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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76637-1 - International Law Reports: Volume 141 Edited by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, CBE QC, Sir Christopher Greenwood, CMG QC and Karen LeeIndexMore information

INDEXFor references to particular articles of treaties, see the Table of Treaties.

Abbreviations used in the indexCFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy)CSC (Continental Shelf Convention (1958))ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights (1950))ECtHR (European Court of Human Rights)GC (1948) (Genocide Convention (1948))ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966))ICJ ((Statute of the) International Court of Justice)JISP (UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property

(2004))Lisbon TEU (Lisbon Treaty (2007))ROC (Rules of Court)TC (Torture Convention (1984))TEC (Treaty establishing the European Community (1957))TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2007))TSC (Territorial Sea Convention (1958))UNC (United Nations Charter (1945))UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982))VCLT (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969))

abandonment of title/territorial sovereignty 250-2, 315-16, 387-8acquiescence, tacit agreement 387admissibility (ICJ) (ROC 79): see also legal dispute, need for/existence of (ICJ 36(2)

and arbitration provisions); ‘subject of dispute’, obligation to indicate inapplication (ICJ 40(1)/ROC 38(2))

bilateral settlement as exclusive remedy and 55-9, 158-61burden of proof, relevance 75, 97-100Court’s obligation to consider proprio motu 84-5, 98, 102, 111critical date 74, 112, 178, 185-6, 196-7estoppel and 57-8, 63-4exhaustion of established processes including diplomatic negotiations

as admissibility matter 77-8, 112-13, 369-70agreement on basis of international law requirement (UNCLOS 74 and 83)

77-8, 92-3, 108-10, 167-9, 322-5, 369-70equality of parties and 128-30precondition, whether 57-8provision in compromis 58

third party interests: see third States’ rights/interests (ICJ)advisory opinion (ICJ), competence of Court (ICJ 65(1)), contentious

proceedings rules, applicability (ICJ 68) 161-2Africa

boundaries in: see also uti possidetis/intangibility principle, Africa andethnicity and 411-12, 419-20

739

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740 INDEX

Australiaexecutive certificate/statement, conclusiveness in respect of, State immunity from

jurisdiction, entitlement 544-6Foreign States Immunities Act 1985, consistency with international law 548Foreign States Immunities Act 1985 by section

s 3(3) (head of foreign State or political division of foreign State in publiccapacity) 547

s 9 (general immunity) 547s 27(default judgment) 548-9s 40(1) (certification by Minister of Foreign Affairs) 544-6

admissibility 546conclusiveness 544-5text (extracts) 545

s 40(5) (as evidence of facts and matters stated therein) 546Head of State

as ‘public official or person acting in that capacity’ 548-50as ‘representative of the State acting in that capacity’ (JISP 2(1)(b)(iv))

548-50Head of State (former), immunity from jurisdiction, torture 547-53law of

Admiralty Act 1988, jurisprudence, Cape Moreton 550Evidence Act 1995

s 48(1) (document as evidence of content) 546s 150(3) (presumption as to signature of office holder) 546

State immunity from jurisdiction, entitlementdiscretionary, whether 548individual/official, authorisation, relevance 550-1‘representative of the State acting in that capacity’ (JISP 2(1)(b)(iv))

548-50State immunity from jurisdiction, procedural aspects, burden/standard of proof,

presumption against immunity 548torture, civil remedy obligation (TC 14(1)) 551-3

universal/extraterritorial jurisdiction (including omission from TC 14)552

Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Arbitral Tribunal (2002-2003)(including provisions of 1930 Hague Agreement), parties’ claims andarguments, calculation of compensation 94-5

basepoints (general)Cameroon–Nigeria (ICJ decision) 343-6jurisprudence, Qatar/Bahrain 344

British Protectorates‘Protectorate of the Niger Districts’ 306-7treaties of protection, practice in relation to 304-6, 379-84

Cameroon, Republic ofICJ, compulsory jurisdiction (Optional Clause) (ICJ 36(2)) 44-55plebiscites (UNGA resolution 1350 (XIII)) 228Southern Cameroons and (UNGA resolution 1608 (XV)) 228

Cameroons, French trusteeship, termination 228






INDEX 741

Cameroon–Nigeria land boundary (Bakassi boundary and sovereignty overBakassi Peninsula)

administrative acts/effectivites 314-16British right to determine/dispose of 302-7, 381-4, 391, 394, 427, 479-83Court’s decision 357-8, 362Court’s discussion of 299-316derivative root of title 305, 395-7, 477-9description of relevant area 225-6evidence of title/sovereignty

Cameroon’s alleged acquiescence in abandonment to Nigeria 315-16, 388-9,418

German effectivites post-1913 487mandate arrangements 307, 309, 487-9maritime delimitation negotiations/agreements 308, 311Nigeria’s requests to visit nationals in 312oil concessions 308-9, 312trusteeship arrangements 487-9UN plebiscites (1961) 307-8, 310

‘original title’ 312, 377-8, 388, 395-6, 466, 467-8, 470, 477, 483-7parties’ arguments 300-4, 307-9terra nullius concept, relevance to Old Calabar 382, 391, 395-6, 428-9treaties and international agreements relating to

Anglo-German Agreement (11 March 1913) 229, 466-71, 476-7Anglo-German Agreement (12 April 1913) 229, 300-3Great Britain–Kings and Chiefs of Old Calabar Treaty of Protection (‘1884

Treaty’) 229, 303-7, 371-4, 375-84, 427-9, 466, 471-83Maroua Declaration (1975) 308, 312

Cameroon–Nigeria land boundary, historical and geographical background:see also Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) 226-30

1965 exploratory talks 56accession to independence 228description of relevant area 225-6Joint Boundary Commission (1970-91) 56-7League of Nations mandate arrangements 227, 307, 309UN trusteeship arrangements 227-8, 307-8

Cameroon–Nigeria land boundary (Lake Chad area) (including title andsovereignty issues): see also Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC)

Cameroon’s titleadministrative acts/effectivites 250-1, 463-4alleged acquiescence in abandonment to Nigeria 250-2, 386, 387-8, 418documentary evidence 238-9, 250

Court’s decision 243, 251-2, 356over-precision 362-3Sketch-map No 2 253

Court’s discussion of 230-52delimitation prior to 1931, evidence of

LCBC actions (1983-91) 232-5, 238-41Milner–Simon Declaration (1919) and related agreements 235-8, 241-3,

449-51Nigeria’s failure to challenge during independence negotiations 238






742 INDEX

Cameroon–Nigeria land boundary (cont.)open questions, relevance 241post-WWI attempts 448-53pre-WWI attempts 447-8

demarcation (LCBC) 60-1, 239-41, 415-16, 453-8Cameroon’s ratification of results 61, 454Nigeria’s refusal to ratify results/effect 61, 64, 233-4, 248, 392-3, 433-4,

454-8description of relevant area 225determination by Court, relevant factors 241-3, 452-3ethnicity/nationality and 411-12, 419-20Lake Chad, changes 242-3, 419, 459-60‘mouth’ of the Ebeji 242-3, 420-1

Sketch-map No 1 245Nigeria’s claims 243-52, 421

administrative acts/effectivites 384-6, 462-3list of areas claimed 243-5protest by Cameroon 251

parties’ argumentsCameroon 231-4, 247-8, 445-7Nigeria 234-5, 243-7, 446

Cameroon–Nigeria land boundary (Lake Chad to Bakassi Peninsula) (includingOrder in Council (1946) provisions relating to)

