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DC (AC/JG) 103144© UCLES 2014 [Turn over

Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

*0274049683*

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/21

Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2014

1 hour 30 minutes

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Electronic calculators may be used.You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

Section AAnswer all questions.Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

Section BAnswer one question from this section.Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.

At the end of the examination,1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.

For Examiner’s

Use

Section A

1

2

Section B

Total

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8291/21/M/J/14© UCLES 2014

Section A

Answer all questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the former area of coastal forest in East Africa. Coastal forest is now limited to a few small areas, of which the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest is the largest remnant. The golden rumped elephant shrew, in Fig. 1.2, is only found in these remaining coastal forests.

Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.1

(i) Suggest two abiotic factors that have confined the coastal forest to the narrow band shown in Fig. 1.1.

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(ii) State two biotic factors that may have limited the golden rumped elephant shrew to the remaining small areas of coastal forest, such as the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest shown in Fig. 1.1.

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(iii) Describe two human activities that could have led to the reduction in area covered by coastal forest.

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(iv) Explain why conserving the remaining areas of coastal forest is important.

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(b) Fig. 1.3 shows the management plan for the sustainable use of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Kenya).

biodiversity zone

ecotourism zone

plantations

village boundarymotorable tracksfootpaths

intervention zone

potential subsistencefarming zone, subjectto operational plans

Key

0 5 10

km

N

villagezones

Fig. 1.3

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With reference to Fig. 1.3, describe how the management plan could achieve a sustainable use of this forest.

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[Total: 20]

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2 Fig. 2.1 shows details of the Three Gorges Dam in China, which has displaced 1 million people and caused 1300 settlements to be submerged.

CHINA

YangtzeRiver

500 km

Shanghai

Beijing

maparea

Changshou

Fuling

Fengdu

Zhongxian

Wanxian

Yunyang Fengjie Wushan

OutangGorge

WuxiaGorge

Xiling Gorge

Three Gorges Damriverflow

Yichang

Chongqing

river’s flow

YangtzeRiver

dam’s dimensions• length2.3 km,the world’s longest• height185 m

energy production85 billion kilowatthours a year by 2009

Yang

tze Rive

r

dam

Fig. 2.1

(a) Suggest which natural features shown in Fig. 2.1 made this a suitable site for a dam.

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(b) Briefly describe and explain two disadvantages associated with the construction of dams, such as that shown in Fig. 2.1.

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(c) Describe three benefits of dam construction, such as that shown in Fig. 2.1, or similar projects.

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[Total: 20]

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a food web for an ecosystem in a tundra biome.

arctic wolves

arctic foxes

pikas

liverworts grasses caribou moss lichens

musk ox caribou lemmings arctic hares

brown bears

polar bears kittiwakes snowy owls

Fig. 3.1

(a) Describe the inter-relationships between the organisms in the food web shown in Fig. 3.1. [10]

(b) With reference to a biome with which you are familiar, describe the influence of human activity on its ecosystems and the effectiveness of conservation measures. [30]

[Total: 40]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows part of the water cycle in an area where a pumping well has been dug.

stream

pumping wellprecipitation

water tablegroundwater flow

infiltration

Fig. 4.1

(a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe and explain the effect of the pumping well on the groundwater and water table. [10]

(b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, discuss how efforts to achieve a sustainable supply of water can have both positive and negative effects on human activity and the environment. [30]

[Total: 40]

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows the extent to which shrimp farms have extended into a mangrove ecosystem between 1989 and 1999.

sparse mangrovessalt pansagricultural lands

dense mangrovesbeach

sparse mangrovesshrimp pondsagricultural lands

dense mangrovesbeach

Bay ofBengal

Bay ofBengal

Cor

angi

Riv

er

Cor

angi

Riv

er

Gad

eru

River

Gad

eru

River

1989 1999Kakinada Bay(backwater)

Kakinada Bay(backwater)

Fig. 5.1

(a) With reference to Fig. 5.1, suggest and explain three effects that human activity is having on the environment. [10]

(b) With reference to a threatened ecosystem with which you are familiar, assess the measures that have been adopted to conserve its flora and fauna. [30]

[Total: 40]

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CopyrightAcknowledgements:

Question 1 Figure 1.1 © http://www.conservation.org/WHERE/PRIORITY_AREAS/HOTSPOTS/AFRICA/COASTAL-FORESTS-OF-EASTERN- AFRICA/Pages/default.aspxQuestion 1 Figure 1.2 © Gareth Rathburn; www.arkive.orgQuestion 1 Figure 2.1 © Araboko-Sokokwe Strategic Forest Management Plan 2002-2027; Bird life International; 2002.Question 2 Figure 2.1 © http://naturalplane.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/three-gorges-dam-causing-earthquakes.htm.Question 3 Figure 3.1 © http://biomesfirst.wikispaces.com/file/view/food_web.jpg.Question 4 Figure 4.1 © http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html.Question 5 Figure 5.1 © Hein L; Impact of shrimp farming on mangroves along India’s East Coast Unasylva Vol 31; 2000.

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