Cambridge IGCSE® Biology (0610)

Cells and cell processes1 2 Plant nutrition and transport3

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Unit links

Unit links

Respiration and the human transport system4 Coordination, response

and homeostasis5 Reproduction6

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Human reproduction7 Inheritance and evolution8 Organisms and environment9

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Human influences on the environment10

Unit links

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Highlighted numbers in the ‘unit links’ boxes indicate significant links between the different units.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Animal nutrition

H2O

CO2

O2

ARTERIES

VEINSBLOODSUGAR

PANCREAS

INSULIN

BLOODSTREAM

A C G T

T G C A

A aAa

AA AaAa aa

CO2

CO2

CO2 CH4

climate change

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

chromosomes

OESTROGEN

ovaries

TESTOSTERONE

testes

rice

GLUCOSE

Copyright © UCLES 2017

®IGCSE is a registered trademark

fungus

1 Cells and cell processes

surface area

Size of specimens2.3

Dichotomous keys1.4

Copyright © UCLES 2017

Cell structure and organisation2.1

Diffusion3.1

Active transport3.3

Characteristics of living organisms1.1 Concept and use of a classification system1.2

Features of organisms1.3

Osmosis3.2

Levels of organisation2.2

Enzymes5.1

M R S

G R E N

MOVEMENT RESPIRATIONSENSITIVITY GROWTH

REPRODUCTIONEXCRETIONNUTRITION

Corvus brachyrhynchos

genus

species

Corvus

plant animal prokaryote protoctist

flowers

no

yespointed petals

yespetal colour blue

no yes

no

CYTOPLASM

NUCLEUS

CELL MEMBRANE

CELL WALL

CHLOROPLASTS

VACUOLE

specialised cells

magnification = size of image

actual size of objecttemperature

concentration gradient

C̊

TURGID FLACCIDENERGY

AGAINST CONCENTRATION

GRADIENT

ION

ION

complementary shape

Cla

ssifi

cati

onC

ell t

rans

port

pro

cess

es a

nd re

acti

ons

Cell features

Cel

ls a

nd t

issu

es

H2O H2O

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

Copyright © UCLES 2017

2 Animal nutrition

Mechanical digestion7.3

Biological molecules4.1 Diet7.1

Alimentary canal7.2

Chemical digestion7.4 Absorption7.5

Balanced diet

Che

mic

al d

iges

tion

Brea

kdow

n of

larg

e m

olec

ules

Mechanical digestion

Enzy

mat

ic b

reak

dow

n

Absorption in the intestines

Suga

rs a

nd to

oth

deca

y

Nutrient absorption

CARBOHYDRATES

FATS

PROTEINS

C H O N

C H O N

C H O N

CARBOHYDRATES

FATS

PROTEINS

VITAMIN C

VITAMIN D

MINERALS

FIBRE

WATER

ingestionmechanical and

chemical digestion absorption incisors canines premolars molars

STARCH

FAT

PROTEIN

AMYLASE

LIPASE

PROTEASE

PEPSIN TRYPSIN

villus

assimilation

rice

Copyright © UCLES 2017

3 Plant nutrition and transport

Leaf structure6.2Photosynthesis6.1

Mineral requirements6.3

Transpiration8.3

Translocation8.4

Water uptake8.2

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Transport in plants8.1

CO2

I2

Mg magnesium

NO3– nitrate

amino acids

chlorophyll

XYLEM PHLOEM

H2O NO3–

H2OH2O H2O H2O

SOURCE SINK

Mineral transport

Water transport

PhotosynthesisC

hlor

ophy

ll

Xyl

em/p

hloe

m

Xylem and water transport

Water transport

Wat

er lo

ss

Nut

rien

t tr

ansp

ort

carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

SUCROSE

AMINO ACIDS

AMINO ACIDS

SUCROSE

4 Respiration and the human transport system

Respiration12.1

Diseases and immunity10.1

Blood9.4

Heart9.2Transport in animals9.1

Gas exchange in humans11.1

Aerobic respiration12.2

Anaerobic respiration12.3

Blood and lymphatic vessels9.3

ENERGY musclecontraction

celldivision

bodytemperature

nerveimpulses C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2

+ 6H2O

YEAST

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

glucose lactic acidO2WITHOUTOXYGEN

O2 CO2

CO2

O2

HEART

BODY LUNGS BODYHEART