Beacon 6 to Wamni Budungo 273-6Sketch-map No 7 277

Bissaula–Tosso 296-7Court’s decision 299, 357

over-precision 362-3Court’s discussion of 252-99delimitation/demarcation, parties’ differences over Court’s task 256-7Hambere Range Area 287-90

‘fairly prominent peak’ 288-90, 291-2Sketch-map No 10 295

Hambere Range to Mburi River (Lip and Yang) 290-5Jimabre and Sapeo 278-83Keraua (Kirewa or Kirawa) River 262-3Kohom River 263-5

Sketch-map No 5 266Kotcha (Koja) 271-2Limani 259-61

Sketch-map No 4 261Maio Senche 276-8

Sketch-map No 8 279Maio Yin 286-7Mount Kuli to Bourha/Maduguva (incorrect watershed line on Moisel’s Map)

269-71Noumberou–Banglang 283-5

Sketch-map No 9 285parties’ arguments 252-7Pillar 64 298






INDEX 743

points in disputelist 257Sketch-map No 3 258

Sama River 297-8sector 1 (mouth of the Ebeji to ‘Mount Kombon’) 252sector 2 (‘Mount Kombon’ to pillar 64) 252-4

Order in Council (1946) and 252sector 3 (pillar 64 to the sea) 254source of the Tsikakiri River 272-3

Sketch-map No 6 274Thomson–Marchand Declaration (1929) provisions relating to 258-92Tipsan 286Watershed from Ngosi to Humsiki (Roumsiki)/Kamale/Turu (Mandara

Mountains) 265-9Cameroon–Nigeria land boundary, treaties and other legal instruments

relating toAnglo-German Agreement (1906) 226-7Anglo-German Agreement (11 March 1913) 227, 229

sovereignty over Bakassi Peninsula and 299-303, 476-7validity 300-1, 376-84, 391, 394

Anglo-German Agreement (12 April 1913) 227, 229Franco-British Convention (1906) 226Franco-British Protocol (1910) 226Franco-German Convention (1908) 226-7Great Britain–Kings and Chiefs of Old Calabar Treaty of Protection (‘1884

Treaty’) 229derivative root of title and 305, 395-7, 477-9pacta sunt servanda principle and 59, 377-8, 381-2, 395-6, 403, 480text (Articles 1 and 2) 304, 381treaty status/inequality of parties 303-7, 371-4, 375-84, 390-1, 427-9, 471-3,

476-83Henderson–Fleuriau Exchange of Notes (1931) (incorporating

Thomson–Marchand Declaration (1929))conclusion 227trusteeship agreement reference to 237-8, 451views of parties on status of Thomson–Marchand Declaration 237

Milner–Simon Declaration (1919)adoption by Mandate 236, 450-1Cameroon’s views on 231-4conclusion 227‘mouth of the Ebeji’ 241-3Nigeria’s views on 234-5provisions 235-6treaty status 235

Order in Council Providing for the Administration of the Nigeria Protectorate andCameroons (2 August 1946)

Bissaula–Tosso 296-7Hambere Range to the Mburi River (Lip and Yang) 290-4Mount Kombon to pillar 64 and 252‘prominent peak’ 291-2






744 INDEX

Cameroon–Nigeria land boundary (cont.)provisions 228Sama River 297-8

Thomson–Marchand Declaration (1929)Cameroon’s views on 231-4, 414-15conclusion 227‘fairly prominent peak’ 288-90, 291implementation measures 450-1Lake Chad to the Bakassi Peninsula, provisions relating to 258-92Nigeria’s views on 234-5, 414-15provisions 236-7

Cameroon–Nigeria land and maritime boundary dispute (ICJ proceedings)Chad as interested third State 65-9‘historical consolidation’ concept (Bakassi and Lake Chad area) 249, 312-14,

376-89, 418, 427, 429, 443, 445, 451, 458, 459-66, 483-7, 489-93,505

maps relating tolegend 244Sketch-map No 1 (mouth of the Ejebi) 245

maps used in evidence, reliability 415-17, 474-5maritime boundary, Court’s discussion of 317-50parties’ differing approaches to 409-10parties’ requests (Cameroon) 211-17, 221-2parties’ requests (Nigeria) 217-20, 223-4parties’ statements (Equatorial Guinea) 225preliminary objections 32-172, 358procedural history 206-10request for interpretation of judgment 173-99request to intervene (ICJ 62) (Equatorial Guinea) 200-5, 321-2Sketch-maps

No 1 (mouth of the Ebeji) 245No 2 (boundary in the Lake Chad area) 253No 3 (Lake Chad to Bakassi Peninsula: points in dispute) 258No 4 (Limani) 261No 5 (Kohom River) 266No 6 (source of the Tsikakiri River ) 274No 7 (Beacon 6 to Wamni Budungo ) 277No 8 (Maio Senche) 279No 9 (Noumberou–Banglang) 285No 10 (Hambere Range to Mburi River) 295No 11 (Gulf of Guinea) 345No 12 (maritime boundary) 351

State responsibility for transborder incursions 352-6, 363, 438-40, 497-504withdrawal of military and administrative forces improperly present in territory

of third State as remedy 353-4, 360, 363, 440uti possidetis principle, relevance 312, 410-11, 424-7

Cameroon–Nigeria maritime boundary delimitation (ICJ)adjacency of coasts 332agreement on basis of international law requirement (UNCLOS 74 and 83) and

77-8, 92-3, 108-10, 167-9, 322-5, 369-70, 430-5, 496-7






INDEX 745

Akwayafe River to point GCourt’s decision 332discussion of status under relevant agreements 325-32, 428-9

basepoints 343-6beyond point G 332-51, 359, 435-8continental shelf delimitation distinguished 366-7Court’s decision 350, 358-60

Sketch-map No 12 (maritime boundary) 351Court’s discussion 316-51Sketch-map No 11 (Gulf of Guinea) 345equidistance/special circumstances rule (TSC 12(1)/CSC 6/UNCLOS 15),

applicability 332, 341-50, 435-6equidistance/median line, adjustment/correction to achieve equitable result

346-8equitable result requirement (UNCLOS 74(1) and 83(1)) 342, 437-8

equitable principles and 343existence/subject-matter of dispute 364-70parties’ arguments

Cameroon 325-7, 329, 332-5, 339-40, 493Equatorial Guinea 340-1Nigeria 327-9, 335-9, 493-4, 496

procedural errors, allegation of 364-6relevant coasts/base points 343-6single maritime boundary, request for 342-3special circumstances/relevant factors

Bioko Island 347-8, 436as check on equity 343concave coastline 346-7, 436-7oil concessions 349-50proportionality between coastal lengths 348

third State interests, limitations imposed by 320-2, 350Cameroon–Nigeria maritime boundary, treaties and international instruments

relating toAnglo-German Agreement (11 March 1913) 229, 325-6, 329Anglo-German Agreement (12 April 1913) 229Maroua Declaration (1975)

Bakassi Peninsula and 308, 311, 494-7conclusion 57, 230, 311as oral agreement 392-3provisions 311, 325treaty status 57, 77, 78, 102-3, 109, 308-9, 325-32, 392-3validity/violation of internal law (VCLT 46) and 330-1, 392, 434-5, 455-8,

