Cambridge IGCSE Cambridge IGCSE

American History (US)American History (US)

Kofa High SchoolKofa High School

2012-132012-13

Theme 1Theme 1

Government and the PeopleGovernment and the People

1754-20001754-2000

Key Question 1Key Question 1

How did Americans develop the US Political How did Americans develop the US Political System during the period from 1754 to System during the period from 1754 to 1865?1865?

1.1. What role did political ideas have before What role did political ideas have before 1776?1776?

2.2. How was the constitution created?How was the constitution created?3.3. How and to what extent did the political How and to what extent did the political

system move toward democracy?system move toward democracy?4.4. How important was the principle of states How important was the principle of states

rights before 1861?rights before 1861?

The Thirteen The Thirteen Original Original ColoniesColonies

Colonists Response to British Rule Colonists Response to British Rule 1754-761754-76

Royal Colonies-owned directly by the kingRoyal Colonies-owned directly by the king

Proprietary Colonies-land grant, somewhat Proprietary Colonies-land grant, somewhat freefree

Charter Colonies-almost totally freeCharter Colonies-almost totally free

ACTIVITYACTIVITY - Identify the colony types on a - Identify the colony types on a map.map.

Colonists Response to British Rule Colonists Response to British Rule 1754-761754-76

Until the mid-1700s, colonies allowed Until the mid-1700s, colonies allowed freedom.freedom.

In 1760, King George III imposed new taxes In 1760, King George III imposed new taxes and laws on the colonists.and laws on the colonists.

Stamp Act – printed materialStamp Act – printed material

Sugar ActSugar Act

Townsend Act – high taxes on multiple thingsTownsend Act – high taxes on multiple things

Intolerable Acts – main one is teaIntolerable Acts – main one is tea

Colonists Response to British Rule Colonists Response to British Rule 1754-761754-76

Sons of Liberty form-led by Samuel Adams – Sons of Liberty form-led by Samuel Adams – “No Taxation Without Representation”“No Taxation Without Representation”

Key events lead us towards revolutionKey events lead us towards revolution– Boston MassacreBoston Massacre– Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party– Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord– Colonies meet in representative CongressesColonies meet in representative Congresses

QuestionQuestion: Why do people in Boston seem to : Why do people in Boston seem to want to protest more?want to protest more?

Adams, Jefferson, PaineAdams, Jefferson, Paine

Adams urges revolution in CongressesAdams urges revolution in Congresses– What was the original purpose of these What was the original purpose of these

various Congresses?various Congresses?

Paine-publishes “Common Sense”Paine-publishes “Common Sense”– What is it about?What is it about?– What effect does it have?What effect does it have?

Jefferson-authors Declaration of Jefferson-authors Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Creation of the Constitution and Bill Creation of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 1781-90of Rights 1781-90

Victorious colonies stay with Articles of Victorious colonies stay with Articles of Confederation as their government.Confederation as their government.

What were the positive/negative aspects What were the positive/negative aspects to this type of government?to this type of government?

Event pushes US to fix their government.Event pushes US to fix their government.– Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

The Articles of Confederation

“a firm league of friendship” among the States.

Powers

• Declare war

• Deal with national finance

issues

•Settle disputes among the

States.

Obligations

• Obey Congress

• Respect the laws of the

other States.

Creation of the Constitution and Bill Creation of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 1781-90of Rights 1781-90

Constitutional Convention is called.Constitutional Convention is called.

Issues at first between big state and small Issues at first between big state and small states.states.

Why? What were the plans of big and Why? What were the plans of big and small states when it came to the legislative small states when it came to the legislative branch?branch?

Conflicting PlansConflicting Plans

Virginia PlanVirginia Plan

3 branches3 branches

2 houses of congress 2 houses of congress – – bicameralbicameral

Number of reps Number of reps determined by determined by populationpopulation

New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan

3 branches3 branches

1 house of congress1 house of congress

Equal number of reps Equal number of reps for all statesfor all states

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise

Also known as the Connecticut Also known as the Connecticut CompromiseCompromise

Combine PlansCombine Plans– 2 houses of congress2 houses of congress

House of Reps – based on populationHouse of Reps – based on population– Slaves count as 3/5 of a personSlaves count as 3/5 of a person

Senate – 2 reps per stateSenate – 2 reps per state

Large and Small states benefitLarge and Small states benefit

Identify these other Identify these other CompromisesCompromises

3/5ths compromise3/5ths compromise

Commerce and Slave Trade compromiseCommerce and Slave Trade compromise

Creation of the Constitution and Bill Creation of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 1781-90of Rights 1781-90

Constitution drafted Sept 17Constitution drafted Sept 17thth, 1787, 1787

Disagreement immediately on whether or Disagreement immediately on whether or not it should be approved and ratified.not it should be approved and ratified.

