Venetian-Ottoman conflict, 143–4

Kemal Reis, 149–50, 159–60explorations by, 424, 427naval forces reorganization by, 304

Kemalüddin Mehmed, 409–10Kepler, Johannes, 419–20Khamsa manuscript, 488–90kharaj muwassaf/kharaj muqasama taxes, 235–8Kharidat al-‘aja’ib, 412–13, 421–2Khayrbak (Egyptian governor), 32, 114–15Khitāy-name (Book of China), 425–6Khusrav va Shirin manuscript, 488–90kidnappings by pirates, 389, 397–8Kilia

Bayezid II and, 27–8, 50–1Ottoman occupation of, 9

kılıç (revenue element), timar system and, 288–9Kılıç Ali Paşa, 167–70Kınalızade Ali, 433–4, 435–8Kısas (Ramazanzade Mehmed Paşa), 449kisve (Ka’aba covering), 349–50, 352–4






Index

680

Kitab al-Talwih, 333–4Kitab-ı Bahriye (Piri Reis), 424–5, 504–5Kızıl Ahmed Bey, 75–6, 79Kızılbaş tribesmen

Ottoman persecution of, 345, 346–7Shah Isma’il and, 339–40

Knights Hospitallers, 141–2Anatolia attacked by, 144Bayezid II and, 27–30, 221Cem and, 27–30, 50–1, 207–8corsairs and, 149–50on Malta, 164–5Mehmed II’s Mediterranean campaign and,

147–8prisoners of, 14–15protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2Süleyman and, 32–3, 51–2, 155westward Mediterranean move by Ottomans

and, 161–2knowledge and knowledge production

of astronomy, 415–20of cosmography, 412–15dynastic history and, 445–9of human body, 430–3importance of, in Ottoman society, 407–8,

455–6of maritime geography, 423–9of natural history, 429–30Ottoman historiography and, 439–45production and dissemination in Ottoman

Empire of, 20–1prognostications and end of time and, 453–5of social order and politics, 433–8systematization of, 409–12of universal geography, 420–3world history and, 449–53

Koca Sinan Paşa, 42, 221–2Koçi Bey, 434–5Komnenos dynasty, 75Konya

battle of, 207–8carpet production in, 484–5list of foundations in, 2–3

Köprülü, Fuat, 3–4Korkud (son of Bayezid II), 29, 30–2, 147–8, 155–6

execution of, 207–8Kos island (İstanköy), 142–3, 154Krause, Keith, 317Kritoboulos, 69–70, 75–6, 77Krujë, 144–5Küçük Kaynarca, treaty of, 350

kul (sultan’s servitors), 248career mobility for, 337–8standing army and, 282–4 See also slavery

Künhü‘l-Ahbar (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali), 450–1Kuran, Timur, 265–6Kurdoğlu, Fevzi 156–7Kuru, Selim, 20–1Kütükoğlu, Mübahat, 269–72

Lajos II (King of Hungary and Bohemia), 32–3, 225–6

Lala Mustafa Paşa, 12–13, 39–40, 41, 42–3, 135–7, 221–2, 537–8

Lamii (poet and scholar), 576–8, 583–6land system

land surveys in Anatolia and, 116Ottoman property rights law concerning,

235–8post-conquest annexation practices and, 212sipahi’s duties in maintenance of, 286–96

Lane, F. C., 195–6language

learning tools for, 560–2multilingualism in Rum and, 558n30, 558–60in Ottoman historical sources, 4Rum literary tradition and evolution of, 551,

552–5, 556–8 See also specific languages

Łaski, Hieronymus, 278–9Latifi, 562–5, 576–8, 579–80, 588–90, 590n123‘Latin campaign’ of 1204, 9Latin-Greek divisions, Mehmed II’s exploitation

of, 147–8la Vigne, Jean de, 163‘Law Book of Mehmed II’, 208–9, 224Le’ali (poet), 559n36–560Lef kas islands, 145–6, 152

corsair attacks on, 156–7legal infrastructure in Ottoman

Empire, 232–8heresy accusations and, 340–1Islamic schools of law and, 348–9Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80şeri’at and kanun and, 325–6sultan’s authority and, 207–18, 221, 437–8 See also cursus honorum (legal education);

kannuname (law code)Le Historie de Europa (Ulloa), 67–8Lemnos, 142–3, 147–8

Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4






Index

681

Lepanto battle of, 44, 53–4Bayezid’s siege of, 150–3Mehmed II’s siege of, 144–5Ottoman attack of 1571 on, 167–70

Lesbos, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4Letaifname (Book of Witticisms), 576–8levends in naval fighting force, 307–8.

See also corsairsLevni, 8–9Leyla and Mecnun, 572–6life-time tax-farm (malikane), 255literary production and tradition

cosmography in, 413–15discourse on poetry and, 583–6discourse on the arts in, 544–7dynastic history and, 445–9elite vs. folk literatures, 549n5histories of Rum poets and, 586–92literary tools for poetry in Rum and, 578–86manuals and commentaries and, 581–3new forms of, 566–78in Ottoman Empire, 20–1Ottoman historiography and, 439–45Ottoman travel narratives in, 423–9parallel poetry anthologies, 580–1poetic form and content and, 566–78prose structure and, 562–5prose vs. poetry and, 565–6rare book collections and, 476–80of Rum, 548–92statecraft manuals and, 433–8on wonders (acaib), 539–40 See also illustrated manuscripts

liva kanunnameleri (tax regulations), food supply estimates and, 382–7

Livorno, trade with Ottoman merchants in, 261–2Lokman ibn Seyyid Hüseyin, 72–3Lokman, 433, 449–50, 533, 535–6, 537, 544long war between Ottomans and Habsburgs

(1593–1606), 44, 53–4, 241European military revolution and, 315–19military capabilities and, 276

Lopes de Castanheda, Fernão, 177–9Lopes de Sequeira, Diogo, 176Louis, William (Willem Lodewijk), 284Louis XIV (King of France), 245–6, 248–9love poetry

form and content of, 572–6history of, 589

Lowry, Heath, 360

Lubenau, Reinhold, 249–50Lucano, Giovanni Albino, 148n64Ludovisi, Danielle de’, 149–50Lütfi Paşa, 111, 118–19, 122, 159–60

on conquest of Rhodes, 154–5on execution of Ibrahim Paşa, 209–10history by, 452marriage to Şahi Hatun, 210–11military provision system under, 310statecraft manual by, 434–5

Luther, Martin, 248–50Lybyer, A. H., 195–6

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 207, 248–9Macuncuzade Mustafa Efendi, 171–2, 571magic, Ottoman study of, 430Mahdia, 161mahmal, mehmel (palanquin sent to Mecca), 351–2Mahmud (son of Mehmed III), execution of, 209–10Mahmud Paşa

appointment of, 190, 212–13commercial centre built by, 472execution of, 212–13hagiography of, 434Mehmed II and, 23–4, 82mosque of, 466–70naval skills of, 146–7Ottoman expansion and, 75–6, 183–4

Majalis al-Nafais (Excellent Gatherings) (Nevai), 586–9

Maksud Ali Bey, 123–5Malamatiyya/Melametiyye mysticism, of

ulemas, syncretism with Islam, 320–1Malikis, 348–9MalkoçoğIu Bali Bey, 27–8Malkoçoğlu family, 473Malta, Ottoman attack on, 21, 164–5Mamluks

Bayezid II’s war with, 27–30, 91–6, 148–9cultural influence on Ottoman art and

architecture, 459, 469, 511Egyptian rule of, 349–52Karaman and, 80–1military superiority of Ottomans over, 276–7Ottoman expansion and, 11, 26, 50–2, 86–91,