495-6Yaounde Declaration I (1970) 229, 311Yaounde Declaration II (1971) 229, 311, 325-7

Chad, Cameroon–Nigeria boundary dispute and 65-9Chad Basin: see Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC)coasts (for purposes of maritime delimitation)

proportionality: see proportionality (maritime delimitation)relevant coasts 343-6






746 INDEX

collective security system, EU (Lisbon Treaty (2007)) 32, 626-8, 640colonial protectorates 394-5, 396, 398, 400-1, 402-3, 406-7, 422, 427, 428, 478,

482-3common commercial policy (EC/EU), Union competence (TFEU provisions)

581Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (Lisbon TEU 23-41): see also High

Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (EU)common defence policy: see common security and defence policy (Lisbon TEU

42-46)Court of Justice and 575, 578decision-making 579, 581-2, 662Declaration no 14 concerning the CFSP 581-2, 673, 692Declaration no 17 on primacy, exclusion from 673democratic principle/transfer of competences and 592, 608, 657-8, 692

common security and defence policy (Lisbon TEU 42-46) 582, 691-2Declaration no 14 concerning the CFSP 692democratic principle/transfer of competences and 592, 610-11, 692High Representative’s responsibility for 577as integral part of CFSP 582permanent structured cooperation and 582

compulsory jurisdiction (Optional Clause) (ICJ 36(2)), acceptance andimplementation

byCameroon 117, 131Nigeria (14 August 1965) 44-55, 131

communication of acceptance, relevance 124-7as contractual/consensual relationship 45-6, 116-17, 119, 121, 122-8, 140-1,

149-51deposit with UN Secretary-General (ICJ 36(4)), as date of entry into force 44-50,

127-8, 138-45, 149-51good faith and 151-4jurisprudence

Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. 53, 54Nicaragua 49-50, 53Right of Passage over Indian Territory 44-51, 54, 117, 118-28, 130-45,

149-56modification/replacement 144notification requirement (ICJ 36(4)) 117-18, 127-8, 131-3, 134-6, 149

delays, effect 40, 54, 120, 143publication in UN document, relevance 52, 117-18, 140

reciprocity requirement 52-5, 143-4, 147-9, 154-5termination/withdrawal 49-50, 138treaty character 44-50, 127-8, 136-8, 140-2

compulsory jurisdiction (Optional Clause) (ICJ 36(2)), reservations, explanatorystatement distinguished 54-5

Constitutional Treaty (European Union) (2004) 563, 569-70, 571, 572,669

Court of Justice (EU)Lisbon Treaty provisions 577-8progressive development of EU law and, EU citizenship 693-4






INDEX 747

demarcation of land boundariesCameroon/Nigeria land boundary 60-1, 231-5, 239-41, 256-7, 415-16delimitation compared/distinguished 412-13, 452-3, 458-9

‘the actual delimitation/delimitations proprement dites’ 415diplomatic protection

concept and basis, intervention in the affairs of another State, whether 730-3jurisprudence

Abbasi 732-3Al Rawi 733Butt 730-2

right to/duty of State to providediscretion/margin of appreciation 735-7fair trial, obligation to ensure 733-5judicial review/justiciability 728-33

dispute settlement, regional arrangements, as alternative to ICJ 59-65

Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon–Nigeria boundary dispute and: seeCameroon–Nigeria land and maritime boundary dispute (ICJproceedings), request to intervene (ICJ 62) (Equatorial Guinea)

equidistance/special circumstances rule (TSC 12(1)/CSC 6/UNCLOS 15): seealso equitable result requirement (UNCLOS 74(1) and 83(1)); specialcircumstances/relevant factors (maritime delimitation), development andnature of concept; special circumstances/relevant factors (maritimedelimitation), eligibility for consideration as

‘between States with opposite or adjacent coasts’ (CSC 6(1) and 6(2)/TSC12/UNCLOS 15 and 83(1)) 332-50

equidistance/equidistance line as method, single maritime boundary and342-50

equidistance/median line, adjustment/correction to achieve equitable result 346-8,435-6

equitable principles (maritime delimitation), refashioning of nature, exclusion 346equitable result requirement (UNCLOS 74(1) and 83(1))

equitable principles and 343equity and 346, 437

estoppeladmissibility/jurisdiction and 58-9, 63-4requirements

detriment/prejudice 59, 64reliance on act/undertaking 59

EU law, primacy, Lisbon Treaty (including Declaration no 17 on Primacy) 569, 572,585-6, 595-6, 605, 634, 669-73

Eurojust 573-4, 584, 677European Charter of Fundamental Rights

Constitutional Treaty and 569‘federal’ Europe and 608human dignity and 598-9, 603, 607, 616-18, 625Laeken Declaration and 568proclamation (Nice Intergovernmental Conference) 567social rights (‘solidarity’) 693treaty status/binding effect (Lisbon Treaty) 572, 598-9, 603, 607






748 INDEX

European citizenship (Lisbon Treaty)citizens’ initiative (Lisbon TEU 11) 573, 653, 674Court of Justice development of concept 693-4European Parliament and (Lisbon TEU 14(2)(1)) 573, 592, 596, 605, 646,

648-52, 675federal concept of Union and 596, 655, 674-5nationality, effect on 675-6voting rights/right to stand in national elections 676will of the Member States, dependence on 674-5

European Commission (Lisbon Treaty) 576-7, 653, 656composition 576democratic legitimacy and 594, 595, 646, 656, 667-8judicial cooperation and 584-5number 576powers (general) 576-7, 653, 656President, election 656status

as government 646, 656as supernational body 646

WTO representation and 686-7European Commission (pre-Lisbon Treaty), Lisbon Treaty changes 576-7European Council (Lisbon Treaty provisions)

approximation of criminal laws (TFEU 82(3) and 83(3)) 585, 692CFSP (second pillar) and (Lisbon TEU 31) 582-3, 585, 692common defence policy 582, 603, 691-2as EU institution (Lisbon TEU 13(1)(2)) 575EU Treaty amendments and

emergency brake mechanism 695-6general/special bridging procedure (Lisbon TEU 48(7)) 579-80, 582, 662-5,

682-3, 699ordinary revision procedure (Lisbon TEU 48(4)) 659simplified revision procedure (Lisbon TEU 48(6)) 578-9, 607, 659-60

European Commission, composition (Lisbon TEU 27(5) and TFEU 244) 576European Parliament, determination of composition (Lisbon TEU 14(2)) 575

Court of Justice jurisdiction over (TFEU 263(1) and 265(1)) 575European Public Prosecutor’s Office (TFEU 86) 584, 585, 677, 700-1High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security, appointment (Lisbon TEU

18(1)) 577legal personality (Lisbon TEU 13(1)(2)) 575legislative initiative, challenge by national parliament (Lisbon TEU 48(7)(3)) 589,

599-600police and judicial cooperation (TFEU 76b) 585President of Commission, nomination (Lisbon TEU 17(7)(1)) 574President, election and role (Lisbon Treaty) 575

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), individual applications (‘victim’(ECHR 34 [25(1)]))

acknowledgement of breach/remedy by State authorities and 522-3effective exercise of right, obligation not to obstruct, extradition as 540-1