Two Rival Groups formTwo Rival Groups form– FederalistFederalist– Anti-FederalistAnti-Federalist

Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalists vs Anti-Federalists

FederalistsFederalistsSupported constitutionSupported constitutionstrong federal gov’tstrong federal gov’tWould create a strong Would create a strong stable nationstable nation

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalistsopposed constitutionopposed constitution

Power in the statesPower in the states

Federal gov’t would abuse Federal gov’t would abuse powerpower

Gov’t should be close to Gov’t should be close to homehome

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

Only way states Only way states would agreewould agree

12 Amendments 12 Amendments sent around to sent around to states for states for ratificationratification

10 were approved10 were approved

What are they?

http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/billofrights/

Political BeginningsPolitical Beginnings

11stst President – G. Washington President – G. Washington

2 party system2 party system– Originally Federalists and Democratic-Originally Federalists and Democratic-

RepublicansRepublicans

Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States

Creation of Washington D.C.Creation of Washington D.C.

Washington AccomplishmentsWashington Accomplishments

America felt an obligation to help French America felt an obligation to help French RevolutionRevolution– Washington chose Washington chose neutralityneutrality – not choosing – not choosing

sidessides

Created cabinetCreated cabinet

Warned us of future issues in “Farewell Warned us of future issues in “Farewell Address” Address”

2 terms is enough2 terms is enough

Original Provisions (FYI)Original Provisions (FYI)

The President and Vice President are The President and Vice President are chosen by chosen by presidential electorspresidential electors..This group is known as the This group is known as the Electoral Electoral CollegeCollegeOriginally, these electors each cast two Originally, these electors each cast two electoral voteselectoral votes,, each for a different each for a different candidate. The candidate with the most candidate. The candidate with the most votes would become President, and the votes would become President, and the candidate with the second highest total candidate with the second highest total would become Vice President. would become Vice President.

The Rise of PartiesThe Rise of PartiesWith the rise of With the rise of political parties in political parties in 1796, flaws began 1796, flaws began to be seen in the to be seen in the system.system.Adams beat Adams beat Jefferson by 3 Jefferson by 3 votesvotesJefferson became Jefferson became his VP (rival party)his VP (rival party)

John Adams Accomplishments John Adams Accomplishments

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

Alien and Sedition ActAlien and Sedition Act

Appoints people on his way out of office to Appoints people on his way out of office to sabotage Jeffersonsabotage Jefferson– Leads to case of Leads to case of Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

Creates Judicial ReviewCreates Judicial Review

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Tie went to the Tie went to the House of RepsHouse of Reps

Took 36 Took 36 ballots to ballots to select select JeffersonJefferson

Led to a Led to a Constitutional Constitutional change-12change-12thth AmendmentAmendment

Presidency of Thomas JeffersonPresidency of Thomas Jefferson

Elected in 1800Elected in 1800Average guy – simplified presidencyAverage guy – simplified presidencyLouisiana Purchase – from FranceLouisiana Purchase – from France– $18 per square mile$18 per square mile

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark– Explore the west, find a northwest passageExplore the west, find a northwest passage

Presidents and Parties before 1850Presidents and Parties before 1850

James Monroe-Monroe DoctrineJames Monroe-Monroe Doctrine

Andrew Jackson suffers defeat in 1824.Andrew Jackson suffers defeat in 1824.– Calls it a “Corrupt Bargain”Calls it a “Corrupt Bargain”– Why? What happened?Why? What happened?

Andrew Jackson elected in 1828 as 1Andrew Jackson elected in 1828 as 1stst DemocratDemocrat

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Shuts down the National bankShuts down the National bank

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act– Ignores the Supreme CourtIgnores the Supreme Court

Fights for Federal powerFights for Federal power– Nullification issueNullification issue

Spoils System – cleaning houseSpoils System – cleaning house– ““to the victor goes the spoils”to the victor goes the spoils”– Appoints best friendsAppoints best friends

New Political PartiesNew Political Parties

Republican – opposed slaveryRepublican – opposed slavery

Democrat – states rights, divided on slaveryDemocrat – states rights, divided on slavery

Whig – pro business, divided on slaveryWhig – pro business, divided on slavery

Know Nothing – Anti-immigrationKnow Nothing – Anti-immigration

Free-Soil – anti-expansion of slaveryFree-Soil – anti-expansion of slavery

Death of a PresidentDeath of a President

William Henry Harrison, Whig, dies after William Henry Harrison, Whig, dies after being president for 32 days.being president for 32 days.

Vice President John Tyler takes over officeVice President John Tyler takes over office

How does this impact the presidency?How does this impact the presidency?