185–6Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–5, 185Portuguese naval blockade and, 175–85, 243–4religious ideology as justification for war

against, 277–80Selim I and, 10, 30–2, 110–13, 348–9






Index

682

Ma’mun (caliph), 415–16Manisa palace complex, 462manuals and commentaries on poetry and

literature, 581–3mapping

maritime geography and, 423–4, 426–8Ottoman universal geography and, 421–3

Maragha observatory, 415–16al-Marghinani, 327–8maritime trade, 142n9

Bayezid II’s Mediterranean consolidation and, 148–55

customs taxes in Ethiopian beylerbeylik on, 194–5

geographic configurations and zones of operation and, 57–9

impact on geographic knowledge of, 423–9Ottoman eastern Mediterranean expansion

and, 141–8Ottoman expansion and, 11, 45Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 195–201protection, in Mediterranean, of, 171–2Red Sea as strategic location in, 175–85

Maronite Christians, population data on, 370–1Marranos (reconverted Jews), 261–2, 270–1marriage

as dynastic tool, 210–11of Ottoman soldiers, 313–15

Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, 285–6Martinuzzi, George, 33–4, 37–8martolos (Christian fighting unit in Ottoman

service), 397martyrology, 440–1Marxist ideology

Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7Ottoman imperial revenues and expenditures

in context of, 246masjid

elite architectural patronage and construction of, 466–70

in socio-religious complexes, 462–6Massawa, 182–3Maşukî, İsmail, 344Masum Sultan Safavi, 130–1Matali’üs-Sa’ade, 539, 540–2mathematics, Ottoman knowledge of, 415–20Matrakçı Nasuh, 428–9, 505–7Matthias Corvinus (King of Hungary), 276–7mausoleums, architectural design and

construction of, 459–74, 522

al-Mawardi, 325Maximillian II (Holy Roman Emperor), 38–9Mazzaoui, Michael M. 106–7Mecca

Ottoman reconstruction of Great Mosque in, 351

pilgrimages to, Ottomans as protectors of, 10, 352–4

Mecmu’atü‘n-Nezair (An Anthology of Parallel Poems), 580–1

medical knowledge, Ottoman study of, 430–3medical services for Ottoman military, 313–15Mediterranean region, Ottoman expansion in,

12, 29–30eastern consolidation from 1481 to 1533, 148–55eastern expansion, 1451–81, 141–8fortress garrisons in, 300–1post-1574 strategies, 170–2western expansion, 1533–74, 155–70

medreses astronomy and mathematics in, 415–20code of conduct for, 409–10heresy trials and network of, 340–1hierarchy and categories of, 327–8medical training and, 431muvakkıthane in, 416palace schools and, 216–18post-conquest system of, 326–32ulema career path through, 332–4unemployment problems and enrollment

in, 384Meğri, 152Mehmed I (1413–21), 321Mehmed II (1451–81)

architectural projects under, 459–60, 472art and pictorial representation in reign of,

487–8artisan production in reign of, 476–80colleges founded by, 324, 333–4conquest of Constantinople and, 241–2, 347–8cosmography and knowledge in reign of,

413–15Crimea khanate and, 9death of, 148decline of Venice and, 9dynastic rivalry in reign of, 207–8, 209–10educational institutions in reign of, 558–60Eight Medreses of, 233–4, 327–8, 333–4epidemics in reign of, 365–6executions by, 321, 395






Index

683

expansion and control of Anatolia under, 74–91

forced settlements under, 401–2Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234–6historical narratives concerning, 69–70,

447–8, 537Italian campaign of, 9–10judiciary system under, 328–9Karaman campaign of, 2–3, 79–81as Kayser-i Rum (Caesar of the Romans), 241–2land annexation by, 212land and tax laws under, 237leadership style of, 224legal system under, 325–6library of, 409literary patronage in reign of, 552–6, 562–5Mediterranean expansion under, 141–8,

144n23as military commander, 218–19, 221military superiority of, 276–7naval forces under, 304Ottoman historical sources concerning, 3–4palace schools established by, 217pictorial representation and painting in, 8–9,

486–91poetry by, 560n39population growth under, 375–9prognostications and apocalyptic thought in

reign of, 454–5reign of, historical overview, 22–6, 44religious tolerance in regime fo, 322–5romanticized image of, 1scholarly and literary activities sponsored

by, 3Skanderbeg uprising against, 9–10, 394–5state expansion under, 19–20territorial expansion under, 276ulema structure under, 326–32, 337–8Uzun Hasan’s rivalry with, 78–86

Mehmed III (1595–1603) death of, 241European expansion under, 53–4fratricide committed by, 208–9illustrated history of, 537, 538leadership style of, 219–20military campaigns of, 283–4, 318–19prognostication in reign of, 454–5reign of, 42–3son’s execution ordered by, 209–10

Mehmed IV (1648–87), 172, 267

Mehmed Ağa, 538Mehmed Aşik

on body and health, 430–1on cosmography, 413–16, 440, 455–6on geography, 420–3, 428–9on natural history, 429–30

Mehmed, Kemâl al-Dîn, 409–10Mehmed Paşa, 27–30Mehmed Reis ibn Menemenli, 427Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P., 195–6Melami dervishes, 343–7Melheme (Şemsiye), 417Membré, Michele, 117, 122memory, rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and,

69–70Ménage, Victor, 195Menakıb-ı Hünerveran (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali),

494, 544–6Menazıru’l-avâlim (Mehmed Aşık), 413–15, 420–1,

423, 430–1, 439, 454mercantilism

Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7Ottoman economic policy and role of, 260

mercenary soldiers, unemployment trends and enrollment as, 384–5

merchant guilds domestic borrowing and role of, 256–8, 275profit limitations on, 267–9

Meşa’irü‘l- Şu’ara (Stations of Poets) (Ȃşik Çelebi), 445–6, 589–91

Meşale, battle of, 137Mesihi (poet), 559n36–560, 574–6Mesihi Divanı, 559n36–560Mesihi-i Ermeni, 590n124Mesih Paşa, 26, 29–30, 145, 212–13Mesnevi (Celaleddin-i Rumi), 576–8, 578n90mesnevi poetry, 560–2

form and content of, 568, 572–6Metinsoy, Murat, 259mevali offices, 330mevlas, 320–1Mevlevis (whirling dervishes), 343, 345Mevzuatu’l-Ulum (Mehmed, Kemâl al-Dîn),

409–10Mezőkeresztes, battle of, 283–4, 318–19Michael of Wallachia, 42Michel, Nicolas, 375–6Miftah al-jafr al-jami, 538, 539–40Miftah al-sa’ada wa misbah al-siyada

(Taşköprüzade), 409–11






Index

684

Miftah al-‘ulum, 327migration

in border regions, 396–8income and security as factors in, 393–5of Ottoman captives and slaves, 387–90population demographics and “push” factors

in, 382–7sürgün and service to sultans and, 390–3

MihailoğIu İskender Bey, 94Mihaloğlu family, 212–14, 226–32, 473Mihrimah (Süleyman I’s daughter), 8–9, 37–8, 519

marriage to Rüstem Paşa, 210–11military administrative class (askeri), 65–8

beylerbeylik of Egypt and the Hijaz and, 186–90

beylerbeylik of Yemen and, 191–3Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7, 269–72standing army and, 282–4ulema structure and, 326–32

military histories (gazavatnames, fethnames), 444–5

military structure advances after 1453, 49–50armaments technology and, 309–10border guards in, 397enforced enrollment of slaves in, 387–90equipment and tactics in, 318in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 195European military revolution, Ottoman

military and, 315–19increased costs and difficulties of, 19–20living conditions of soldiers in, 313–15Ottoman Empire consolidation and, 45, 185–6Ottoman sources on, 9–13provisioning systems in, 310–12sixteenth-century Ottoman superiority and,

241–6spying systems in, 312strategic importance of Suez to, 187sultan’s leadership role in, 218–22technological changes to, 238–9warfare from 1453 to 1603 and, 276–319.