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Rules of Court (1998)39 (interim measures) 521-2: see also provisional measures (ECtHR) (ROC 39)

text 537






INDEX 749

European Court of Justice (ECJ), Lisbon Treaty changes 577-8European External Action Service (Lisbon TEU 27(3)) 577European Parliament (Lisbon Treaty provisions)

allocation of seats (Lisbon TEU 14(1)) (including democratic legitimacyconsiderations) 575, 593-4, 595, 607, 648, 649, 650-4

Draft Decision on the Composition of the European Parliament (October 2007)650-1

amendments to legislative procedure and (Lisbon TEU 48(7)) 579approximation of civil laws (family matters) (TFEU 81(3)(1)) 683approximation of criminal laws (TFEU 83(1)(3)) 583, 677budgetary powers (Lisbon TEU 14(1) and TFEU 314) 574CFSP and 581-2composition (Lisbon TEU 14) 575democratic legitimation/effectiveness 592, 593-4, 604, 646, 655-6direct elections (Lisbon TEU 14(3)) 575, 642election of President of Commission and (Lisbon TEU 17) 574, 656EU treaties with third parties and (TFEU 218(6)(2)(a)) 574, 685-6Eurojust and (TFEU 85(1)(2)) 573-4, 584, 677Europol and (TFEU 88(2)(2)) 573-4, 584flexibility clause (TFEU 352(1)) 667High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security, consent to appointment

(TFEU 17) 577judicial cooperation in civil matters and (TFEU 81(3)) 585law-making powers (TFEU 289) 574, 597, 607

Commission’s role and 595neutralization of political conflict and 594, 649participative democracy and 647police and judicial cooperation and (TFEU 82(2)) 583representatives of ‘citizens of the Union’ (Lisbon TEU 14(2)) 575, 596, 649,

675European Public Prosecutor’s Office (TFEU 86) 584, 585, 677, 700-1European Union (EU), withdrawal (Lisbon TEU 50) 580, 607, 608, 631, 656,

668Europol 573-4, 584executive certificate/statement, conclusiveness in respect of, State immunity from

jurisdiction, entitlement 544-6extradition agreement, basis of jurisdiction (ROC 81(2)(c)) 201extradition in case of death penalty, assurances that death penalty will not be

carried out, State practice/agreements providing for, Germany 512-13,518, 526-7, 533-6

extradition, conditions in requesting Stateassurances/measures to guarantee protection

extradition agreement as 535-6signature of ECHR Convention as 512-13

fair trial, need for 512-13, 516, 534-6extradition procedure

detention during the proceedings, following apparently invalid request forextradition 518

extradition/deportation procedures, failure to observe, ‘luring by trickery’ 513-15extradition procedure, detention during the proceedings, following apparently

invalid request for extradition 518






750 INDEX

fair trial (ECHR 6), dispute/contestation, need for, extradition proceedingsdistinguished 532-3

forcible abduction/unlawful arrest (including effect on jurisdiction)classification as/examples, incitement/luring to travel from third country to

extraditing State 512, 513-15, 531customary international law and 514-15

forum [non] conveniens, torture cases 704forum prorogatum (ICJ) 55free elections, right to (ECHR Protocol I 3), European Parliament elections,

margin of appreciation 649-53fundamental change of circumstances as ground for termination of treaty or

withdrawal (VCLT 62), boundary treaties, applicability to 232,468-9

fundamental rights within the EC/EU: see also European Charter of FundamentalRights

Lisbon Treaty (2007) and 572-3, 616-18, 623-4, 625, 637, 639, 664, 669, 671,693-5

General Assembly (UNGA), resolutions in number/date order1350 (XIII) (Cameroons) 2281608(XV) (Southern Cameroons) 228

genocide, jurisdiction (GC (1948) VI), universal jurisdiction and 724-6Germany, Federal Republic (FRG)

armed forces, deployment, legislative consent, need for, Lisbon Treaty (2007),possible effect on 602-3, 611, 618, 620-1, 639-40, 689-92

Basic Law (GG) by article (including 2009 amendments)Art. 1(1) (human dignity) 603, 606-7, 617, 623, 627, 682Art. 20(1) (Germany as democratic and social federal State) 601, 613-14, 618,

621, 623, 636, 638Art. 20(2) (State authority, derivation from people) 591, 598, 601, 613, 614,

618, 621, 622-3, 636, 638, 644Art. 20(4) (right of all Germans to defend constitutional order) 598, 599, 600,

603, 616Art. 23(1) (European Union: Principles: amendment/supplementation of Basic

Law to reflect changes in EU treaty and regulations) 631-6Art. 23(1) (European Union: Principles: democracy) 591-2, 593-5, 598,

599-600, 601, 602, 603, 607, 611, 613-15, 618, 622-7, 636-8, 642-6,653

Art. 23(1) (European Union: Principles: protection of fundamental rights)617-18

Art. 23(1) (European Union: Principles: realization of united Europe) 627-31,672

Art. 23(1) (European Union: Principles: social State) 597, 611-12, 615, 625,639, 641-2, 692

Art. 23(1) (European Union: Principles: subsidiarity) 587, 614, 638text (2008 Amending Act) 587

Art. 23(1) (European Union: transfer of powers (Bundestag/Bundesrat) consent)561-2, 591, 601-2, 613-15, 618, 619, 621, 627-32, 635-6, 642-3, 647-8,654, 656, 660-1, 664-5, 667-8, 681, 683-4, 697-701






INDEX 751

Art. 38 (elections), Treaty of Lisbon Act (1992)/Act Extending andStrengthening the Rights of the Bundestag and Bundesrat, compatibility561-2, 591, 595, 596, 598, 599, 600, 601-2, 603, 604, 606-7, 610,611-16, 618, 619, 622-4, 638, 647, 697

Art. 38(1) (members of the Bundestag, election, status and obligations) 561-2,601-2, 610, 611-16, 618, 619, 622-4, 647, 697

Art. 45 (revised), text 587Art. 59(2) (treaties: legislation requirement) 607, 635, 661, 685-6Art. 79(2) (amendment of Basic Law: voting requirements) 597, 611-12, 615,

625, 639, 641, 692Art. 79(3) (amendment of Basic Law: Lander/Federation relationship or Arts. 1

and 20 principles) 597, 611-12, 615, 625, 639, 641, 692Art. 90(1) (European Union: principles) 597, 611-12, 615, 625, 639, 641, 692Art. 93(1) (Constitutional Court, jurisdiction: interpretation of Basic Law)

(revised), text 587Art. 93(1)4a (Constitutional Court, juridiction: complaints of

unconstitutionality) 612, 615, 616, 622, 634-5Art. 146 (validity of the Constitution/amendment by Constitutional Act) 596,

614-15, 630Basic Law (GG), Act Amending Articles 23, 45 and 93, 2008, text (extracts)

586-8collective security systems (GG 26)

EU (Lisbon Treaty (2007)) 626-8, 640UN 626

Constitutional Court Law (BVerfGG)s 63 620s 64(1) 620-1s 90(1) 612

EU law, primacy, Lisbon Treaty (including Declaration no 17 on Primacy) 569,572, 585-6, 595-6, 605, 634, 669-733

European Charter of Fundamental Rights, compatibility with Basic Law 598-9,603, 607-8, 616-18