Heart disease risk factorsARTERIES

VEINSSMOKING

GENETIC

DIET

STRESS

AGE

VEIN

CAPILLARY RED BLOOD CELLS PLATELETS AND PLASMA WHITE BLOOD CELLS

PATHOGENS

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

ANTIGEN

antibody

Respiration

Gases and respirationC

ircu

lati

on a

nd b

lood

Resp

irat

ion

Gas

es a

nd re

spir

atio

n

Gas

tra

nspo

rt

White blood cellsLymphatic system

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

phagocyte

lymphocyte

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Copyright © UCLES 2017

in muscles

lymph nodes

lymphatic vessels

ARTERY

Copyright © UCLES 2017

5 Coordination, response and homeostasis

Excretion in humans13.1

Misused drugs15.3

Drugs15.1Homeostasis14.4

Tropic responses14.5

Sense organs14.2Nervous control in humans14.1

Hormones14.3

INSULINpancreas

TESTOSTERONEtestes

ADRENALINEadrenal gland

OESTROGENovaries

PANCREAS

INSULIN

Medicinal drugs15.2

resistance

CO2

UREA

Nervous transmission

HormonesIn

sulin

Dru

gs a

nd s

ynap

ses

Hor

mon

es in

spo

rts

dopi

ng

Hom

eost

asis

Drug excretion Drug excretion

bloodstream

hormone auxin

LIGHT

BLOODSTREAM

BLOODSUGAR

steroids

glucose

6 Reproduction

Sexual reproduction in plants16.3

Meiosis17.4Sexual reproduction16.2

Asexual reproduction16.1 Mitosis17.3

Plan

t re

prod

ucti

onC

ell r

epro

duct

ion

Cell division and growth

Sexu

al re

prod

ucti

on in

pla

nts

Type

s of

repr

oduc

tion

parent cell single parent cell

identical DNA

DNA replication

Stage 1

mitosis

identical

23 chromosomes 46 chromosomes diploid

PARENT CELL

haploid

DAUGHTER CELLS

stigma

anther

Asexual reproduction

Production of gametes

Copyright © UCLES 2017

Stage 2

pollination

GAMETES FERTILISED EGG

OESTROGENovaries

Copyright © UCLES 2017

7 Human reproduction

Sexual reproduction in humans16.4

Sex hormones in humans16.5

Methods of birth control in humans16.6

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)16.7

HIV AIDS

STIs

The menstrual cycle

Birt

h co

ntro

l

Fert

ility

tre

atm

ents

Chemical contraception

Sexually transmitted infections

Preventing STIs

GAMETES

TESTOSTERONEtestes

STOPNATURAL

CHEMICAL

BARRIER

SURGICAL

8 Inheritance and evolution

Inheritance17.1

Genetic engineering20.3

Biotechnology20.2

Selection18.3Adaptive features18.2

Variation18.1

Chromosomes, genes and proteins17.2

Monohybrid inheritance17.5

Biotechnology and genetic engineering20.1

DNA and genes

cell DNA

chromosome gene

A C G T T A

T G C A A T

Natural selection

Gen

etic

eng

inee

ring

Genetic variation

Inhe

rita

nce

Gen

etic

eng

inee

ring

Var

iati

on

Copyright © UCLES 2017

parents

offspringprotein

mRNA

A aAa

AA AaAa aa

A B AB O

increase rate of mutation

HbA

HbS

SICKLE CELL

20min

20min

20min

milk

penicillin

continuous variation

SUN

9 Organisms and environment

19.1 Energy flow

Food chains and food webs

Nutrient cycles

Nut

rien

t cy

cles

and

food

cha

ins

Ener

gy fl

ow in

food

cha

ins

Resp

irat

ion

and

ener

gy

19.2

19.3

body processes and heat

chemical energylight

principalenergy input

carbon cycle water cycle nitrogen cycle

CO2 N2

Copyright © UCLES 2017

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS

producer

consumer consumer

consumer consumer

consumer

TROPHICLEVELS

producers

tertiary consumers

primary consumers

secondary consumers

Copyright © UCLES 2017

10 Human influences on the environment

Conservation21.4

Pollution21.3Habitat destruction21.2

Population size19.4 Food supply21.1

Redu

cing

pol

luti

on a

nd e

mis

sion

sA

gric

ultu

ral p

ollu

tion

Food demands

Hum

an e

ffec

ts o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t

N

P

K

CO2

CO2 CH4

climate change

OIL

COAL GAS

Con

serv

atio

n of

hab

itat

sH

ousi

ng

food supply

predation

disease

community

ecosystem

exponential

NITRATES

eutrophication of water