See also army of the Ottoman Empire; janissaries; navy of the Ottoman Empire

Miller Atlas, 424millet regime, 323Mimar Sinan, 8, 492, 519–22, 530

artisan production and, 391–2autobiography of, 546–7public architecture and, 525

Süleymaniye complex and, 325, 511–13miniature painting, in Ottoman era, 8–9Mirando, António de, 177–9Mir’âtü‘l-Memalik (Seydi Ali Reis), 425, 426–7miri land, Ottoman laws relating to, 235–8Mirim Çelebi, 415–16Mizrahi, Elijah, 322–5mnemohistory, 439Mocenigo, Piero, 144Modon, Ottoman attack on, 150–3Mohács, battle of, 51–2, 277Moldavia

Ottoman expansion into, 33–4, 52, 53–4, 144–5Russian presence in, 53–4

Molla Cami, 555–6, 586–9Molla Kabız, 340–1Mongols, astronomic knowledge of, 415–16Moriscos (Muslims of Granada), 160Morosini, Giovanni Francesco, 169mortality data, population demographics and,

365–6mosques

architectural design and construction of, 459–74, 514–21, 523–5

elite architectural patronage and construction of, 466–70

Mozaffar Han, 137–8Müeyyedzade, 409Müezzinzade Ali Paşa (Ali Paşa at Lepanto), 306mufassal registers, tax and population data

from, 359müftü, in Ottoman legal system, 234, 330Muhammad Hudabanda, 133Muhammad Shaybani Han, 103muhasebe defteri (account register), 298Mutahhar, 184Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi. See Muhieddin Ibn ArabiMuhiddin Karamanî, 345–6Muhieddin Ibn Arabi, 2–3Muhyi-yi Gulşenî, 443Müniri Belgradi, 342–3, 344–5Murad (son of Ahmed, grandson of Bayezid II),

105, 105n258, 207–8Murad I, Ottoman ruler (1362–89), 2, 97–8, 105

kadıaskers under, 328–9Murad II (1421–51), 79–81, 87–8

architectural projects in reign of, 462, 465–6educational institutions in reign of, 558–60literature and poetry in reign of, 551religious persecutions by, 321






Index

685

Murad III (1574–95) architecture in reign of, 529–32artisan production in reign of, 498–501European expansion under, 53–4firearms used during reign of, 284fratricide committed by, 208–9Halvetiye religious order and, 342illustrated manuscripts in reign of, 528–9,

532–43Iranian wars and, 132–9knowledge production in reign of, 425–6land and tax registers in reign of, 359leadership style of, 219literature in reign of, 576–8naval redevelopment under, 306–7observatory established by, 418–19poetry of, 559–60prognostication in reign of, 454–5reign of, historical overview, 8–9, 41–2, 44social order under, 437sürgün recruitments by, 391treaty of Amasya and, 131–2

Murad IV (1623–40), 379Murad Paşa, 183–4Murad Reis, 181–2Murphey, Rhoads, 67–8musammat (poetic interpretation), 582–3musical therapy, Ottoman use of, 431–2Muslihüddîn Efendi, 342–3Muslim merchants, European restrictions on,

258–62Mustafa (son of Mehmed II), 85, 212–14Mustafa (son of Süleyman I), 37–8, 125, 413–15

father’s execution of, 209–11, 570–2Mustafa Bey (governor of Yemen), 179–80Mustafa Bey (Karmani pretender), 99–100Mustafa Bey (sancak beyi in Egypt), 193–5Mustafa Bey (Yemeni ruler), 177–9Mustafa Darir, 539–40Mustafa Paşa, 114–15, 164–5, 167, 278–9

college founded by, 333–4Müteferrika, İbrahim, 423, 434–5muvakkıthane, 416Müyessiretü‘l-Ulûm, 560–2mysticism

in poetry, 583–6, 589Sufism and, 341–3

mythical time, in Ottoman historiography, 441–2

Nafplio (Nauplia, Napoli di Romania), 151

Nagyvárad, pact of, 33–4Nahuda Ahmed, 179–80Naima, 260Nakkaş Hasan, 537, 544Nakkaş Osman, 494, 533–4, 544nakşbend (textile designers), 494–5Naples, Ottoman attack on, 162–3Nāṣiḥat al-Mulūk, 434Nasiruddīn Tusi, 435national debt, European adoption of, 252–3natural history, Ottoman knowledge of, 429–30Navarino, 152navy of Ottoman Empire

captives enrolled in, 388chronology of Red Sea operations by, 175–85Europeans’ enrollment in, 157–8, 158n148illustrated history of, 504–5improvement of, under Hayreddin, 155–70Mediterranean expansion and, 141–8, 155post-1574 strategy of, 170–2relative independence of, 185–6structure of, 304–8

Necati (poet), 568–70Neşri, 68, 81, 83–4, 85, 209–10

historical narratives of, 448, 449Netayicü‘l-Fünun (Nev’i), 411, 565–6Netherlands

emerging commercial power of, 172, 241, 242–3

firearm technology developed by, 284Nevai, 555–6, 579–80, 586–9Nev’i, 411, 565–6, 567, 569–70Nigari (Haydar Reis), 509nişancı, governmental duties of, 222–32‘Nishaburi album’, 498–501Nizam al-Mulk, 269–72, 434, 488–90nobility formation, sultanates and prevention

of, 263–4Nogay confederacy, 399–400nomads

migration patterns of, 398–401taxation of, 5–6

non-Muslims (zimmis), tolerance in Istanbul of, 322–5

North Africa fortress garrisons in, 301–2Ottoman expansion in, 12, 45, 160–1, 163,

169–70, 173, 322Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 182–3urbanization and population growth in, 381–2






Index

686

Notaras, Lucas, 395Nur Ali Rumlu, 105, 108Nurbanu (mother of Murad III), 8–9, 388–9, 529–32Nureddinzade Musliheddîn, 342, 344–5Nushatu’s-Selatin (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali), 350,

434–5, 542Nusretname, 537–8, 542Nuzhatu’l-qulub (Mustawfı), 422

observatories, Ottoman construction of, 417–20ocaklık-revenue source, timar system and, 288–9ocaks (infantry corps), 398–401Olbracht, Jan, 27–8omens, books of, 454–5Ömer bin Mezid, 580–1Ömer Rûşenî, 345–6oneiromancy, 453–4Orhan, Ottoman historical sources concerning,

3–4Orhonlu Cengiz, 182–3, 195–6ornament aesthetic, Ottoman development of,

493–504Orthodox Christianity

acceptance of Islam in, 241–2in, Aegean Islands, Latin-Greek rivalry

and, 152architecture in churches for, 525–6Catholic disputes with, 374data on women in, 369fear of Catholic domination in, 249–50hierarchy of, 248in Mehmed II’s reign, 322–5Ottoman legal system and, 232population data and, 369–75timar revenue and institutions of, 251 See also Christianity

Oruç, chronicles of, 102, 448Osman I (?–ca. 1324)

illiteracy of, 409illustrated histories of, 533Ottoman historical sources concerning, 3–4