European citizenship (Lisbon Treaty): see European citizenship (Lisbon Treaty)European Parliament: see European Parliament (Lisbon Treaty provisions)extradition agreement, FRG–USA (1980 as amended 1986), summary of

provisions 517-18extradition, conditions in requesting State

assurances/measures to guarantee protection 512-13, 526-7, 533-6burden/standard of proof 515-16fair trial, need for 512-13, 516, 534-6torture, risk of 512-13

forcible abduction/unlawful arrest (including effect on jurisdiction), classificationas/examples, incitement to travel from third country to extraditing State512, 531

free and equal elections (including ECHR Protocol I 3), as democratic right,Lisbon Treaty (2007) and 622-4, 640, 645, 647-8, 649

fundamental rights within the EC/EU, Lisbon Treaty (2007) and 572-3, 616-18,623-4, 625, 637, 639, 664, 669, 671, 693-5

human dignity, right to






752 INDEX

Germany, Federal Republic (FRG) (cont.)constitutional right (including effect of European Charter of Fundamental

Rights) 598-9, 603, 607, 616-18, 625criminal law and 681-2democratic rights and 623State’s obligation to create conditions for 641

law ofInternational Assistance in Criminal Matters Act

s 15(1) (detention pending extradition) 518s 15(2) (detention pending extradition in case of invalid request) 518

Lisbon Treaty (2007): see also Lisbon Treaty (2007)armed forces, possible effect on requirement of legislative approval for 602-3,

611, 618, 620-1, 639-40, 689-92constitutional challenge 591-701

admissibility 611-21arguments (complainants) 591-603arguments (Federal authorities) 603-11standing (Constitutional Court Law 90(1)) 610, 611, 612, 613-14,

618economic, cultural and social conditions, Member States’ powers over 597,

626-8, 637-42, 692Extending and Strengthening the Rights of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat in

EU Matters Act, provisions 587-91federal State of Europe concept and 564, 596, 606, 614-15, 629, 642-3, 646,

647-8, 655, 669, 670, 674-5, 687flexibility clause (TFEU 352) 581, 592, 595, 605, 607, 667-8, 700fundamental rights and: see fundamental rights within the EC/EU abovelegislative acts, scope for parliamentary challenge to 587, 588, 593, 595, 664-5,

676primacy of EU law 569, 572, 585-6, 595-6, 605, 634, 669-73ratification requirements (Member States) 612rule of law and 596social State principle (GG 23(1) and 79(3)) 597, 611-12, 615, 625, 639, 641,

692sovereignty, threat to/loss of German statehood 593-6, 611-12, 614, 615, 625,

627-8, 664, 672-4, 676, 686-7sovereignty, threat to/loss of statehood, territorial scope, relevance 673-4

subsidiarity principle (post-Lisbon Treaty) 573, 580, 587-8, 594-5, 606, 614, 638,658

treaties and municipal lawlegislation requirement 607, 635, 661, 685-6legislative approval, need for, treaty affecting the existence of the State, territorial

integrity, independence or international standing 300-1good faith

as general principle of international law 51, 139-40jurisprudence

Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. USA) 51, 139Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. USA) 152-3Nuclear Tests 152

source of obligation, whether 51, 139-40






INDEX 753

Guantanamo Bay Naval Base detaineesAmnesty International Reports (2003 and 2004) 519-20fair trial (ECHR 6) and 512-13, 516, 534-6inhuman or degrading treatment (ECHR 3) 512-13, 525-7press reports 520-1

Guantanamo Bay, US Presidential Order of 13 November 2001 (Detention,treatment and trial of certain non-citizens in the war againstterrorism)

‘detention at an appropriate location designated by the Secretary of Defence’ (s 3)519

‘the individual shall not be privileged to seek any remedy or maintain anyproceeding . . . in any court of the US, any court of any foreign nation, orany international tribunal’ (s 7(c)) 519

‘military tribunals shall have exclusive jurisdiction . . . ’ (s 7(b)(1)) 519non-US nationals, restriction to (s 2(a)) 518‘penalties . . . including life imprisonment or death’ (s 4(b)) 519‘shall be tried by military commission for . . . offences triable by military

commission’ (s 4(a)) 519

Head of Stateas ‘public official or person acting in that capacity’ 548-50as ‘representative of the State acting in that capacity’ (JISP 2(1)(b)(iv))

548-50Head of State (former), immunity from jurisdiction

jurisprudence, Pinochet 706-7ratione materiae 706-7torture 547-53

High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (EU)European External Action Service (Lisbon TEU 27(3)) 577powers (Lisbon TEU 18(2)-(4)) 577President of the Council and (Lisbon TEU 15(6)) 575

appointment (Lisbon TEU 18(1)) 577term of office 577

human dignity, right to (municipal law/general)constitutional right, European Charter of Fundamental Rights and 598-9, 603,

616-18, 625criminal law and 681-2democratic rights and 623State’s obligation to create conditions for 641

ICJ: see advisory opinion (ICJ), competence of Court (ICJ 65(1)); legal dispute,classification as/requirements (ICJ 36(2)); legal dispute, need for/existenceof (ICJ 36(2)); preliminary objections (ICJ); third States’ rights/interests(ICJ)

ICJ, consent to jurisdiction: see also compulsory jurisdiction (Optional Clause) (ICJ36(2)), acceptance and implementation; compulsory jurisdiction (OptionalClause) (ICJ 36(2)), reservations; intervention of third State (ICJ 62) (with‘interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision’)

as general principle of international law 134, 157-8need for 171-2






754 INDEX

ICJ, judgmentbalance of parties’ interests/compromise, desirability 442-4obiter dicta, effect 389-90

ICJ judgment, compliance obligation (UNC 94) (includingenforcement/implementation) 371

ICJ judgment, request for interpretation (ICJ 60 and ROC 98) 173-99admissibility

existence of ‘dispute as to meaning or scope of judgment’ 180, 187, 190-2,199

new facts and legal arguments (ROC 98(4)) 179-80, 183-91, 192-9preliminary objections judgment 176, 182-3

dispositif, limitation to 176-7finality/res judicata/binding force of judgment as limitation 177-9jurisprudence

Asylum Case 177Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru 198Continental Shelf Case (Tunisia v. Libya) 177list 181 n. 1

subject-matter of dispute (ROC 38 requirements) 190-2ICJ jurisdiction, basis (ICJ 36(1)), parallel dispute settlement provisions, relevance

of bilateral settlement as exclusive remedy 55-9, 158-61ICJ, procedural issues

application instituting proceedingsas critical date for determination of admissibility/jurisdiction 74, 112, 178,

185-6, 196-7notification to other party, need for 50-4, 151-5

pleadings, availability to the public (ROC 53(2)) 34unilateral seisin 78, 84-5, 93, 94-5, 115-16, 157-8, 322-4, 368

good faith and 50-1, 55-9, 138-40, 148, 151-4ICJ Rules of Court (as variously amended)

13(3) 17338 73, 190, 36638(2) 73-5, 111, 176-7, 196-753(1) 204, 20853(2) 21056(1) 33, 21060(2) 22172 21179 7779(3) 33, 20779(7) 99, 107-8, 320-181(2)(a) 20181(2)(b) 201-281(2)(c) 201-283(1) 202, 208-983(2) 20285(1) 204-5, 209, 22585(3) 22597 18098 173






INDEX 755

98(1) 175-6, 189-9298(3) 17398(4) 173, 193-8

ICJ Statute, interpretation: see also under subject-matter headings such as legaldispute, need for/existence of (ICJ 36(2) and arbitration provisions)

every provision/word to have meaning/effect 119-20statutory rules of interpretation, applicability 119

inhuman or degrading treatment (ECHR 3)deportation/expulsion and: see torture or inhuman or degrading treatment

(including ECHR 3/ICCPR 7), extradition, deportation or expulsion tocountry where risk of

extradition or expulsion to country where risk of: see torture or inhuman ordegrading treatment (including ECHR 3/ICCPR 7), extradition,deportation or expulsion to country where risk of

international law, living tree principle/State’s right to develop different approach717-19

intertemporal law (Island of Palmas)colonialism/protectorates and 401-7, 423pacta sunt servanda/observance of treaties (VCLT 26) and 371-4territory/title/territorial sovereignty, acquisition and loss 305, 372-4, 395-8, 404-5,

479intervention of third State (ICJ 62) (with ‘interest of a legal nature which may be

affected by the decision’)Cameroon–Nigeria boundary dispute (Equatorial Guinea) 200-5, 321-2jurisdictional link between parties and intervening State, relevance, intervening

State as non-party 203-4, 321‘precise object of intervention’ (ROC 81(2)(b)), to inform Court of legal rights 204procedure, time limits for filing of statements (ROC 85) 204-5‘very subject-matter of the decision’ requirement 67-8, 106-7, 114-16, 455

islands, role in maritime delimitation, relevant/special circumstances (equidistance)and, Bioko Island 347-8, 436

judge ad hoc (ICJ 31(2) and (3))appointment 149-53

Cameroon v. Nigeria 33judicial cooperation in civil matters (Lisbon TEU 81), family law (TFEU

83(3)(2)) 584-5judicial cooperation in criminal matters (Lisbon TEU 82-86)

approximation of criminal laws 583-4criminal procedure rules, ‘minimum rules’ 583EU/Member State competence 585Eurojust 573-4, 584, 677Lisbon Treaty provisions 583-4

Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC)boundary and security matters, allocation of responsibility for (1983) 60-2dispute settlement responsibilities (Statute IX(g)) 62-3, 158-61, 228extra-statutory functions 60-1, 228-9functions (general) (Statute IX) 60, 158-61general regulations implementing Convention and Statute (Statute IX) 228






756 INDEX

Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) (cont.)membership and voting (Statute X) 60object and purposes (Convention preamble/Statute IV and VII) 60‘regional agency’ (UNC 52), whether 61-2regional arrangement for maintenance of international peace and security (UNC

Chapter VIII), whether 61-2‘tribunal’ (UNC 95), whether 62-3, 160-1

legal dispute, classification as/requirements (ICJ 36(2) and arbitrationprovisions)

‘a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interestsbetween parties’ 69-88, 97-104, 110-14, 163-6

dispute relating to territorial sovereignty 95-6legal dispute, need for/existence of (ICJ 36(2) and arbitration provisions)

date arising, relevance 199evidence of, boundary incidents 71-2express difference of views, need for 71-3, 93-4, 110-14as objective matter for judicial determination 103party’s silence in face of allegations, relevance 71-2‘subject of the dispute’ (ICJ 40) as basis for determination 364-70

legal dispute, need for/existence of, jurisprudenceEast Timor 111Interpretation of Peace Treaties 111Nuclear Tests 110South West Africa cases 110-11

liberty and security of person, right to (ECHR 5), exceptionslawful arrest or detention to prevent unauthorized entry or with a view to

deportation/expulsion of alien (ECHR 5(1)(f )) 528-32‘with a view to extradition’ 530

‘lawful detention’compliance with procedural requirements of domestic law 529extradition arrangements with State not party to ECHR 530incitement/luring from third country to extraditing State, relevance

531Lisbon Treaty (2007)

amendment/revision (Lisbon TEU 48)bridging procedure (Lisbon TEU 48(7)) 574, 578, 579-81, 595, 659, 662-4,

682-3, 691, 697-8, 699-700Convention (Lisbon TEU 48(3)) 578EU competences (Lisbon TEU 48(2)) 578ordinary revision procedure (Lisbon TEU 48(2)-(5)) 578, 659-60ratification/entry into force (Lisbon TEU 48(4)(2)) 578, 659simplified revision procedure (Lisbon TEU 48(6)) 578-9, 635, 659-61

coherence of Union action and 571Commission and: see European Commission (Lisbon Treaty)common commercial policy: see common commercial policy (EC/EU), Union

competence (TFEU provisions)competences (Union/Member State)

CFSP 581classification (TFEU 2) 581common commercial policy 581






INDEX 757

conferral principle (Lisbon TEU 5) 580, 594-6, 607, 628-34, 642, 643, 646,647, 648, 656-8, 666-7, 669, 698

economic and employment policies 581effet utile principle of treaty interpretation and 635‘equality of Member States before the Treaties’ (Lisbon TEU 4(2)) and 580‘First Pillar’ competences 581Kompetenz–Kompetenz, exclusion 595, 605, 607, 630, 633, 665, 666-9procedure 584-5respect for national identities (Lisbon TEU 4(2)) 580, 608, 631, 658respect for State functions 580respect for State structures 580summary of Lisbon Treaty provisions 580-5transparency objective 580ultra vires review 633-5

Constitutional Treaty compared 571-2Council role, democratic legitimacy and 593-4, 654, 655-6, 663-5, 682criminal law and procedure, approximation of laws (TFEU 83(1)(1))/Member

States’ continuing powers 583-4, 585, 596, 637, 638-9, 677-9, 680-3democratic legitimacy and

avoidance of political conflict and 594, 649Commission and 594, 595, 646, 656, 667-8Council role and 593-4, 654, 655-6, 663-5, 682dependence on external will 596, 614-15, 630European Parliament, democratic effectiveness 655-6European Parliament/role of national parliaments and 604-5, 608Lisbon Treaty changes 571, 573majority voting/unanimity and 591-2, 604, 664-5participative democracy, effectiveness 645-6, 647, 653, 655transfer of sovereign powers to EU/national parliaments’ loss of responsibility

561-2, 591, 601-2, 613-15, 618, 619, 621, 627-32, 635-6, 642-3, 647-8,654, 656, 660-1, 664-5, 667-8, 681, 683-4, 697-701

treaty amendment procedures 659-60, 670Union/Member State competences and 656-8, 660, 663-4

economic, cultural and social conditions, Member States’ powers over 597, 626-8,637-42, 692

efficiency of Union and 571emergency brake mechanism 585, 679, 682, 695-6, 700European Council 575federal State of Europe concept and 564, 596, 606, 614-15, 629, 642-3, 646,

647-8, 655, 669, 670, 674-5, 687Freedom, Security and Justice Area 582-3fundamental rights within the EU and/national protection of 616-18, 625, 637,

639, 664, 669, 671, 693-5history 562-71individual Member State requirements, accommodation 572as international amending treaty 562-3, 571judicial cooperation in civil matters (EU): see judicial cooperation in civil matters

(EU)judicial cooperation in criminal matters (EU): see judicial cooperation in criminal

matters (EU)






758 INDEX

Lisbon Treaty (2007) (cont.)legal personality 572legislative acts (scope and procedures) 572, 576-7, 579, 582, 585, 677, 683, 685-6,