Osman II (1618–22), 351–2Osmanşah, 207–8Otlukbeli, battle of, 26, 84, 85–91Otranto, 148

Ottoman capture of, 145–8, 146n40, 148n64Ottoman Empire

historical overview, 1451 to mid-sixteenth century, 22–36

military and political successes in, 9–13

Ottoman sources on, 2–5periodization in history of, 21, 55–7sixteenth-century global dominance of, 241–6treaty of Amasya and, 126–32

Ottoman-Venetian war of 1537–40, 117Özal government, modern capitalism and, 274–5Özdemir Paşa, 181–2, 193–5Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa, 41, 137, 184Özel, Oktay, 385–6Özvar, Erol, 246

Pacheco, Pietro, 162–3painting

in illustrated histories, 534–43Ottoman aesthetic in, 486–91, 509wall paintings, 543

palace schools, 216–18. See also medresespalatial paradigm, in Topkapı Palace

architecture, 459–60Pamuk, Şevket, 46, 259, 270Panaite, Viorel, 48–9parallel poems

anthologies of, 580n96, 580–1composition of, 579–80

paşa elites as beylerbeyis, 186–90capital formation and, 263

Patras, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4patrilineal descent, authority of sultans and,

207–18Paul III (Pope), 35–6, 159–60Paul IV (Pope), 162–3, 261–2peasants

migration patterns of, 393–5taxation of, 5–6

Peçevi, Ibrahim, 42, 135, 219–20Peloponnese

Ottoman expansion into, 22–3, 24, 25, 143–4Venetian loss of, 9

Pendname (Attar), 560–2, 576–8pepper trade, Ottoman Red Sea expansion and,

195–201periodization, in Ottoman history, 21, 55–7Perjés, Géza, 279, 303perpetual almanacs, 417perpetual annuities, European nations’ sale of,

252–3Persian culture and language

decorative aesthetic of, 475historical narratives in, 448






Index

687

histories of poets of, 586–9learning tools for, 560–2Ottoman historical sources and, 4prose structure and, 562–5, 576–8in Rum literary tradition, 552–5, 558n29,

558–60statecraft manuals, 434

Pertev Paşa, 167–8Pervane bin Abdullah, 580–1Pesaro, 261–2Petrović, Peter, 37–8Philip II (King of Spain), 38–9, 162–3, 163n179, 277Philip of Burgundy, 80Philip the Good, 84Phokaea, 142–3physicians in Ottoman Empire, 430–3physiognomy, Ottoman study of, 433Pickthall, Marmaduke, 333–4pictorial representation, Ottoman east/west

horizons in, 486–91piracy

in Black Sea region, 74–5in eastern Mediterranean, 141–2kidnapping and, 389, 397–8Ottoman expansion and, 14–15, 57–9, 153,

166–70protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2

Pir Ahmed, 26, 81–6, 87–8, 89Pires, Lourenço, 199Piri Paşa, 218–19, 337–8Piri Reis, 156–7

Basra occupation and, 181–2as geographer, 5, 424–5, 426–8, 504–5illustrated manuscripts and, 491–2, 504–5Mediterranean expansion and, 149–50piracy and, 153, 156–7

Pir Sultan Abdal, 139–40Pius II (Pope), 23–4, 84Piyale Paşa, 157

Mediterranean expansion and, 163–4, 165–6military expertise of, 164–5provincial governments and, 225–6Selim II and, 39–40, 221–2

plague epidemics, population demographics and, 365–6

poetry discourses on, 583–6divan poetry, 3, 568elite patronage of, 552–5form and content in, 566–78, 567n60

histories of Rum poets and, 586–92literary tools for, 578–86manuals and commentaries on, 581–3multilingualism in, 558n30, 559–60parallel poetry anthologies, 580–1prose vs., 565–6Rum’s identification with, 548–51 See also specific poetic forms, e.g., gazel

politics architecture influenced by, 459–74capital formation and, 262–7governance, administration and legal

infrastructure and, 205–40kaside (praise poetry) and, 570–2longevity of Ottoman political economy and,

272–4Ottoman sources on, 9–13, 433–8overview from 1451 to 1603, 19–43ulema involvement in, 337–8

population demographics in Arab provinces, 379–82cizye and avariz registers and, 363–5data sources on, 360–3food supplies and rural flight and, 382–7illness and death data and, 365–6nomads and settled populations, 398–401non-Muslim population data and, 369–75scarcity of data on women and, 366–9shifts in post-conquest European regions, 64–5tahrirs as sources for, 358–60tax registers as source for, 375–9transformation in Ottoman Empire of, 20,

356–7urbanization and, 375–9 See also population demographics

Porte army Ottoman expansion and, 50–1sipahi rebellion in, 41

porti franchi trade ports, 261–2portolan maps, 423–9portrait medals, production of, 486–91Portugal

chronology of Red Sea operations of, 175–85dominance in Indian Ocean of, 243–4impact of pepper and spice trade on, 199–201Mamluk sultanate threatened by, 11, 29naval incursions against, 304Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–201,

352–4postal service (menzilhane), establishment of, 310






Index

688

power absolutist regimes, Ottoman expansion and,

248–52cultural representations of, 528–43rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and

projection of, 69–70Prester John, 176Prevesa, battle of, 35–6

warships at, 306price controls, private profit limitations and,

267–9Prioli, Francesco di, 149Priuli, Girolamo, 197private profit, Ottoman limitations on, 267–9prognostications, Ottoman interest in, 453–5

practical application of, 455–6progressive conquest, Mehmed II’s policy of, 147property rights

Ottoman capital formation and infringement of, 263

Ottoman law concerning, 234prophetic chronology, Ottoman historiography

and, 440–1prophetic medicine, Ottoman practice of, 432prose

form and content of, 576–8, 578n90poetry vs., 565–6structure of, 562–5

Protestants Ottoman tolerance of, 249–50population data in Ottoman Empire on, 370–2 See also Christianity

proto-pseudo-socialist political economy model legacy of Ottoman economic policy and,

274–5longevity of Ottoman political economy and,

272–4Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7,

269–72provisioning systems, in Ottoman military,

310–12provisionism, in Ottoman economic policy,

258–62, 269–72, 274–5Ptolemy, Almagest of, 415–16, 420–1, 422public architecture, in Mehmed II’s reign, 462–6,

525, 527–8public baths, architecture and design of, 463public finance

European domestic borrowing system as, 252–3

Ottoman financial administration difficulties with, 254–6

Ottoman late adoption of domestic borrowing, 256–8, 270–1

Qansuh al-Ghawri, 30–2, 111–13al-Qaramānī, 449–50al-Qastallani, 432Quaytbay, 89, 94–6

Mehmed II and, 26, 98Qusayr, Portuguese destruction of, 180Qutbaddīn al-Makki, 428–9

Radu Drakul, 22–3Ramazanoğlu family, 473–4Ramazanzade Mehmed Paşa, 449Ramii (Persian poet), 581–3rare book collections, of Ottoman elites, 476–80Rareş, Petru, 33–4Rasid ibn Makamis, 119–21reaya (non-askeri taxpayers)

Amasya treaty and, 127–8Cüneyd supported by, 101exclusion from public finance of, 262–7land holdings of, 116resistance to Ottomans from, 135, 138–9Safavid alliances among, 98–9, 101–2

Red Sea chronology of Ottoman operations in, 175–85international trade and Ottoman expansion

in, 195–201Ottoman expansion in, 173–201Ottoman naval presence in, 306political, economic and military importance

to Ottomans of, 185–6Reformation, Islamization of Ottoman Europe

and, 65–8reisülküttab (chief clerk), 223–4religion

architecture as reflection of, 462–6astrology and, 416–17astronomy and, 416freedoms in post-conquest Constantinople,

322–5heresy charges and repression of, 340–1in illustrated manuscripts, 539–40istimalet (accommodation) policy of

Ottomans concerning, 249–50Ottoman legal system and protection of, 232Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80






Index

689

Red Sea expansion of Ottomans and impact on, 173

role in Ottoman expansion of, 65–8, 354–5Selim-Isma’il war and role of, 106–7şeri’at and kanun principles and, 327of sixteenth-century sultans, 347–8Sunni ‘right belief ’, heterodoxy and, 338–47syncretism in ulema beliefs and practices, 320–1ulema (scholar-officials) and, 320–38, 354usury prohibitions and, 256–8 See also specific religions

Renaissance, Ottoman architecture and influence of, 465, 469

revenue producing units (mukataa), 186–90revenues and expenditures

administrative shortcomings in management of, 252–3

Balkan expansion and, 248–52impact of revenue system on naval

development, 306–7imperial budgets and, 246–8timar system as revenue source, 288–96 See also specific taxes, e.g., timar and zeamet

revenue systemrhetoric of expansion, Ottoman utilization of,

68–73Rhodes

Mehmed II’s failed campaign in, 145Ottoman attack on, 153–5

riba Islamic definitions of, 256–8 See also interest rates; usury

Rıdvan Paşa, 183–4, 193–5‘right belief ’ heterodoxy, sultans’ religious

policies and, 338–47Risala-i Kutbiya (Kutb al-Din Muhammad Yazdi),

544–6river flotillas, in naval fighting forces, 308Riyazi (poet and scholar), 585–6Riyazü‘ş-Şu’ara (Gardens of Poets), 585–6Roman Empire

Ottoman architecture influenced by, 459–74Ottoman identification with, 241–2

royal portrait albums, commissioning of, 535–6Rum

architectural patronage in, 556n25‘Baykara meclisi’ (literary gatherings) in,

555n22decorative aesthetic in, 475–6, 484–5, 501–4discourses on poetry in, 583–6

elite patronage of literature in, 552–5, 553n12foreign influences on literature in, 555–6gazel poetry identified with, 568–70histories of poets of, 586–92kaside poetry in, 571literary tools for poetry in, 578–86literature of, 548–92manuals and commentaries on poetry in,

581–3manuscript culture in, 551n8mesnevi poetry in, 568, 572–6multilingualism in, 558n30, 558–60new forms of literature in, 566–78parallel poem composition in, 579–80poetry identified with, 548–51prose structure in literature of, 562–5prose vs. poetry in, 565–6provincial government in, 225–6Turkish language and literature of, 551, 557n28

Rumeli delis (army auxiliary forces) in, 296–7European influences in, 46–9, 52fortress garrisons in, 300judiciary system in, 328–9population estimates for, 375–9post-conquest families’ influence in, 212–14prophetic vision and conquest of, 69–70provincial government in, 225–6Safavid threat in, 105–6timar system in, 286, 288–96 See also Balkans

Rumi identity, 174–5, 177–9Rumiyan, 494Rumlu Dev Ali, 105Rumlu Hasan, 86, 108Rum Mehmed Paşa, 30–2, 42–3, 82, 83–4, 212–13Russia

expansion initiatives of, 53–4Ottoman expansion and, 134–5, 352–4as threat to Ottomans, 277

Rüstem Paşa, 36–8, 86, 125, 163, 210–11, 225–6administrative legacy of, 239–40architectural patronage of, 514–21history by, 452

Rüstow, Alexander, 248rüsüm (tax), 194–5

sacred history, Arabic and Turkish literature on, 440–1

Sadi, 560–2






Index

690

Sadreddin-i Konevi, library of, 2–3Safavids

Bayezid II and, 29–30cultural influence on Ottoman art and

architecture, 459, 469decline of, 41–2holy war ideology as justification for

Ottoman warfare with, 277–80Iranian wars and, 132–9Islam and, 11Mamluks alliance with, 173–5military superiority of Ottomans over, 276–7Murad III and, 132–9Ottoman conflict with, 11, 19–20, 21, 44,

339–40religious ideology and Ottoman conflict

with, 339–40rise of, 97–104Selim I’s campaign against, 10, 30–2Shii religious practices of, 106–7Süleyman and, 34–5, 113–25treaty of Amasya and, 126–32

Safiye Sultan (mother of Mehmed III), 529, 571, 571n69

Şahbudak, 28–9, 87–8, 94Şah Cihan, 97–8Şahi Hatun (daughter of Selim I), 210–11Sahih al-Bukhari (Taşköprüzade), 333–4Şah Kalender, 340Şahkulı, 488, 493, 494Şah Kulu, 29–30, 103–4, 115–17, 129–30, 132–3Şahname-i Melik Ummi (chronicle), 487–8Şahsultan, 525Şah u Geda, 573–4Şah Veli bin Celal, 115–17Sai Çelebi, 544–6saints, legends of, Ottoman historiography and,

441–2Şakaik al-Numaniyye, 544, 559–60Salahuddin Yazıcı, 417Saldanha, António de, 178Şalih (Arabian prophet), 440salt mines, 142n9, 142–3saltpetre pits, Ottoman armaments technology

and, 309–10Saltukname, 552–5Şamilü‘l-Luğa, 560–2Şamseddin III, 118–19sancak (sub-province)

duties of sancak governors, 226–32in Egypt, 186–90

in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 193–5geographic configurations and zones of

operation, 57–9judiciary as check on sancak governors, 232–3post-conquest administration and, 63–4in Yemen, 191–2

sanitary conditions for Ottoman military, 313–15Sanudo, Marino, 102, 177–9, 195–6, 197sappers (miners), in Ottoman army, 285–6Sara Hatun (mother of Uzun Hasan), 83–4Satırcı Mehmed Paşa, 209–10‘saz’ ornamental aesthetic, 495, 501–4Scholarios, Georgios (Gennadios II), 322–5Schweigger, Solomon, 106–7, 139–40science in Ottoman Empire

astronomy, 415–20cosmography, 412–15maritime geography, 423–9natural history, 429–30universal geography, 420–3

security concerns, migration patterns linked to, 393–5

Sefer Reis, 181–2Sehi Bey, 445–6, 548, 584–5, 586–9, 590–1Şehinşahname, 533, 537şehname histories, 451–2, 533, 537Şehname-i Selim Han, 533, 534, 544Şehrengiz-i Edirne (Mesihi), 574–6şehrengiz poetry genre, 574–6Şehsuvar, 88–9, 110, 111–13Şehsuvaroğlu Ali, 30–2, 110, 112–13, 117Selaniki, 41–2, 132–3, 157, 170–1Selim (son of Bayezid II), 103–4Selim I (1512–20)

accession of, 10artistic images of, 491–2calligraphy and illluminated manuscripts in

reign of, 490–1conquest of Syria and Egypt by, 276–7, 322,

325, 348–9, 552–5cultural influences in reign of, 475death in 1520 of, 154defeat of Isma’il by, 339–40deposition of Bayezid II by, 207–8Eastern expansion and consolidation under,

104–25as Hadimül-Haremeyn-i Şerifeyn (servitor of

the two holy sanctuaries), 349–52Hayreddin and, 12historical narrative concerning reign of, 70–3history of reign of, 30–2






Index

691

illustrated history of, 504–5janissaries under, 216–17Kurdish tribes’ allegiance to, 214–15leadership style of, 221–2library of, 409literary patronage in reign of, 552–5Mamluks and, 173–5Mediterranean expansion under, 153–4as military commander, 218–19periodization in regime of, 50–2poetry in court of, 559–60, 587n113provincial governments created by, 225–6religious persecutions under, 346–7standing army under, 282–4state expansion under, 19–20sürgün recruitments by, 391territorial expansion under, 276trade interruptions of, 6–7ulema structure under, 326–32, 337–8war with Shah Isma’il and, 106–13

Selim II (1566–74) art and architecture in reign of, 8–9, 521–2artistic images of, 534–43biography of, 444dynastic disputes under, 207–8European expansion under, 53–4governing style of, 221Iranian wars and, 132–9janissaries under, 216–17leadership style of, 219North African campaigns of, 322Ottoman expansion under, 50–2pilgrimages to Islamic Holy Cities and, 352–4protection of Muslim sanctuaries by, 350–1reign of, 39–40Russian threat to, 277succession intrigues of, 38–9sürgün resettlements by, 391–2treaty of Amasya and, 126–32

Selimnames (illustrated histories of Selim’s regime), 444–5, 504–5, 544

Seljuks, Babai revolt against, 321Selman Reis, 174–5, 177–9Şemailname, 539Şem’i, 583Şemseddin Karabaği, 544Şemsi dervishes, 343Şemsiye (Melheme), 417Serbia, Ottoman incursion into, 23–4Şeref Han (IV), 118–19Şerefname, 118–19

serfdom, Ottoman Empire as escape from, 250Ser-güzeşt-i Esiri-i Malta, 571şeri’at (shari’a), 323

Ottoman legal practices and, 325–6Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80

şeriflik, Ottoman influence over, 173Şerifs of Mecca, surrender to Selim I

of, 348–9Serjeant, R. B., 195–6Setton, Kenneth, 162–3, 163n179“seven modes” (haft asl) design vocabulary,

475–6Seydi Ali Reis, 181–2, 421, 425, 426–7, 428Seyfi Çelebi, 101, 425–6Şeyh Ahmed, 109–10Şeyh Bali Efendi, 123–5Şeyh Bedreddin, 321, 344, 345–6Şeyh Cafer, 97–8Şeyh Edebali, 321Şeyh Hamdullah, 478–9Şeyh Haydar, 98–9, 100–1, 103–4şeyhülislam

in Ottoman legal system, 234–5, 330political infighting and, 419protocol concerning, 331–2religious persecutions by, 345–6

Seyyid Ali Sultan, 434Seyyid el-Şerif, 333–4Seyyid Gazi, 473Shaf ’îs, 348–9Shahnama, 445, 448, 451–2, 488–90, 508–9Al-Shaqa’iq al-nu-maniyya fi ‘ulama’ al-dawlat

al’Uthmaniyya’ (Taşköprüzade), 445–6Shaw, Stanford, 186–90Shefer, Miri, 432–3Shi’ism

Ottoman unease concerning, 277–80, 322pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4sacred history in, 440–1Sunni clash with, 106–7syncretism of ulema religious practices with,

320–1shipbuilding

Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and importance of, 150

Ottoman naval forces development and, 305Ottoman Red Sea expansion and importance

of, 177strategic importance of Suez shipyard and,

187Venetian skills in, 157–8






Index

692

Şiblizade Ahmed, 486–7Silif ke, Ottoman capture of, 144silk trade

Iran as source of, 6–7textile production and, 481

silsilat al-mukarrabin wa manakib al-muttakin (Müniri Belgradî), 342–3

Silsilenames (genealogies), 542–3Sinan (architect), 511, 512, 513, 514, 521, 522, 523,

524, 525, 527, 530, 546, 547Sinan Bey (painter), 486, 511–14, 521–5, 527, 530,

546, 547Sinan Paşa (the author; d. 1485), writings by, 562–5 Sinan Paşa (grand vizier under Selim I),

30–2, 112Sinan Paşa (grand vizier under Murad III), 40,

161–2, 184, 191Sinan Paşa (admiral in 1551; brother of Rüstem

Paşa), 226sipahis

administrative reforms and, 100army structure and duties of,

286–96in Ottoman cavalry, 284–6Porte rebellion of, 41suspicion of new military technology among,

317–18tax and population data on, 358–60timar awarded to, 229–30, 247–8

Sitti Hatun, 87–8Siyasatname, 434Siyer-i Nebi, 539–40Skanderbeg uprising, 9–10, 394–5slavery

forced migration due to, 387–90, 402–3Islamic conversion of slaves, 372–3Istanbul population growth due to, 377–9Mediterranean expansion and, 142n9narrative of, 571in naval fighting forces, 307–8of Ottoman subjects, 14–15, 390physiognomy and, 433in post-conquest European expansion,

64–5Tatar trafficking in, 399 See also kul (sultan’s servitors)

Smith, Adam, 268–9Soarez, Lopo, 175social conditions and society

evolution of Rum literature and, 552–5

Ottoman knowledge of, 433–8socio-religious complexes, architectural design

of, 462–6Sokollu Mehmed Paşa

administrative legacy of, 239–40architectural patronage of, 514–21, 525artistic images of, 534–43historiography projects of, 533marriage and family of, 210–11, 374Murad III and, 135murder of, 225Ottoman expansion and, 37–8, 165–6,

167–8pilgrimages to Islamic Holy Cities and, 352–4Selim II and, 39–40, 221Süleyman and, 36–7, 207–8as vezir, 225

soothsaying, 454Soranzo, Giacomo, 135, 138–9Sorrento, Ottoman attack on, 163–4South-east Asia, Ottoman alliances

in, 12, 243–4sovereign identity in Ottoman Empire,

European identity and, 46–9Spain

African expansion of, 12, 35–6, 177–9European enemies of, 241migrations to Ottoman Empire from, 396Ottoman conflict with, 14–15, 159–64revenues and expenditures in, 247

spheres of operation in Ottoman trading relations, 45rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and, 70–3

spice trade Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 195–201taxes on, 194–5

spying in Ottoman military system, 312statecraft in Ottoman Empire

bureaucracy and, 20Ottoman knowledge of, 433–8trade, military and political consolidation

and, 45Steensgaard, Niels, 199Stefan III (ruler of Moldavia), 27–8stereotypes in Ottoman historical research, 1Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 196–7Şücâ (Şeyh), 342Sudi (poet), 581–3Suez, strategic importance to Ottomans of,

189–90, 352–4






Index

693

Sufism cosmography and, 414dream analysis in, 453–4hagiographies in, 443permitted orders of, 341–3

Şükri-i Bidlisi, 448, 486–91, 544Şükrullah, 449Sulaiman al-Mahri, 425, 426–7Süleyman Bey (Dulgadiroğlu ruler), 87–8Süleyman Çelebi (son of Bayezid I), 91Süleyman I (1520–66)

absolutist regime of, 248artistic images of, 491–528, 534–43Baghdad occupied by, 348–9, 352–4Baki’s elegy to, 218–19biography of, 444colleges founded by, 327–8dreams and prognostications of, 454–5dynastic disputes under, 207–8eastern Mediterranean expansion under, 154–5eastern expansion under, 113–25European expansion under, 67–8execution of son by, 209–11, 570–2foundation complex of, 8–9governing style of, 220, 221as Hadimü’l-Haremeynü’-l Şerifeyn (servitor of

the two holy sanctuaries), 352–4Halvetiye religious order and, 342Hayreddin and, 12heresy trials under, 340–1historical overview of, 32–40, 44illustrated history of, 505–7Irakeyn campaign, 339–40janissary corps under, 283–4judiciary system under, 330legal system under, 325–6literary patronage in reign of, 552–5as military commander, 218–19military successes and failures of, 20–1, 276–7naval forces under, 304North African campaigns of, 322nostalgia for reign of, 1, 238–9Ottoman historical sources on, 3, 4periodization in regime of, 50–2poetry by, 578–86, 587–8population growth under, 375–9provincial governments created by, 225–6religious institutions in reign of, 339–40, 345–7Spanish expansion in Africa and, 35–6state expansion under, 19–20

territorial expansion under, 276treaty of Amasya and, 126–32ulema structure under, 337–8western Mediterranean expansion and, 155–70

Süleymaniye complex architectural design of, 477–69, 511–13construction and organization of, 325, 327–8,

388, 393Süleymanname, 444–5, 488–90, 494, 508–9, 534‘Süleyman’s offer’, Ottoman Hungarian

expansion and, 279–80sultans

absolutist rule of, 248–52architecture as monuments to, 462–6astronomers hired by, 417–20governance processes and role of, 218–22histories of, 444, 445–9legal authority of, 207–18, 221, 437–8poetry by, 560n39sürgün resettlements and, 390–3

Sunni Islam architectural influence of, 466–70in Mamluk Empire, 10Ottoman expansion of, 11, 13–15Ottoman warfare as defense of, 277–80pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4‘right belief ’ in, 338–47Shii clash with, 106–7sultans as champions of, 322ulemas and syncretism with other beliefs and

practices, 320–1sürgün (deportation)

migration patterns due to, 390–3, 401–2nomads in, 398–401

Surname-i Hümayun, 536, 538, 539, 540–2sürre, 173–5sürre-i hümayun (alms), 349–50sürsat supply arrangement, 245–6Süruri (translator and scholar), 413–15, 581–3Su’udi, 539‘sympathetic qualities’, Ottoman concept of, 430Syria

Jacobites and Nestorians in, 369–70Ottoman conquest of, 32, 173, 211–12, 276–7,

322, 348–9 See also Aleppo

Szápolyai, John ( János), 32–4, 122, 225–6, 278–9Szápolyai, John Sigismund ( János Zigmond),

33–4, 37–9Szigetvár, conquest of, 53–4, 342






Index

694

tabakat biographical compilations, 589–91Tacizade Cafer Çelebi, 562–5, 572–6, 584–5Taclu Hanım, 109–10Tacü‘t-Tevarih (Hoca Sadeddin), 448–9Taczade Mehmed, 546–7tafakkur and tadhakkur (contemplation and

retelling), 412–13Tahmasp (Safavid Shah) (1524–76), 34–5, 36–7,

38–9, 41–2, 117, 118–22Alkas Mirza’s revolt against, 123–5Süleyman I’s defeat of, 339–40treaty of Amasya and, 126–32

tahrir (tapu tahrir) food supply estimates and, 382–7limitations of data from, 360–3population data from, 358–60sheep registrations and, 401urbanization and population growth in Arab

provinces and, 379–82taht kadılıkları ( judgeships of the throne), 328,

332–4Takiyüddin, 418–19Talikizade, 537

portrait of, 544al-Tanbih ‘ala Galat al-Cahil wa’l-Nabih, 560–2Tansel, Selahattin, 145–6, 152–3Tanzimat reforms, 323Taqw‘īm al-buldan (Abu ‘l-Fida al-Hamawi),

422, 423Târgovişte, battle of, 296tarifat (Persian poetic genre), 574–6Tarih-i Ebu’l-Feth (Tursun Bey), 448Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi, 425–6, 427tarikats (religious orders), 341–3Tarikh al-Shihri, 177–9, 181Al-Tariqa al-Muhammadīya (Birgivi Mehmed),

432–3Tartaglia, Nicolò Fontana, 318Taşköprüzade, 320–1, 333–4, 409–11, 544

on astronomy and astrology, 416–17autobiographical prose of, 576–8on cosmography, 412–13dynastic history by, 445–6, 455–6language competency of, 559–60

Taşlıcalı Yahya, 570–2, 573–4Tatars, nomadic migrations by, 399–400taxes and taxation

administrative difficulties in costs and collection of, 254–6

Arab provinces population data and, 379–82

comparative analysis of, 247–8costs of war and conquest and, 13–15in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 193–5food supply estimates and, 382–7governing structure for collection of, 230–1as historical source, 2–3, 5judicial corruption concerning, 335–6maritime trading and, 142–3for naval redevelopment, 306–7Ottoman law concerning, 235–8Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 182–3peasants and nomads as taxpayers, 5–6population estimates based on, 375–9private profit limits and, 268–9progressive conquest and use of, 147tahrir registers and, 358–60in Yemen beylerbeylik, 191–3Yemen occupation by Ottomans and, 183–4

tax farming (iltizam) administrative difficulties in costs and

collection of, 254–6capital formation and, 266, 269–72, 275judicial corruption concerning, 336life-time tax-farm (malikâne), 255Ottoman elites’ dislike of, 256–8in Ottoman Empire, 185–6Ottoman revenues and expenditures and,

247–8sale of shares in (esham), 255

Tazarruname, 562–5Tekelu tribe, 118–19telhis (summaries, reports), 330Tercüme-i Miftah-i Cifrü‘l-Cami, 454–5, 539–42Tevarih-i Al-i Osman narratives, 446–7, 448–9,

451, 562–5textiles, decorative aesthetic of, 481, 494–5, 501Tezkire (Dawlat-Shah), 586–9Tezkiretü‘l-Bünyan, 546–7Tezkiretü‘l-Ebniye, 546–7Tezkiretü‘ş-Şu’ara (Reminiscences of Poets),

586–92Tezkiretü‘ş-Şu’ara ve Tabsuratu’n-Nuzama

(Reminiscences of Poets and Demonstrations of Versifiers), 588–9

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 423–9Thessaloniki, 152Thomas Palaiologos, 22–3, 24, 212Thomaz, Luis Felipe, 199Tietze, Andreas, 563n48tiles. See ceramics






Index

695

timar revenue system, 55, 99–100, 116, 185–90absence of treasury data on, 247–8administrative reforms and, 100Balkan Christian nobility and, 251Christian participation in, 286food shortage data and, 383–4governing structures for, 226–32population data from, 358–60sipahis as part of, 286–96

time and timekeeping dynastic history and, 445–9importance of, 416Ottoman concept of history and, 439–45Ottoman geographic system and, 420–1prognostications and end of time and, 453–5

Timur, 395, 415–16attacks in Anatolia by, 365–6

Timurid culture decorative aesthetic and, 474–86historical narratives in, 448influence on art and architecture of, 458–9,

470, 473–4omen books and, 454–5ornament aesthetic and, 493–504Ottoman poetry and, 3pictorial representation in, 486–91rare book collections and, 476–80

Tokmak Han, 132–3Tomašević, Stefan, 22–4Topçular Katibi, 315topçus in Ottoman army, 285–6Topkapı Palace

design and construction of, 459–60renovation and rebuilding in, 532Süleyman’s changes to, 510–28

Trabzon Mehmed II’s siege of, 75n5, 75–7timar revenue system in, 286

trading relationships artisan production and, 6–7between Mamluks and Ottomans, 174–5European expansion and, 55–7Mediterranean expansion and, 141–8Ottoman economic policy and, 258–62, 275Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and, 141–8Red Sea expansion and, 175–85, 195–201spheres of dominance in, 45

traditionalism, in Ottoman economic policy, 258–62, 269–72, 274–5

Tragurio, Georgio de, 146–7

trans-imperial zone intermediaries in, 61–2Ottoman frontiers and, 59–60post-conquest Ottoman administration in,

63–4role of fortresses in, 60–1

Transylvania Counterreformation effort in, 249–50Ottoman expansion into, 53–4

Trapezuntios, Georgios, 241–2Triplex Confinium (Triple Border) region,

59–60Tripoli, Ottoman attack on, 161–2Tuhfe-i Şahidi, 560–2Tumanbay, 30–2, 112–13Turahan, 22–3Turahanoğlu family, 212–14, 226–32Turcomans

Beyazid II’s conflicts with, 28–9decorative aesthetic of, 474–86Mehmed II and, 82, 89migrations by, 122ornament aesthetic and, 493–504Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 174–5pictorial representation in culture of, 486–91religious beliefs of, 106–7revolts in Anatolia by, 29–30, 34, 99–100, 116Selim I and, 109–10Shah Isma’il and, 98–9, 100–1, 109–10in Syria, 92–3Uzun Hasan and, 78, 115–17

Turgud Reis, 157, 161, 164n192, 164–5Turkish language

ascendancy in Rum of, 552–5, 556–8, 557n28, 559–60

creation of, 20–1discourses on poetry in, 583–6histories of poets of, 586–9learning tools for, 560–2manuals and commentaries on poetry in,

581–3in Ottoman historical sources, 4parallel poetry in, 580n96, 580–1prose in, 562–5Rum literature and, 551Türki-i Basit (Turkish poems) and, 569n66

Tursun Bey, 91chronicles of, 81, 444–5, 448, 452on Mehmed II, 145, 451–2on Ottoman architecture, 465–6






Index

696

on sultanate leadership and authority, 219–20, 221, 437–8

Tuscany domestic borrowing system in, 252–3Ottoman trade relations with, 261–2

Üç Şerefeli Cami mosque, 465–6Uğurlu Mehmed, 85–6Ulama Han, 118–19ulema (scholar-officials), 248

career path for, 332–4fiscal inefficiencies in policies of, 256–8in imperial capital, 322–5importation from outside the Empire, 320–1literary patronage by, 552–5Ottoman capital formation and, 263Ottoman legal system and, 348–9political involvement of, 337–8, 354religious institutions and, 320–38şeri’at and kanun principles and, 327venality and unemployment issues for, 334–7 See also elites

Ulloa, Alfonso, 67–8Uluğ Bey, 415–16Umur Paşa, 434unemployment

migrations due to, 393–5in Ottoman judiciary, 334–7

universalist iconography, imperial artistic images and, 491–528

urban ateliers, 474–86, 493–504urbanization

in Arab provinces, 379–82architectural projects and, 525decorative aesthetic and expansion of, 474–86population demographics and, 375–9

Uruç (brother of Hayreddin), 155–6Uşak, carpet production in, 484–5Uskoks, 14–15, 57–9, 166–70, 171–2, 397–8Üsküdar, growth and development of, 8–9Ustajalu Muhammad Han, 108usury

domestic borrowing as alternative to, 252–3Islamic prohibition against, 256–8

Uzun Hasan, 26, 34Cüneyd and, 97–8marriage to Katherine (Despina Hatun), 76Mehmed II’s expansion in Anatolia and, 75–6,

78–86

rebellion in Karaman and, 212–14

vakıf (pious foundation) absence of treasury data on, 247capital accumulation and, 265–6data on women connected with, 366–9libraries of, 409revenues from, 187–8, 205, 246–7tax and population data and, 358–60, 366–9

Varka and Gülşah, 572–6Vasco da Gama, 196Vatin, Nicolas, 149–50Veinstein, Gilles, 20Veledi dervishes, 343venality in Ottoman judiciary, 334–7Venice

Albanian migration to, 395Bayezid II’s war with, 149–53Cyprus as possession of, 166–70, 330–1Mehmed II’s war with, 143–5Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 177–9, 196Ottoman threat to, 9, 12–13, 25, 29–30, 39–40,

49–50public debt in, 252–3revenues and expenditures in, 247trade with Ottoman merchants in, 261–2Uzun Hasan’s relations with, 84

vezirs (ministers) administrative reforms and, 100individuals from conquered elites appointed

as, 212–13, 215constraints on sultans’ appointment

of, 211–12executions of, 209–10governing activities of, 221–2, 239–40Imperial Council and, 222–32marriages to sultans’ daughters of, 210–11military advice from, 153–5, 164–5, 167, 219–20sultans’ relations with, 221

Vikayetü‘r-Rivaye fi Mesaili’l-Hidaye, 558–9Vilayetname, 441–2, 443‘Virtuous Polis’, Kınalızâde Ali’s concept of,

435–7visual arts, 457–60

calligraphy and book arts, 476–80decorative aesthetic in, 474–86imperial image articulated in, 491–528literary discourse on, 544–7multicultural influences on, 458–9pictorial representation in, 486–91

Tursun Bey (cont.)






Index

697

Timurid-Turcoman decorative aesthetic, 474–86

Vlad III Drakul, 22–3Vladislas II (King of Bohemia and Hungary),

29–30volleys, firing of, military development of, 284

Wake, C. H., 196–7Wallachia, Ottoman expansion into, 22–3, 52,

53–4warfare, Ottoman military structure from 1453

to 1603 and, 276–319warrior-sultan, Ottoman concept of, 218–22wealth accumulation

data on women and, 366–9Ottoman capital formation patterns and,

262–7weapons technology, Ottoman military

structure and, 309–10Wild, Hans, 372, 387Winter, Michael, 186–90women

architectural patronage of, 516–19, 525, 529data from vakıf (pious foundations)

on, 366–9in military garrisons, 313–15in Ottoman dynasties, authority of sultans

and ineligibility of, 207–18as palace slaves and concubines, 388–9as patrons of illuminated manuscripts, 539religious and charitable efforts of dynastic

women, 8–9scarcity of population data on, 366–9

world histories, Ottoman production of, 449–53, 533–4

Yakub (son of Uzun Hasan), 86, 98Yakub Şah bin Sultan Şah, 466

Yani (shipbuilder), 150Yazıcıoğlu Ahmed Bican, 432–3, 454Yemen

beylerbeyilik established in, 179–80, 181, 183–4, 191–3

fortress garrisons in, 301–2Ottoman presence in, 173Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 175–85Selim II and, 39–40

Yunus (commander under Mehmed II), 142–3yürük (nomads), 398–401Yusuf and Züleyha stories, 572n73, 572–6Yusuf b. Abi Bakr al-Sakkâki, 327

Zabid, 179–80Ottoman control of, 177–9

Zafername, 533Zaganos Paşa, 22–4Zakariyā al-Qazwini, 412–15, 427, 540–2zarar-ı kassabiye (tax), 264–5Zaydis (Yemen), revolt by, 39–40, 183–4, 352–4Zayla, Portuguese protection of, 177–9zeamets (land held in return for military

service), 230gedikli zeamets, 292tax and population data on, 358–60timariot compared with, 291–2

Zen, Pietro, 166–7Zenbilli Ali, 221–2Zeynel Mirza, 474Zeyniyye order, 342Zeyrek Ağa, 538zones of operation, Ottoman expansion and,

57–9Zrínyi, Miklós, romanticized image of, 1Zsitvatorok, treaty of, 21, 42–3, 53–4Zübdetü‘t-Tevarih, 449–50, 533–4, 536, 538, 539, 542–3Zülfi kar, 118






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