695challenge by national parliaments 573-4, 587, 588, 593, 595, 664-5, 676

legislative procedure 571-3, 576national parliaments and 573non-legislative acts 576ordinary legislative procedure (as norm/examples of application) 571-2, 574,

579, 584-5, 594, 607, 653, 662-4, 695-6, 699special legislative procedure 572, 574, 579, 662, 684, 699

national parliaments, elections/voting rights (including ECHR Protocol I 3)622-4, 640, 645, 647-8, 649

national parliaments, powers: see legislative acts (scope and procedures), challengeby national parliaments above

objectives (Preamble) 571police and judicial cooperation 582-3President of European Council, election and role 575primacy of EU law (including Declaration no 17 on Primacy) 569, 572, 585-6,

595-6, 605, 634, 669-73security and defence policy

common defence policy 582, 603, 691-2use of armed forces 602-3, 611, 618, 620-1, 639-40, 689-92

social security (Member State competence) 597, 637sovereignty, threat to/loss of statehood 593-6, 611-12, 614, 615, 625, 627-8, 664,

672-4, 676, 686-7territorial scope, relevance 673-4

subsidiarity principle: see subsidiarity principle (EC/Lisbon TEU 5(3) and TFEU352)

summary of provisions 571-85revolutionary nature 563

voting procedures 576withdrawal (Lisbon TEU 50) 580, 607, 608, 631, 656, 668

maps and charts, evidentiary valuejurisprudence, Frontier Dispute 417reliability/accuracy, factors affecting 416-17, 474-5

maritime delimitation, agreement, need for/as preferred method, exhaustion ofestablished processes including diplomatic negotiations (ICJ) and 77-8,91-3, 108-10, 167-9, 322-5, 369-70, 430-5, 496-7

New ZealandHead of State (former), immunity from jurisdiction, ratione materiae 706-7international law, living tree principle/State’s right to develop different approach

717-19law of, Crimes of Torture Act 1989 717-18State immunity from jurisdiction, procedural aspects, forum [non] conveniens and

704State immunity from jurisdiction, theory/doctrine






INDEX 759

basisbalance between par in parem rule and prohibition of torture under

international law 708-10comity 706international law 707-8sovereignty 705-6

torture as, jus cogens/peremptory norm 707, 708-9, 710, 713-16, 717torture, civil remedy obligation (TC 14(1))

act outside forum State, applicability to 703-4, 712-17prima facie case, need for 705

criminal jurisdiction obligation (TC 5(1)) compared 711-17Torture Convention (1984), implementing legislation 717-18torture, criminal jurisdiction (including Torture Convention obligations),

summary of TC provisions 712-13torture, State immunity and, jus cogens/peremptory norm considerations

(VCLT 53) 707, 708-9, 710, 713-16, 717Nigeria: see also Cameroon–Nigeria entries

ICJ, compulsory jurisdiction (Optional Clause) (ICJ 36(2)) 44-55standing in Africa 409treaties, validity (VCLT 46-53), violation of internal law (VCLT 46) and 330-1,

434-5, 495-6

pacta sunt servanda/observance of treaties (VCLT 26)Great Britain–Kings and Chiefs of Old Calabar Treaty of Protection (1884) 59,

377-8, 381-2, 395-6, 403, 480intertemporal law and 371-4

police cooperation (TFEU 87-89)EU/Member State competence 585Europol 573-4, 584

precedent/stare decisis doctrine (ICJ)advisory opinion 133, 155-6arbitral decisions 315

preliminary objections (ICJ)exclusively preliminary character (ROC 79(7)), need for 99, 320-1, 358finality of decision on/absence of appeal: see also request for interpretation of

judgment (ICJ 60 and ROC 98) beloworder of consideration of issues as matter for determination by Court 75-7, 100-4,

167public availability 34request for interpretation of judgment (ICJ 60 and ROC 98) 176, 182-3third State interests and 65-9, 78-81, 104-8, 114-16, 161-3, 169-70

proportionality (maritime delimitation), between coastal lengths 348protectorates

colonial protectorate distinguished 394-5, 396, 398, 400-1, 402-3, 406-7, 422,427, 428, 478, 482-3

definition/status 394-407Oppenheim 383-4

intertemporal law and 401-7, 423






760 INDEX

protectorates (cont.)powers of protecting State, disposal of territory/determination of boundaries

302-7, 379-84, 391terra nullius and 395-6, 405‘Treaty of Protection’, significance of description as 304-7, 379-84

provisional measures (ECtHR) (ROC 39), risk of irreparable harm or prejudicerequirement 538-41

regional arrangements for maintenance of peace and security (UNCChapter VIII), Lake Chad Basin Commission 61-2

regional dispute settlement arrangements 59-65: see also Lake Chad BasinCommission (LCBC)

relevant circumstances: see special circumstances/relevant factors (maritimedelimitation), eligibility for consideration as

remedies, withdrawal of military and administrative forces improperly present interritory of third State 353-4, 360, 363, 440

separability of treaty provisions (VCLT 44) 391single maritime boundary

applicable law, equidistance/special circumstances rule 343-50examples, Cameroon–Nigeria 342-3jurisprudence

Gulf of Maine 342Libya/Malta 342Qatar/Bahrain 342

social policy (EC/EU)Court of Justice attitude towards 694-5economic, cultural and social conditions, Member States’ powers over (Lisbon

Treaty) 597, 626-8, 637-42, 692history 692-4review of TEC provisions 692-3Social Agreement (1992)/incorporation in TEC 493

social security (EC/EU), Lisbon Treaty provisions (TFEU 48(1)) 597, 637, 695-6sources of international law (ICJ 38), hierarchy 133-4Spain

genocide, universal jurisdiction 724-6law of

Criminal Code 1983, Art. 849(2) (appeal: error in evaluating evidence) 724Criminal Procedure Code, Art. 848 (annulment appeal) 723Law 2/87 (Conflicts of Jurisdiction) 722Organic Law on Judicial Power 1985

Art. 9 (Court’s obligation to determine existence of jurisdiction) 722Art. 9(6) 723Art. 38 (conflicts of jurisdiction) 722Art. 39 (conflicts of jurisdiction) 722Art. 42 (conflicts of jurisdiction) 722

municipal courts, conflicts of jurisdiction 721-3territorial jurisdiction (criminal)

offence by alien in third State 724-5State sovereignty and 721-3






INDEX 761

universal jurisdiction, applicabilitygenocide 724-6international crimes, limitation to 726

universal jurisdiction, doctrine/theorynecessity of jurisdiction principle 725-6subsidiarity doctrine 724-5

special circumstances/relevant factors (maritime delimitation), development andnature of concept

as check on equity 343equitable result and: see equitable result requirement (UNCLOS 74(1) and 83(1))

special circumstances/relevant factors (maritime delimitation), eligibility forconsideration as

coastal configurationconcave coastline 346-7, 436-7refashioning of nature, exclusion 346

oil concessions 349-50special circumstances/relevant factors (maritime delimitation), jurisprudence

Anglo-French Arbitration 347-8Guinea/Guinea-Bissau 347Jan Mayen 343Libya/Malta 346North Sea Continental Shelf cases 347Qatar/Bahrain 343

State immunity from jurisdiction, entitlementdiscretionary, whether 548individual/official acting in official capacity 710-11

authorization, relevance 550-1Jones 548-50jurisprudence, Jones 710-11official acts/in official capacity 549‘representative of the State acting in that capacity’ (JISP 2(1)(b)(iv)) 548-50

State immunity from jurisdiction, procedural aspectsburden/standard of proof, presumption of immunity 548forum [non] conveniens and 704

State immunity from jurisdiction, theory/doctrinebasis

balance between par in parem rule and prohibition of torture underinternational law 708-10

dignity of foreign State 548immunity as procedural bar and liability distinguished 710jurisprudence, Pitcairn 705-6

State responsibility for, transborder incursions (Cameroon/Nigeria) 352-6, 363,438-40, 497-504

‘subject of the dispute’, obligation to indicate in application (ICJ 40(1)/ROC38(2))

‘precise nature of claim’ (ICJ 40(1)) 111-14, 364-70inaccuracies and inconsistencies 88-90structure of application and 85-8

‘succinct statement of facts’ (ROC 38(2)) 73-5additional facts and allegations, right to present 74, 178-9






762 INDEX

subsidiarity principle (EC/Lisbon TEU 5(3) and TFEU 352)flexibility clause (TFEU 352) 581, 592, 595, 605, 607, 667-8, 700introduction (Maastricht Treaty) 566as limitation on transfer of powers 638monitoring compliance (TFEU 352(2)) 667-8national parliaments’ role 573, 588-90, 593, 595, 606, 658Nice Treaty 567-8Subsidiarity Protocol (Lisbon Treaty, Protocol no 2) 573, 580, 588, 594-5, 606,

658

terra nulliuscolonial/protectorate status and 395-6, 405, 428-9definition/classification as, Old Calabar 382, 391, 395-6jurisprudence, Western Sahara 305, 315, 372, 391, 395-6, 406, 477, 481

territorial jurisdiction (criminal)offence by alien in third State 724-5State sovereignty and 721-3

territorial sea delimitation (TSC 3-13/UNCLOS 3-16), continental shelfdelimitation distinguished 366-7

third States’ rights/interests (ICJ): see also intervention of third State (ICJ 62) (with‘interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision’)

Chad (Cameroon–Nigeria boundary dispute) 65-9, 104-8, 320-2jurisprudence

Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru 67, 80, 162, 455East Timor 67, 80, 162, 455Frontier Dispute 65-6, 68-9, 79, 162, 170, 321Libya/Malta (Intervention) 79Monetary Gold 66, 67, 162Territorial Dispute (Libya/Chad) 68, 162

maritime delimitation, applicability to 321-2, 437-8preliminary objections/admissibility and 65-9, 78-81, 104-8, 114-16, 161-3,

169-70, 321-2sufficiency of protection under ICJ 59 65-6, 79-80, 321-2, 340-1, 374-5

title/territorial sovereignty, acquisition and lossabandonment of title/claim to 250-2, 315-16historical consolidation (including validity of concept), Bakassi and Lake Chad

area 249, 312-14, 376-89, 418, 427, 429, 443, 445, 451, 458, 459-66,483-7, 489-93, 505

title/territorial sovereignty, evidence of/requirements (including effectivites)classification as effectivite/effective exercise of sovereignty

administrative acts 249-50, 314-16oil/mineral concessions 308-9, 310-11taxation 315

conduct of parties, requests to visit nationals in disputed territory 312continuous and open exercise of authority, definition and requirements

acquiescence/absence of protest 250-2, 315-16, 386, 387-8, 418sovereign activity/acts a titre de souverain 250-1, 315-16

effectivites as evidence of title and as means of acquisition contra legem/in face ofexisting title distinguished 248, 315-16, 417-20, 460-5, 484-93

jurisprudence






INDEX 763

Botswana/Namibia 461El Salvador/Honduras 389Frontier Dispute 250-2, 315, 388-9, 490-2Minquiers and Ecrehos 313, 315, 378, 387, 485-6Temple of Preah Vihear 462Western Sahara 391

‘original title’ 312, 377-8, 388, 395-6, 466, 467-8, 470, 477, 483-7quieta non movere principle 249

torture asjus cogens/peremptory norm 707, 708-9, 710, 713-16, 717

jurisprudence, Jones 707, 708-9torture, civil remedy obligation (TC 14(1))

act outside forum State, applicability to 551-3, 703-4, 712-17forum [non] conveniens and 704prima facie case, need for 705

criminal jurisdiction obligation (TC 5(1)) compared 711-17jurisprudence

Bouzari 553Fang 552-3Jones 551-2, 708-17

universal/extraterritorial jurisdiction (including omission from TC 14) 552,713-15

Torture Convention (1984), implementing legislation 717-18torture, criminal jurisdiction (including Torture Convention obligations),

summary of TC provisions 712-13torture or inhuman or degrading treatment (including ECHR 3/ICCPR 7),

extradition, deportation or expulsion to country where risk ofassurances/measures to guarantee protection 512-13, 526-7, 533-6burden/standard of proof 515-16Guantanamo Bay detainees and 512-13, 525-6jurisprudence

Hilal 525Soering 525

‘real risk’/‘substantial grounds for believing’ test 525, 527State responsibility of extraditing State and 525

torture, State immunity and, jus cogens/peremptory norm considerations (VCLT53) 707, 708-9, 710, 713-16, 717

travaux preparatoires as supplementary means of interpretation (VCLT 32), inrespect of, ICJ Statute, Art. 36(4) 127, 149, 156

treaties, definition/form (VCLT 2(1)(a))classification as treaty, treaties with local chiefs and rulers 303-7, 371-4, 375-84,

390-1oral agreement 392-3

treaties, interpretation (VCLT 31(2)) (context), title of treaty 304-5treaties and municipal law, publication/promulgation, need for 300-1treaties, validity (VCLT 46-53)

prior legislative approval, need for 300-1publication: see treaties and municipal law, publication/promulgation, need forviolation of internal law (VCLT 46) and, ‘manifest’/within the knowledge of other

State requirement 330-1, 434-5, 495-6






764 INDEX

unequal treaties‘colonial’ treaties 421-8treaties concluded with Chiefs of Old Calabar 303-7, 371-4, 375-84, 390-1,

427-9, 471-3, 476-83United Kingdom

diplomatic protectionconcept and basis, intervention in the affairs of another State, whether 730-3right to/duty of State to provide

discretion/margin of appreciation 735-7fair trial, obligation to ensure 733-5judicial review/justiciability 728-33

United States of America (USA), terrorism, legislation relating to, PresidentialOrder of 13 November 2001 (Detention, treatment and trial of certainnon-citizens in the war against terrorism): see Guantanamo Bay, USPresidential Order of 13 November 2001 (Detention, treatment and trialof certain non-citizens in the war against terrorism)

universal jurisdiction, applicability, international crimes, limitation to 726universal jurisdiction, doctrine/theory

necessity of jurisdiction principle 725-6subsidiarity doctrine 724-5

uti possidetis/intangibility principle, Africa and 410-11, 424-7




Documents

Cambri dge U niv ersity Pr essassets.cambridge.org/97805217/66371/index/9780521766371_index… · Cambri dge U niv ersity Pr ess 9 78- 0 -52 1-7 663 7- 1 - International Law Reports: