Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project (RRP CAM 48409-002)

Detailed Poverty and Social Impact Analysis

Project Number: 48409-002 May 2018

Cambodia: Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 May 2018)

Currency unit - riel/s (KR) KR1.00 = $0.00025

$1.00 = KR4,052.18

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AC – Agricultural Cooperative ADB – Asian Development Bank CAMGAP – Cambodia Good Agricultural Practices CFAVCP – Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Project CSA – Climate Smart Agriculture CSES – Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey ELC – economic land concessions FHH – female headed households FWUC – Farmer Water User Committee GAP – gender action plan GMAP – Gender Mainstreaming Action Plan GMS – Greater Mekong Sub-region ID-Poor – Identification of Poor Households MAFF – Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MCRDP – mainstreaming climate resilience into development planning MDG – Millennium Development Goal MHH – male headed households MOP – Ministry of Planning MOWA – Ministry of Women Affairs MOWRAM – Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology NGO – non-governmental organization O&M – operation and maintenance PDA – provincial department of agriculture PPTA – project preparation technical assistance RS III – rectangular strategy phase iii WDC – women’s development center WFN – women’s farmer network WUA – water users’ association

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. INTRODUCTION AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT ......................................................... 1

A. Cambodia demographic statistics ....................................................................... 2 B. Poverty dimensions ............................................................................................. 2 C. Explaining recent poverty reduction in Cambodia ............................................... 2 D. Household debt and vulnerability ........................................................................ 2 E. The ‘Identification of Poor Households’ Program ................................................ 3 F. Climate change and weather shocks................................................................... 4

II. GENDER ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 4

A. Institutional and legislative environment .............................................................. 4 B. Legal norms ........................................................................................................ 5 C. Gender realities today ......................................................................................... 5 D. Gender and poverty ............................................................................................ 6 E. Migration and disposable incomes ...................................................................... 7 F. Domestic violence ............................................................................................... 7 G. Land rights and land titles ................................................................................... 7 H. Gender in agriculture .......................................................................................... 9 I. Contract farming ................................................................................................. 9 J. Women and mechanization ................................................................................10 K. Women Farmers Network (WFN) in Cambodia ..................................................10 L. Gender, nutrition and health ...............................................................................11 M. Women and value chain functions and market access .......................................11 N. Access to credit .................................................................................................12 O. Access to irrigation .............................................................................................12

III. IDENTIFIED SUBPROJECTS AND DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT’S TARGET PROVINCES .................................................................................................................13

A. Subproject 1: Irrigation and Water Catchment Modernization and Rehabilitation: Trapaing Run Reservoir and Irrigation Scheme (Kampot, Tani Commune) .........................................................................................................14

B. Subproject 2: Drip Irrigation in Mango Production (Takeo, Trapang Kra Nhuong commune) ............................................................................................19

C. Subproject 3: Cooperative Cassava Chip Drying and Storage for Trading (Seda Commune, Tboung Khmum) ...................................................................24

IV. MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................. 29

A. Main Findings ....................................................................................................29 B. Recommendations .............................................................................................31

V. GENDER ACTION PLAN .............................................................................................. 33

ANNEXES

1. List of Meetings Held, Focus Groups, Key Informant Group Interviews and Telephone Interviews ......................................................................................................................34

2. List of Participants and People Met ............................................................................... 36

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The proposed Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project will invest in pro-poor and inclusive agricultural value chains in three countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Myanmar).1 This report presents the findings of the socioeconomic, poverty and gender assessment undertaken during the preparation and design of the Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project in Cambodia. The social development consultant team undertook participatory socio-economic assessments to better understand the social, poverty and gender aspects of the target populations in subproject areas.

The communities assessed are all experiencing significant out migration of adults, leading to labor shortages particularly for paddy production. One of the main drivers of migration is reportedly household debt and concerns about repaying loans, both formal and informal. The usual household coping strategy for dealing with crop failure and medical emergencies is to borrow money even to buy food. The communities are characterized by substantial numbers of older women who are taking care of their grandchildren, and receiving remittances from their adult children particularly daughters working in urban areas. Remittances are frequently inadequate for covering all household expenditure, and so grandmothers also seek work as day laborers to make ends meet. In terms of class and wealth status, the subproject target populations are largely homogeneous, but with up to approximately 30% of households unable to produce sufficient rice for the year. The table below provides a demographic snapshot of the demographic profile of the three subproject areas

Subproject area # households % FHH % ID Poor 1&2 Outmigration

Tani, Kampot 708 16% 11% 7%

Trapang Kra, Takeo 1034 15% 25% 9%

Seda, Tboung Khmum 975 7% 24% 7%

FHH = female-headed household

The subproject areas have between 11% and 25% ID Poor rates, between 7% and 16%

female headed household rates, and 7 to 9% outmigration rates. In all three subproject areas the

target communities explained that the overriding priority was for sufficient water for agricultural

cropping purposes. Lack of access to yea-round water is a major constraint. Persistent low levels

of trust between value chain actors such as farmer-producers and collectors/intermediaries, were

reported frequently by farmers. These are a substantial constraint to efficiency and innovation in

the selected value chains.

Women are key actors in the value chains for rice and cassava such as collectors / intermediaries and rice millers, and own and operate their own enterprises. Rural women generally have joint access and control to land and capital together with their husbands, and in

1 Proposed Loans and Grants Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Myanmar: Climate-Friendly

Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project.

addition they are solely responsible for managing finances for the household. There is equal access of men and women to markets. Both husband and wife jointly agree when, where and to whom to sell the crop, but it is the responsibility of the wife to contact the local (usually female) collector. At the same time, there are reported incidences of domestic violence and verbal abuse seemingly caused by the husband’s drunkenness and arguments about household debt and gambling.

Both men and women were motivated to take part and gain benefits from the three subprojects. However, their knowledge, skills, and organizational resources differ. Women are aware of their own technical shortcomings but express an eagerness to learn new techniques, and they are aware that they have had fewer opportunities than their husbands to receive agricultural training. The executing agency has a duty to ensure that services are effectively delivered to women who currently make up the majority of rural agricultural populations. Building capacity of female staff and female extension workers and other key stakeholders such as the Women’s Farmer Network (WFN) both at national and provincial levels are considered essential.

For ensuring that a poverty focus to project interventions is included, it is recommended that identified ID-Poor households in subproject areas should be targeted for employment and training opportunities related to civil works, operation and maintenance (O&M) for infrastructure and machinery, and other project activities. Women explained that they would like the opportunity to learn how to operate agricultural machinery, such as drive two-wheel tractors. This would allow them the opportunity to have paid work as drivers, and technical equipment operators, and also prepare them for future farm mechanization.

Rural women in principle have equal rights to land ownership following the provisions of the Land Law adopted in 2001. In practice, however, there have been reported incidences of gendered land grabbing because women are not aware of their land rights and have little recourse to legal advice. Recommendations include:

(i) target ID Poor 1&2 households for employment in civil works and (O&M), training in relevant skills, etc;

(ii) track poverty reduction in subproject communities through decreases in the ID Poor 1 and 2 households;

(iii) promote gender equality and women’s empowerment in the agribusiness sector through enhancing women’s capacity in climate friendly agriculture production and processing, management and business, agricultural machinery use and maintenance, accessing and using financing and crop insurance, and through strengthening linkages between women-led enterprises and the agribusiness industry;

(iv) conduct a gender analysis of the 4 selected agricultural value chains that will inform further refinement of the Gender Action Plan (GAP) at the start of the project and the development of a gender-responsive Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) agribusiness policy;

(v) target women for employment and training in infrastructure related construction/rehabilitation and operation and maintenance, for uptake of biodigesters, and as decision makers in selection of climate resilient crops varieties;

(vi) work in close partnership and strengthen technical capacity of the newly formed Women’s Farmers Network and the MAFF Gender and Children Project Support

Unit in order to ensure sustainability of gender mainstreaming efforts in the agribusiness sector; and

(vii) align and synergize GAP actions to the Ministry of Women Affairs (MOWA) Climate Change Strategy and Plan and related Asian Development Bank (ADB) Mainstreaming Climate Resilience into Development Planning (MCRDP) project (civil society organization (CSO) and MOWA/gender outputs).

I. INTRODUCTION AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT

1. This report presents the findings of the socio-economic, poverty and gender assessment undertaken during the preparation and design of the Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project in Cambodia.

2. The proposed project will invest in pro-poor and inclusive agricultural value chains in three countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Myanmar).

3. The approach to project preparation includes identifying a small number of core or representative subprojects based on established criteria (e.g., contribution to food security, energy security, water security, environmental sustainability, positive social impacts) and through stakeholder consultations. Cambodia has experience in sector modality in terms of identifying and realizing subprojects during project implementation, and has (i) an agricultural sector development plan; (ii) reasonable institutional capacity to implement the plan; and (iii) suitable policies applicable to the sector. Furthermore, capacity building will be integral to the investment.

4. Three subprojects have been identified and feasibility studies were conducted under the Cambodia PPTA. The subprojects are:

(i) Irrigation and Water Catchment Modernization and Rehabilitation: Trapaing Run Reservoir and Irrigation Scheme;

(ii) Drip Irrigation in Mango Production in Trepeang Krangung Commune, Tram Kok District, Takeo Province; and

(iii) Cooperative Cassava Chip Drying and Storage for Trading, Tboung Khmum Province.

5. The social development consultant team undertook participatory socio-economic assessments in these three areas, and the findings are presented in this report. The social, poverty and gender aspects of the target population were analyzed to better understand the social context and conditions of the target beneficiaries in the subproject areas. In addition, the proposed subprojects were discussed with beneficiaries in order to elicit their views, opinions and recommendations for the interventions.

A. Method used for preparing the socio-economic, poverty and gender assessment

6. Because of limited available time, information concerning the beneficiary populations in the subproject areas was collected from:

(i) secondary data including recent social survey reports and publications; (ii) focus groups (both mixed gender and with women separately) with target

beneficiaries; (iii) key informant interviews with local commune and village leaders and commune

women and children focal points; (iv) interviews both face-to-face and by telephone with key informants; (v) meetings with key ministry staff; (vi) meeting with ADB social sector development and gender specialists; and (vii) meeting with international nongovernmental organization (NGO), Oxfam.

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B. Cambodia demographic statistics

7. In 2013 the population of Cambodia was 14.68 million.2 Of the total 3.16 million households in the country, 2.5 million were rural and 0.66 million were urban. While the population remains predominantly rural, the urban population grew to 21.4% of the total in 2013, up from 19.5% in 2008. The majority of the population lives in a diagonal band of the country that stretches from the northwest to the southeast.

C. Poverty dimensions

8. The most recent poverty figures from 2014 indicate that 13.5% of the popultation are living under the poverty line, representing a dramatic reduction from almost 50% in 2007. That said there are still a significant number of vulnerable households hovering just over the poverty line. Poverty is concentrated in rural areas, and the wealth gap appears to be growing. Whereas, 89% of poor households lived in rural areas in 2004, this increased to 91% by 2011. Poor households are larger, with 5.6 members; while the national average is 4.5 members. Consumption is lower in households whose working-age adults have fewer years of education. Average years of education has changed little among poor households, from 3.1 years in 2004 to 3.3 years in 2011, but has increased among average households, from 3.9 years in 2004 to 5.1 years in 2011.

D. Explaining recent poverty reduction in Cambodia

9. From 2004 to 2011, most of Cambodia’s reduction in poverty occurred in rural areas and was particularly rapid from 2007 to 2009, at the height of the food, fuel, and financial crises. According to World Bank analysis of data from the Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey (CSES), the reduction in poverty could be largely explained by four factors:

(i) increases in the price of rice; (ii) increased production of rice; (iii) growth in agricultural wages; and (iv) higher incomes from self employment in nonagricultural businesses.

10. In the context of high migration rates, cash and in-kind remittances contribute to increased consumption for many rural households, and access to remittances also helps explain some of the poverty reduction. Income from remittances and transfers increased by 25% between 2004 and 2009 and 43% of households received remittances in 2011.

E. Household debt and vulnerability

11. Cambodia’s poor and vulnerable households have faced an array of natural disasters and shocks in recent years, from the price hikes and job losses associated with the food, fuel, and financial crises to natural calamities such as Typhoon Ketsana in 2009 and the devastating floods of 2011 and 2013. The primary mechanism for coping with shocks became borrowing money to buy food. 12. According to the 2009 CSES, 46% of households in the poorest consumption quintile, and 42% of households in the next poorest quintile, were in debt. According to an independent survey in 2009, even before the natural disasters occurred, 58% of all households in three provinces

2 ADB. 2014. Cambodia: Country Poverty Analysis 2014. Manila

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(Takeo, Kandal and Kampot) were already in debt.3 After the 2011 floods, 40% of survey respondents reported taking new loans, most commonly to buy food. 13. For poorer segments of the population, debt can easily lead to destitution. Poorer households are more likely to borrow from informal moneylenders, have a high ratio of outstanding debt to average annual per capita consumption, and borrow for unproductive purposes such as consumption, medical expenses, cultural and religious ceremonies, or to service existing debts. Evidence suggests that, much like remittances, survey respondents are likely to underreport true debt levels. 14. Taken together, this high and potentially underreported indebtedness and a significant share of unproductive loans suggest that vulnerability is more significant than existing poverty analyses recognize. Poverty measurement is based on household consumption. If a significant share of household consumption is financed by loans, the resulting poverty reduction might not be as robust, and vulnerability could be more pronounced than previously assumed (footnote 3).

15. Annual surveys are conducted by the Ministry of Planning’s National Institute of Statistics in collaboration with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, spanning 12,000 households and using a combination of recall and diary methodology to collect data. Recent results indicate that average household debt increased by 2% in 2014. Cambodian households are on average spending approximately 45% of their disposable income on debt servicing. Rural household borrowings to service existing loans nearly doubled in 2014, with outstanding loans reaching $993 per household. Phnom Penh showed the highest loan amounts. At the same time disposable incomes across 3.3 million households rose 16% year-on-year in 2014, with total monthly income reaching an average of $352 per household. The average time to pay off a loan is just under 12 months. Rural households on average borrowed $1,482 to service existing loans, up from the $896 borrowed in 2013. The cycle of borrowing to pay off existing loans especially among farmers could be problematic and unsustainable into the future.

F. The Identification of Poor Households Program

16. Led by the Ministry of Planning (MOP) in collaboration with the Department of Local Administration of the Ministry of Interior, the Identification of Poor Households Program (ID-Poor) is Cambodia’s national targeting mechanism for providing services and assistance to poor households. ID-Poor is the principal targeting mechanism for Cambodia’s health equity funds, which cover health service fees and related costs such as food and transportation for ID-Poor families. Identification of poor households involves means testing with participatory elements involving village and commune council leadership. Households are then categorized as poor category 1 (very poor), poor category 2 (poor), or not poor (footnote 3). Category 1 households are usually landless, and Category 2 households have minimal productive resources. During the PPTA social assessment activities, it was found that significant numbers of ID-Poor households are present in all three subproject areas. ID-Poor classification can be used for targeting the poorest households in the project area for inclusion in project activities. ID-Poor surveys are updated every 3 years so the change in ID-Poor households over time in the project area could serve as in indicator of project impact on poverty reduction.

3 Ramage, I., J. Holden, P. A. Lao, and G. Reyes. 2011. Household Debt in Rural Cambodia; Domrei Research

Briefings 1(1). Phnom Penh.

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G. Climate change and weather shocks

17. High dependence on rainfall for agriculture makes Cambodian agriculture vulnerable to weather shocks. Farmers reported the negative impacts of shorter rainy seasons, floods, and more frequent drought spells.4 Climate change is leading to more variable growing seasons and water deficits.

II. GENDER ANALYSIS

A. Institutional and legislative environment5

18. The Government of Cambodia’s Rectangular Strategy Phase III 2014–2018 (RS III) provides the framework for policies and strategies addressing poverty reduction and promoting the economic empowerment of women. The objectives of RS III relate to economic growth, employment particularly for youth, and strengthening institutional capacity and governance. The four strategic rectangles of the RS III are: (i) promotion of agriculture; (ii) development of physical infrastructure; (iii) private sector development and employment; and (iv) capacity building and human resource development. 19. Gender equality is not explicitly mentioned in the overarching objective of RS III, but the document clearly refers to promoting the role of women in the economy, empowering women, and further mainstreaming gender in government initiatives as priorities. 20. The institutions to support women’s economic empowerment include the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA) and gender working groups in each line ministry that prepare and implement gender mainstreaming action plans. In 2013, MOWA launched a Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Acceleration Framework Cambodia Action Plan focused on women’s economic empowerment to contribute to the achievement of other MDGs in poverty reduction, health, and education. The plan prioritizes three areas of intervention: (i) providing training for jobs for women that are consistent with market demands; (ii) ensuring that women have the capacity to lead and grow their micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and can move from the informal to the formal sector; and (iii) improving livelihoods in rural communities, especially for poor women. In 2014 MOWA launched the Cambodia Gender Assessment and 5 Year Strategic Plan for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment (Neary Ratanak IV), which includes policy recommendations on Women’s Economic Empowerment including agriculture, education, health, political participation, and climate change.

21. MOWA also manages a network of 13 women’s development centers (WDCs) nationwide, which are vocational centers offering training programs in areas such as handicraft production, hairdressing, tailoring, and food processing. WDCs face a host of challenges and are not reaching their full potential as centers that promote women’s economic empowerment. There is scope to improve training to be more responsive to the labor market and include entrepreneurial skills training, business development services, and current market information. There is considerable interest in MOWA to introduce public–private partnerships at WDCs as a way of increasing their market and entrepreneurial orientation, and to ensure sustainable financing.

22. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) has prepared the Gender Mainstreaming Policy and Strategy in Agriculture 2016–2020 which is ongoing. The MAFF GMSP

4 Thomas, T., T. Ponlok, R. Bansok, T. De Lopez, C. Chiang, N. Phirun, and C. Chhun. 2013. Cambodian Agriculture:

Adaptation to Climate Change Impact. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1285, Washington, DC. 5 ADB. 2015. Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment in Cambodia. Manila

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contains objectives relating to greater inclusion of women in the civil service; enhanced capacity to integrate gender; increased ability of rural women to access and manage resources; and building and promoting gender equality in access to extension services. With regards to the latter, specific mention is given to assistance with social land concessions, participation in the private sector, participation in village and community groups, and access to credit, and extension services. The GAP is designed to align to and support the operationalization of the MAFF Gender Policy.

B. Legal norms

22. Cambodia has adopted a legal framework which enhances women’s legal position and can contribute to their economic empowerment. It has ratified 13 International Labor Organization conventions and is also a signatory to United Nations human rights covenants and conventions. These include the Convention for Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which was ratified by Cambodia in 1992. In addition, Cambodia has its own labor law, adopted in 1997, and human rights are guaranteed by the Constitution. Antidiscrimination provisions are included in the Constitution, and Article 36 of the Constitution specifically recognizes the value of women’s work in the home as equal to that performed outside of the home. 21. Despite the presence of anti-discrimination legislation, there is no provision for equal remuneration for work of equal value, although ‘equal pay for the same work’ is included in the Constitution.6 Minimum wage legislation is in place and has been applied to the garment, textile, and shoe industries, the industries in which a large number of women are employed. However, the adequacy of the minimum wage has been questioned, not least by unions in these sectors. Many women working in the domestic, tourism, and entertainment sectors are not covered at all. 23. Rural women in principle have equal rights to land ownership following the provisions of the Land Law adopted in 2001. In practice, however, there are examples of gendered land grabbing (as well as land grabbing in general) in which men take over the legal title to land even where women have legal rights to it as well. It would seem that women are not aware of their rights and have little recourse to legal advice. Overall 70% of all land titles are issued jointly between husband and wife.

C. Gender realities today

24. Four emerging trends are of particular concern today in promoting women’s economic empowerment in Cambodia: (i) the predominantly young population and the growing number of labor force entrants; (ii) competition from more highly skilled labor in neighboring countries; (iii) increased volatility of employment with a high reliance on export markets; and (iv) vulnerability related to climate change. 25. The devastating floods in Cambodia in 2011 and 2013 had particularly negative impacts on agricultural production, employment in the agriculture sector, rural households, and women. Many households are locked into a brutal cycle of debt caused by borrowing money as a coping strategy during natural calamities and emergencies. 26. In 2013, women accounted for 52% of the total working age population in Cambodia. (CIPS 2013). The working age population as a share of the total population increased from 62.0% to 65.6% between 2008 and 2013. The working age population is currently larger in urban areas

6 ADB and ILO. 2013. Quarterly Briefing Note GMS Triangle Project October-December. Geneva.

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at 70.5% compared with rural areas at 64.3%, primarily as a result of enormous rural–urban migration. 27. Labor force participation rates for both Cambodian women and men are the highest in the region, and unemployment is virtually nonexistent (footnote 5). However, opportunities for decent work are scarce and underemployment is an issue. The share of women’s vulnerable employment, the sum of own account workers and unpaid contributing family workers, remains high at 70% in 2013. Agriculture remains by far the most important sector of the Cambodian economy in employment terms, remaining the main source of livelihood for nearly 53% of employed women in 2012, as compared with 49% of employed men. Services and industry comprised 29% and 18% of women’s employment, respectively. Table 1 below provides key gender and agriculture indicators at a national level, which provides a context and rationale for the gender actions and targets in the GAP and DMF.

Table 1: Key Gender Issues at National Level

Percentage Women Representation

51% Agricultural labor force

75% Women participate in agriculture

24% Household agricultural holding managers

60% Agricultural cooperative members

34% Agricultural cooperative Board of Directors

65% All enterprise owners (mostly micro-enterprises)

37.6% All fruit and vegetable processing enterprises

46.5% All wholesale agricultural raw materials enterprises

27.6% MAFF staff at national level

18% MAFF staff at provincial level

12% Agricultural extension officers

10% Agricultural extension services beneficiaries

D. Gender and poverty

28. In 2012, 22% of all households were headed by women (footnote 2). In 2011, the difference in income poverty rates between households headed by women and those headed by men appeared very small. However, once household composition is taken into account, female headed households (FHH) with more than two children and no adult males are much more likely to be poor and the girls more likely to be working. Households headed by women are likely to be more vulnerable; they are also likely to experience shocks differently than male-headed households (MHH), largely due to social norms and more limited economic opportunities and income. On average, households headed by women have smaller land holdings than men. 42% FHH compared to 80% MHH are literate, 31% FHH compared to 48% MHH have access to ploughs, 21% FHH compared to 29% MHH produce crops for sale.

29. Women’s participation in the labor force is high, but about 70% of employed women, compared to 59% of men, are in vulnerable employment (own account work and unpaid family labor). Although women own 65% of all businesses in Cambodia, the vast majority of women’s

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businesses are microenterprises: 51% employ only one person, and 96% engage four or fewer persons. Evidence of high malnutrition and anemia among women and a high incidence of domestic violence indicate women’s inferior position and disadvantaged access to resources. 30. Poverty also pushes many students out of school. Among children aged 6–17 years, 11.9% of girls and 10.5% of boys report that they are not attending school because the family is too poor. A higher percentage of girls than boys report that they are not attending school because they must contribute to household income or help with household chores.

E. Migration and disposable incomes

31. Almost 60% of rural migrant women move to Phnom Penh to work. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a significant driver of out migration from rural areas is high levels of household debt caused by crop failures and emergency medical expenses. While women migrants have lower average earnings than migrant males, they traditionally send more money home than their male counterparts. Consequently, they are receiving less economic benefit in terms of what remains after remittances and in terms of quantity of direct earnings. From the World Bank’s recent informal survey findings,7 the average monthly wage at factories was reported to be approximately $162.50/month, which was nearly 50% more than the calculated monthly salary for hired agricultural workers at $4.56/day, equivalent to $109.00/month based on 24 days of work. 32. Official data suggest that average wages have increased by 67%, from $72/month in 2005 to $120.00/month in 2013. Though lower than the wages received by most women working at garment factories, this was still about 10% above the agricultural wage. The gap between the agricultural and construction wages, however, decreased in 2005. The ratio was approximately 1 to 3 in favor of construction.

F. Domestic violence

33. From recent women’s focus group discussions in subproject areas, the incidence of domestic violence in rural households is common. It was explained that violence and physical and verbal abuse from husbands occur as a consequence of drunkenness, and arguments about financial problems caused by household debt and gambling. The wife may sometimes be accused of not being competent at managing household finances. In some cases, there is evidence that women have even been abandoned because they are blamed for not being able to manage the household budget.

G. Land rights and land titles

34. Because the possession of a land title is considered an essential prerequisite for a farmer investing to improve farm land, the issue of land ownership and tenure in Cambodia is discussed in detail. 35. During the Khmer Rouge regime (1975 to 1979), all land belonged to the State, and previous land records were systematically destroyed. Private property rights were reintroduced in 1989, but only for land for domiciles. For cultivation land (allocated to farmers to manage) and concession land (parcels larger than five ha), one could obtain possession and ‘use rights’, but not ownership.8 The Land Law was passed in 2001 to create strengthened systems of land tenure

7 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and The World Bank. 2015. Cambodian Agriculture in

Transition: Opportunities and Risks. Washington. 8 Ballard, B. and S. So. 2006. Cambodia Land Titling Program. Baseline Survey Project, Rural Phase1. Phnom Penh.

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rights. It suggests a system of land classification and ownership rights under two main categories: (i) state property, which includes state public property such as forests and protected areas and state private property such as land designated for economic and social development (and allowed for both commercial exploitation and redistribution for social purposes), and; (ii) private property, which includes land that is permitted to be owned by individuals and communities. The law also provides guidelines for demarcation among state public, state private and private lands. 36. Under the Land Law, any person who had enjoyed peaceful, uncontested possession of land, excluding state public land, for at least five years prior to the law’s promulgation has the right to request a definitive title of ownership. Those who had enjoyed such possession for less than five years could obtain a definitive title of ownership after five years. Rights to land that does not have a certificate of title are often evidenced by Letters of Possessory Right or other documentation, referred to as a soft title. District chiefs issue the Letters of Possessory Right evidencing the interests held and the transfer of the interest. These informal transactions are not recorded at the Land Office. In some cases, however, holders of possessory rights can apply to have their interests converted into a certificate of title.9

37. In lowland Cambodia, there was progress until 2012 in the formalization of individual land titling for land that farmers were already using cultivation land. The process provided secure land tenure to over 3.5 million mostly poor people, or 24% of the total Cambodian population.10 Between 2001 and 2004, 78% of new titles were in the name of both men and women. 38. Despite gender awareness land laws, it is difficult for women to register land in their own names alone because they tend to lack information, time, documentation, and the necessary levels of literacy. There are also social norms that discourage women from owning land individually. In practice, women’s rights may not be fully recognized, nor are women as likely to be aware of their rights.11 Demarcation of land use and even administrative boundaries at the District and commune level is still vague.12

39. Economic Land Concessions (ELCs) are estimated to cover an area equivalent to more than 50% of the country’s arable land. They are concessions of more than 5 ha, but less than 10,000 ha, granted for up to 99 years to both foreign investors and Cambodian individuals and enterprises. 40. The implementation of both the ELC program and the land titling program was suspended in 2013 pending national elections and has not been restarted. 41. Approximately 20% of rural Cambodians are estimated to be landless and another 20-25% have less than 0.5 ha. It is estimated that almost half of all Cambodians currently cannot meet their daily nutritional requirements from their own agricultural production.13 As cited in several rural communities, one of the reasons for land loss by farm households is distress sale caused by indebtedness.

9 NGO Forum on Cambodia. 2016. Small Landholder Farmer and Agribusiness Engagement: Implications for

Corporate Reform and Impact on Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia. 10 Muller, Franz-Volker. 2012. Commune-Based Land Allocation for Poverty Reduction in Cambodia. Phnom Penh.

11 USAID. 2015. Property Rights and Resources Governance. Phnom Penh. 12 Sar, Sovann. 2010. Social Aspects of Land Administration and Land Reform’ Land Reform in Cambodia (4633),

FIG Congress 2010; Facing the Challenges—Building the Capacity. Sydney. 13 De Silva, S., R. Johnston, and S. Sellamuttu, S. 2014. Agriculture, Irrigation and Poverty Reduction in Cambodia:

Policy Narratives and Ground Realities Compared. Penang.

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H. Gender in agriculture

42. In general, women have a relatively high level of control over decisions related to agricultural production as decisions are made jointly with husbands. The control of farm household finances however is managed entirely by women. Out migration of rural men and women is resulting in the slow ‘greying’ of the rural population. Children are being left behind in the care of grandmothers, when their parents migrate. Rural populations are now characterized by labor shortages and by households headed by older women taking care of numerous small children. 43. Mechanization and migration are changing the structure of rural labor, especially the contributions made by women’s labor, family labor and hired labor.14 Results from the World Bank’s rural survey (footnote 20) indicate that while women have historically played a key role in agricultural production, this major role is likely to change slightly moving forward. The anticipated change is not significant but indicates that households are facing difficulties associated with the shortage of labor. Reductions in available labor have been caused by the migration of young men and women, and consequently some agricultural operations such as land preparation, transplanting rice seedlings, harvesting and post harvesting operations have shifted from manual to mechanized operations. Almost all World Bank survey respondents agreed that the migration of young rural adults would continue and the subsequent lack of labor force would negatively affect future farm production and farm budgets. At the same time there was the belief that some households would benefit from migration through remittances, which could provide working capital for investments in agriculture and off farm activities. 44. The following table summarizes key institutional level indicators at national and sub-national levels (specifically the FOUR project provinces), such as women’s participation in MAFF, in agricultural cooperatives as board members and committee members. At the national level women make up approximately a third of MAFF staff, agricultural cooperative board members and committee members, and they represent 60% of agricultural cooperative members.

Table 2: Key Gender Institutional Level Indicators

Level MAFF Staff Agricultural Cooperative Board Members

Agricultural Cooperative Committee Members

National 27.6% 34% 30%

Kampong Cham 25% 22% 25%

Takeo 19% 29% 17%

Kampot 25% 40% 23%

Tboung Khmum 14.6^ 25% 25%

I. Contract farming

45. A recent study concluded that even poorer, more marginal farmers could take advantage of contract farming opportunities.15 It is often cited that small landholder farmers are typically shut out of contracts because of their small landholdings. However, there is evidence to suggest that small landholder farmers benefit the most from contracts for producing higher value crops. In this

14 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. 2015. Cambodian Agriculture in

Transition: Opportunities and Risks. 15 NGO Forum on Cambodia. 2016. Small Landholder Farmer and Agribusiness Engagement: Implications for

Corporate Reform and Impact on Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia.

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case, agricultural cooperatives and other farmer organizations may play an important role in reducing agribusiness companies’ transaction costs such as farmer training, input distribution, collection and quality control. 46. Results from a 2016 study on small landholder farmers’ engagement with agribusiness indicate that perceptions among farmers were mixed regarding whether agribusinesses prefer making contracts with women or men. In practice, agribusinesses do not have a preference. While it may be that across Cambodia, men have historically had better access to education, it is also traditional in rural households for women to control the cashbox. Whether contracts were signed with women or men was generally determined by role in household and level of contribution to the activity, rather than an overt preference by the contractor. All farmers reported that in their experience access to contracts provided a net benefit. Additionally, some women reported that they were happy with their contract farming arrangement since it provided enough income so that their husbands and children did not have to seek work away from home, thus keeping their family together.

J. Women and mechanization

47. Because machinery services are becoming more readily available in rural areas, women are increasingly using remittances to pay for hiring mechanized services and machinery operators. Machinery is typically operated largely by men, although some women in subproject locations expressed interest in learning to drive tractors and operating agricultural machinery. Their motivation they explained was to save labor and / or identify an income generating activity to contribute to household income and for paying off household loans.16

K. Women Farmers Network (WFN) in Cambodia

48. In 2015, MAFF through its Gender and Children Project Support Unit, together with the international NGO Oxfam has promoted and encouraged women farmers to discuss the challenges they face and the opportunities they see as priorities. Five Women Farmer Forums have brought together around 551 women farmers who together agreed on the formation of a women farmers network. The network has been established across five regions in Cambodia, covering 24 provinces. The regions were defined according to geographic zones as follows: (i) Mekong Region (including Kampong Cham and Tboung Kmum); (ii) northern region including five northern provinces; (iii) southern region, coastal region; and (iv) the low lying region. Support to the network is provided by provincial MAFF and civil society organizations. 49. The WFN has established itself as a self-help forum and utilizes social media to maintain dialogue with its members. Its female farmers are aged between 25 – 50 years old. Oxfam has mobilized resources to assist the 48 members who are the elected province representatives (two women farmers from each province) and represent the national committee of the network. The network functions as a platform for dialogue about priority challenges women face as agricultural producers. As it is a women only forum, it sees itself as being able to provide space and encouragement to women to talk freely about the challenges they face. Issues discussed include access to water, dealing with extreme weather events such as droughts and floods, access to capital, access to markets for agricultural products and supplies. Women farmers have specific challenges related to difficulties in transporting agricultural produce to markets.

16 Women focus group discussion in subproject communes in Kampot, Takeo and Tboung Khmum from May to June

2016.

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50. Many of the network members are also local leaders such as commune members, cooperative members or savings group members, and they are invited and encouraged to attend province-level MAFF workshops for capacity building and training of trainers. Technical information to women farmers in the network is disseminated through social media pages. The Network has links to local Community Innovation Centers – one of which is in Takeo. The centers aim to build capacity of young people and farmers and provide training in computer literacy and English classes. 51. The most important demands of the WFN to ministries and agencies working in the provinces include the following:

(i) Develop policies that could minimize loan interest rates for women farmers in order to invest in agricultural production; and

(ii) Formulate technical groups to help women farmers on business plans, agricultural plans and product processing. Provide technical experts to train women farmers on record keeping and on income expense analysis.

L. Gender, nutrition and health

52. Despite reported improvements in incomes, wellbeing, and consumption, nutrition levels in the country’s population have stagnated or declined since 2005. Failure to significantly reduce levels of stunting, wasting, and underweight can be attributed to the following: (i) lack of potable water; (ii) open defecation; (iii) maternal anemia and low body mass index; (iv) failure of mother to breastfeed the child; (v) low maternal education level; (vi) substantial tea consumption; and (vii) the incidence of thalassemia, which can contribute to anemia and is very prevalent in Cambodia. 53. Women of reproductive age experience substantial risks associated with pregnancy and child birth (footnote 2). Maternal mortality rates continue to be high at 170 per 100,000 live births and women in rural areas and poor households are at greater risk (Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014). In 2012, only 13% of births in rural areas were attended by a doctor, compared to 32% in Phnom Penh. 54. Cambodia is off track for the millennium development goal (MDG) target on maternal malnutrition, and malnutrition is considered the underlying cause in 20% of maternal deaths, accounting for nearly 300 maternal deaths annually in Cambodia.17 The rate of anemia among pregnant women is 53%. About 6% of women have a height of less than 145 centimeters, which indicates they were malnourished as children. These women are also likely to give birth to small children.

M. Women and value chain functions and market access

55. Women are important actors in key value chains in Cambodia, particularly for rice and

cassava production. From social assessments carried out in the subproject areas, it was found

that women own and operate their own enterprises and are:

(i) crop collectors / intermediaries at village and commune levels;

(ii) rice mill owners and operators at commune and district levels; and

(iii) wholesalers and retailers.

17 Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Planning. 2014. Annual Progress Report 2013: Achieving Cambodia’s

Millennium Development Goals. Phnom Penh.

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56. As their collection operations have expanded over time, they have acquired trucks for

transporting agricultural produce. Frequently it is the husband who performs the hauling and

transporting functions of the crop collection enterprise. Financial operations and management is

traditionally the responsibility of women.

57. The buying and selling of crops at commune level is normally a woman to woman

transaction between the farm household and collector. Inside the household, both husband and

wife decide on where to sell crops and to whom and it is then usually the responsibility of the wife

to contact the collector and find out about the current market price.

58. When interviewed, female collectors explained that they had learned their skills from other family members, and they were motivated by the desire to educate their children and improve their family’s living standards. Since they act as intermediaries, the price they can offer farmers is dictated by their clients who own mills, plus a small mark up for themselves. They are also frequently approached by village women for loans. In these cases, small, interest-free advances are given to those households they know well and consider trustworthy.

N. Access to credit

59. As mentioned above, women in Cambodia traditionally are responsible for household purchases, and control of household spending. They are assuming greater responsibility for loan repayments – more so than their husbands and take on responsibility for seeking out local sources of credit. The majority of microfinance borrowers in rural areas are women. The main reasons for seeking microfinance are for debt servicing, for purchasing agricultural inputs and paying for production costs. The lack of access to credit which is affordable and at low interest is consistently cited as a major household problem and constraint.

O. Access to irrigation

60. Access to irrigation is low at 30% for all households nationally. Both men and women can be members of FWUCs for irrigation schemes although it is usually the husband who represents the household. There is no FWUC in subproject 1 area (Trapaing Run reservoir is located in Tani Commune, Angkor Chey District of Kampot Province). In subproject 2 area (i.e. mango drip irrigation demonstration in Trapang Kra Nhuong commune, Tram Kok District in Takeo province) the existing FWUC does not deal with farmers’ mango orchard land, and the number of women in the FWUC is unknown. In subproject 3 area (cassava storage and drying in Sedasean Chey Village, Seda Commune, Tambae District, Tboung Khmum), the FWUC does not deal with cassava land. FWUCs currently play a very nominal role in Cambodia as they are still not authorized to collect irrigation service fees and have little say in system management decisions.18 The FWUC sub-decree that would assign appropriate responsibilities and rights for irrigation infrastructure to respective FWUCs and allow them to collect irrigation service fees remains unapproved. ADB-financed TA is currently providing technical assistance to MOWRAM to find flexible solutions for fee collection, and the sub-decree would underpin the sustainability of large future irrigation investments.19 Capacity for O&M of irrigation schemes overall is also weak. In addition to a lack of financial resources, fundamental problems exist with assessment of O&M

18 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. 2015. Cambodian Agriculture in

Transition: Opportunities and Risks. 19 ADB. 2014. Water Resource Management Sector Development Program, Ninth Quarterly Progress Report

(February 1-April 31, 2014). Phnom Penh.

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needs and priority, and capacity of government staff. Provincial Departments of Water Resources and Meteorology currently have limited capacity to maintain irrigation schemes.

III. IDENTIFIED SUBPROJECTS AND DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT’S TARGET PROVINCES

61. The target provinces are two pairs of neighboring provinces in two areas connected to the GMS transport corridors namely (i) Takeo and Kampot (with access to the southern coastal economic corridor) and (ii) Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum (with access to the southern economic corridor).

62. Under the PPTA, three subprojects in three provinces were identified for detailed feasibility study to be carried through to implementation after project start-up:

Table 3: Subproject and Target Provinces Subproject Province District Commune

Irrigation and Water Catchment Modernization and Rehabilitation

Kampot Angkor Chey Tani

Drip Irrigation in Mango Production Takeo Tram Kok Trapang Kra Nhuong

Cooperative Cassava Chip Drying and Storage for Trading

Tboung Khmum

Tambae Seda (Sedasean Chey Village)

63. Below is a table with data on each of the subproject communes and provinces. The data on the actual subprojects (that will target only parts of the communes and not all the constituent villages) was collected from the commune leaders. The additional data in italics is from the ID- Poor database at the commune and province levels for comparison purposes.

Table 4: Subproject Communes and Provinces

# HH # FHH %

ID Poor 1

ID Poor 2 ID Poor 1&2 FHH

Out migration

migration % women

Tani Commune Kampot (subproject 1 directly benefits farmers in only 3 out of 7 villages of Tani commune)

708 2040

111 (15.7%)

21 (3%) 46

(2.3%)

59 (8.3%) 131

(6.4%)

25 (31.2%) of ID Poor

HH

219 (7%)

Kampot Province *ID Poor covered 480/488 villages

143,081 134428*

16.05% 7835 (5.4%)

11461 (8%)

4381 (23%)

Trapang Kra Nhuong commune Takeo (subproject 2 directly benefits 1 demonstration mango farmer with a 5 ha orchard in 1 village of the commune

1034

2039

154 (15%) 55 hh (5.3%)

143 (7%)

201 hh (19.4%)

364 (17.9%)

421 (9%) 244 (58%)

Takeo Province 210,150 205,785

18.8% 17,971 (8.7)

29,770 (14.5%)

21,255 (44.5%)

Seda Commune Tboung Khmum

975 5373

66 (7%)

94 hh (9.6%)

138 hh (14%)

66 (7%) 298 (7%) 178 (51.3%)

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# HH # FHH %

ID Poor 1

ID Poor 2 ID Poor 1&2 FHH

Out migration

migration % women

(subproject 3 directly benefits only 1 cooperative in 1 village in the commune (of 6 villages)

447 (8.3%)

810 (15.1%)

Tboung Khmum Province **ID Poor covered 861/867 villages

183,703 176184**

13.7% 12476 (7.1%)

21423 (12%)

13,891 (41%)

Kampong Cham Province

143,081 16.05% 7.8% 10.3%

FHH = female headed household, HH = household.

A. Subproject 1: Irrigation and Water Catchment Modernization and Rehabilitation: Trapaing Run Reservoir and Irrigation Scheme (Kampot, Tani Commune)

Table 4: Size of Population in Kampot and Takeo Provinces

Province Male>18 years

Female>18 years

Male<18 years

Female < 18 years

Total male

Total female

Total

Kampot 124,699 125,064 197,172 213,173 321,871 338,231 660,108

Takeo 187,227 188,400 297,123 327,092 484,35 515,492 999,842

Source: Ministry of Planning, Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey 2014

1. Kampot Province

64. Kampot province is in the south of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Koh Kong and Kampong Speu to the north, Takeo and Kep to the east and Sihanoukville to the west. To its south it has a coastline of around 45 km on the Gulf of Thailand. The total land area of Kampot is 4,873 km2. The east of the province consists of a flood plain, with rice fields and other agricultural plantations. Kampot is made up of eight districts which are: Angkor Chey, Banteay Meas, Chhuk, Chum Kiri, Dang Tong, Kampong Trach, Tuek Chhou and Krong Kampot. 65. In 2014, the total population of the province was 660,108 and the total number of females was 338,231 equivalent to 51.23% of the total population. The number of males under 18 years was 124,699; the number of females under 18 years was 125,064; the number of males over 18 years was 197,172 and the number of females over 18 years was 213,173. The total number of households in the province was 143,081 of which 16.05% were female headed households (see Table 4). 66. As in Takeo province, rice is the main crop in Kampot with an area under cultivation in 2014 of 140,623. In addition, Kampot province produces a small number of agroindustrial crops such as maize, cassava, black pepper, banana and mango. The province has the second largest number of mango plantations after Kampong Speu and has the potential to develop a market value chain. However, there is currently no data on mango production either at MAFF or Kampot provincial department of agriculture (PDA). Based on provincial council development data the area under mango production in 2010 was approximately 3,377 ha, and from observations during recent field trips, the area would appear to have expanded. The total number of people in Kampot

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that have work associated with agriculture is 272,516 or 82.5% of the population. The staff complement of the PDA is 69 staff members. 67. In Kampot province, 10,000 hectares of land have been conceded by the Government of Cambodia in Chhuk district under the ELC program to three companies for developing industrial crops but there are some disputes between the companies and the community and so the Government has decided to take back some land and grant it to the community. According to PDA there are currently about 6,000 hectares which remain under concession. The three companies are cultivating cassava, maize, eucalyptus and acacia trees. 68. Trapaing Run Reservoir is located in Tani Commune, Angkor Chey District of Kampot Province. It was constructed during the Khmer Rouge era and has not been repaired or maintained since then. The existing command area is 635 ha across three villages of which approximately 450 households are expected to benefit. There is potential to expand the area under command to 875 ha. Rice is cultivated in the wet season and early wet season. The farmers will continue to produce two crops per year, but with the additional irrigation water could grow a third crop or diversify into other more intensive cash crops. The reservoir is currently a key source of water for the community’s domestic use i.e. for drinking, cooking and washing and for watering animals. However, since it is a small sized shallow reservoir without proper water control structures, in recent years it has dried out completely during the dry season. These drought conditions mean that farmers do not have water reserves to fall back on should there be a long dry spell during wet season rice cultivation.

2. Key beneficiaries:20

(i) Number of communes: 1 (ii) Number of villages benefitted: 3 out of the 7 villages, including Trapeang Run,

Trapeang Raing and Ta Pream (iii) Size of Population: 3191; number of females: 1711 (iv) Total number of households: 708: (v) Number of female headed households:111 (15.7%) (vi) Number of farming households: 689 (vii) Total area of available land for farming: 563 ha (viii) Average land size per household: 0.58 ha / hh (ix) Number of ID-Poor 1 households: 21 (3%) (x) Number of ID-Poor 2 households: 59 (8.3%) (xi) Number of ID-Poor 1&2 female headed households: 25 (3.5%) (xii) Out migration: 219 (7%) persons have out migrated including 30 who have

migrated to other countries.

3. Participatory Assessment

69. From mixed gender and women’s focus group discussions, group interviews with commune council members, commune council women and children focal point, assistant to village chief and interviews with key informants, an assessment of social conditions in the subproject target area has been elaborated and the findings are presented here. 70. The commune chief explained that the land contained by the Trapaing Run irrigation scheme formally belongs to the state, and farmers who are cultivating land inside the scheme

20 The source of information is the Commune Chief interviewed on July 2016.

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have user rights and permission from the commune to irrigate their land. Because of a land shortage in the commune, there is no available land for exchange, should land be lost during canal modernization and construction. 71. The commune is made up of seven villages in all (although the irrigation subproject will affect only three villages). The total land area of the commune is 1,646 ha of rice land; 94 ha for other cropping, and 278 ha for homestead land. The total number of households is 2,153 and the total population is 9,558 of which 5,081 are women. Approximately 90% of the commune population is involved in agriculture. 961 local people have out-migrated including 480 women. 65 people have migrated out of Cambodia of which 21 are women. Most of the out migration is of young adults whose children are left behind to be looked after by grandparents. If the husband migrates and leaves his family behind, he nevertheless retains decision making responsibility for the household and is contacted by mobile phone by his wife.

4. Poverty and household debt

72. In Tani commune, it is estimated that approximately 30% of households do not have sufficient stocks of rice in the household for the whole year. Households borrow money informally from moneylenders at a 20% interest rate per month in order to survive the lean months and to buy fertilizer and for hiring tractors for the next cropping season. If the rice harvest is poor they are unable to pay back the loan and with interest payments the debt grows. 73. One of the coping mechanisms when rice is in short supply, is for women cut bamboo shoots from mountainous areas in order to sell them in the market. Also firewood is cut and collected for selling and some is kept for cooking. Firewood is collected by both men and women. Vegetables are also grown for home consumption. 74. In many instances adult children migrate to urban areas in order to send their remittances from construction jobs or garment factory wages for paying back informal loans from moneylenders. Additionally, in some poor households, children drop out of school because they want to help their parents with paying off household debts by working themselves. 75. Out of a total of 310 households in Trapaing Run village approximately 70 households have reportedly lost their land because of household debt. Farmers borrow money from micro-credit institutions or local businessmen in order to purchase agricultural inputs and cover their rice production costs, and they are expected to pay back the borrowed money after paddy harvesting. In order to release the loan, the bank or micro-credit institution requires farmer’s land or house title as collateral. In recent years, long droughts and extremely hot weather has frequently destroyed farmers’ crops and has made it impossible to repay loans at the due date. In an effort to repay the bank loan or microcredit loan on time, farmers borrow additional money from local businessmen at an interest rate of 10%. The motorbike or television or other household goods are given as security. Alternatively, farmers access money from savings groups where members are able to borrow between $75–$125. The savings group does not require farmers to give land or house titles as security. All that is required is the guarantee of the other members that the loan will be repaid. In this way household debt increases and some farmers have to sell their land or house as a distress sale in order to raise cash to pay off their debts. As a last resort, the decision is made to migrate to seek work and earn wages. 76. Frequently the husband’s remittances are insufficient to meet the wife and children’s needs back home. In these cases, women take out another bank loan and pay back the loan through the sale of forest products and firewood.

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5. Domestic violence and gambling

77. There are incidences of domestic violence in the community, both verbal and physical. It was explained by the participants of the women’s focus group that the main causes of violence were the husband’s drunkenness, arguments between husband and wife about household debts and gambling. 78. Another negative phenomenon that was mentioned by local women was the fact that there is a significant incidence of gambling among women in the villages, initiated because of lack of opportunities and depression.

6. Vulnerability and inclusion

79. The commune has established a commune level committee tasked with assisting poorer households. They try to raise funds for poor families which are suffering medical emergencies. Because of the inadequate public health center, it is used only for minor cases of illness. Most people try to make use of private clinics if they are ill, but this frequently means that they must borrow money to do so. Local access to schools and education is considered adequate. There are no ethnic minorities in this commune and there is only one Muslim family in the community.

7. Climate change and biodigester use

80. The community members said they had heard about the impact of climate change, and that in their opinion the climate in their locality is now hotter than before, with less rainfall, stronger sun and higher temperatures. When asked, only two focus group members said they had biodigester units. For the most part, community members said they believed biodigesters were not a priority need, because there was a reliable supply of electricity from the national grid. 81. The main access to and control over productive resources in the community is as follows:

(i) There is joint access to and control over productive resources such as land, as the land title they possess is in both their names and joint agreement is necessary before land can be sold off;

(ii) There is joint access to and control over capital, i.e. money. For accessing a loan, the bank requires both husband and wife to borrow jointly with both signatures on the loan agreement;

(iii) The access to information, knowledge and education is still limited for both men and women. However, the reported incidence of illiteracy is very low with only 2% of the community still illiterate because adult literacy classes are available. However, in reality the majority of women are not functionally literate. PDA extension officers visit the commune but do not make house calls to farmers. Women in the commune attend commune level training organized by PDA and have received some training in pig production, although the training has not specifically addressed women’s priorities and concerns. In addition, women are only allowed to participate in training when the husband as head of household is absent and he has given his permission;

(iv) PDA officers organize such training events at commune level approximately four times per year. Women have recommended that they would like to receive practical information on rice variety selection and how to transplant seedlings – and they also would like to visit rice field demonstrations. They request the use of visual teaching aids to enhance understanding; and

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(v) There is equal access to markets. Both husband and wife jointly agree when, where and to whom to sell the paddy crop, but it is the women who contact by telephone the local paddy collector, who is also female. There is a low level of knowledge of market information and the price for paddy is set by the local collector. It was recommended that the future subproject should disseminate market information to the local farmers.

8. Work profiles in agriculture and organization of paddy production

82. For the production of paddy, women are involved in land preparation by clearing grass and weeds; broadcasting rice for seed beds, broadcasting fertilizer, transplanting seedlings, hand-harvesting paddy; threshing, winnowing; collecting and storing paddy and also selling paddy to collectors for the market. For the selling of paddy, both men and women decide and agree jointly on which price to accept. For paddy transportation – this is mostly done by men and some families hire labor for hauling and transporting paddy. 83. Only one village in the commune is currently able to cultivate three crops of rice in one year because they have access to a year round water supply. In the other villages, there is only one rice cropping season per year because of insufficient water. 84. There is no water users’ association or agricultural cooperative in the commune. When farmers require water for their cultivations, they seek permission from the village chief. The amount of available water is limited, and water distribution is determined by the village chief.

9. Female paddy collectors / intermediaries and female rice millers

85. The majority of paddy collectors / intermediaries in the locality of subproject 1 – Tani commune are women. They purchase paddy from local farmers on behalf of their clients the wholesalers – both Cambodian and Vietnamese, who set the price. The collector is usually a local woman who lives in the commune and has learnt the trade from a family member. Her husband usually assists his wife by hauling and transporting purchased sacks of paddy from the farm. During interviews with paddy collectors, they explained that in order for their businesses to grow, they need access to more paddies. For this reason, they view the proposed irrigation modernization subproject as a positive development that will increase the volume of paddy produced. The collectors who were interviewed explained that they do not lend money to farmers but will provide interest-free advances to those farmers they trust. 86. The local female rice miller provides households with interest-free loans of $75–125for 4-5 days before harvesting paddy. Households pay back the loan in kind. Each season, the rice miller explained she needed $10,000 in order to purchase paddy from farmers. However, she frequently does not have sufficient liquid cash for her business and therefore borrows approximately $5,000 from the local microcredit institution. The rice miller buys paddy from commune farmers and collectors and sells milled rice in the commune and to a client in Vietnam.

10. Agricultural labor / construction work / employment in construction work / using machinery

87. In Tani commune there is equal pay for harvesting work and the wage rate is KR20,000 per day for men, women and children (12–15 years old). Most heavy work is done by men and lighter work is done by women. Women do not work on local construction sites because culturally it is not considered women’s work. While women do not currently drive tractors – mainly because

19

land cultivation tasks are undertaken by third parties, they have expressed their interest in wanting to learn how to drive harvesters and use agricultural machinery, but they have never had the opportunity to be trained.

11. Property rights, inheritance and divorce

88. The community said there was a need for raising awareness about land rights so that local people were better aware of their rights in order to defend themselves. The commune currently issues users rights to allow cultivation of land and access to water. 89. Inheritance of family owned property is usually divided equally between sons and daughters who inherit equally. However, the house and homestead land is usually inherited by the youngest daughter, in the expectation that she will take responsibility for looking after the elderly parents. This cultural practice may sometimes cause family conflict. 90. In the case of divorce, the husband and wife usually negotiate and agree on the way property will be divided. In some cases, the husband leaves the property entirely to the wife, but in all cases, an agreement must be reached first.

12. Discussion and feedback about the proposed subproject

91. The community members said they were generally in favor of the irrigation scheme modernization so that they could have the opportunity to produce more paddies, although they initially expressed fear that canal construction would negatively impact on a significant number of farmers who had land next to the canal. This caused some alarm and objections from affected farmers, but it was subsequently explained that the canal construction would not encroach on farmers land to any significant degree. 92. The members of the women’s focus group said that while the irrigation improvements would most likely lead to increases in their workloads, for them, they said the most important thing was the opportunity to generate additional revenue. 93. The women and children focal point particularly recommended that effective awareness raising be carried out in the community to enable them all to understand clearly what the subproject was going to entail. 94. Other recommendations concerned the dissemination of agricultural information. It was suggested that messages should be transmitted via TV and radio. The request for more female members of PDA extension staff was also made to facilitate information dissemination to female farmers.

B. Subproject 2: Drip Irrigation in Mango Production (Takeo, Trapang Kra Nhuong commune)

1. Takeo province

95. Takeo province is located in the southwest part of Cambodia and borders the provinces of Kampot to the west, Kampong Speu to the northwest and Kandal to the north and east. Its southern boundary is the international border with Viet Nam. Takeo has a total area of 3,563 km2

and consists of ten districts: Daunt Keon City, Tram Kaka, Kirivong District, Angkor Borei, Prey Kabas, Sam Rong, Bati District, Triang, Koh Andet and Borei Chulsar.

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96. The total population of Takeo in 2014 was 999,842. The number of females was 515,492 equivalent to 51.57%. The number of males under 18 years was 187,227 while the number of females under 18 years was 188,400. While males over 18 years numbered 297,123 and females over 18 years were 327,092. The total number of households was 210,150 of which 18.8% were female headed households. 97. Rice is the main crop and the area under cultivation in 2014 was 296,739 has. Takeo province also produces some agro-industrial crops such as maize and cassava. Mango production has potential for expansion in this province but current production data is not available at MAFF and PDA. The number of people in Takeo that have work associated with agriculture is 387,335 or 77.4% of the population. The complement of the PDA is 51 staff members. There are no economic land concessions in Takeo province. 98. The location of the demonstration drip irrigation scheme is in Trapang Kra Nhuong commune, Tram Kok district in Takeo province. There are three villages within Trapang Kranhoung commune and it has the largest area under mango production in Takeo province. The total area of mango production in the three villages is estimated to be 7,128 ha with a total of 278 households (hh) involved, as follows: In Prey Kdouch village, there are 603 hh but only 50 hh are involved in mango production. The total area of mango production is 1,000 ha. Among 50 hh there are 15 hh from Phnom Penh or outside the village with only 35 hh having permanent residence within the village. On average the farmers who reside in the village have mango production areas of between 1-5 ha per hh, as opposed to those absentee farmers who have larger units of up to 200 ha. The largest farm has installed its own irrigation system with an independent water supply. In Bos Taphang village, there are 226 hh and 48 hh are involved in mango production. The total area of mango production is estimated to be 4,645 ha. However, of the 48 hh, 36 hh are from Phnom Penh or outside the village, only 12 hh have permanent residence in the village. On average the farmers who reside in the village have mango production areas of between 2-5 ha per hh, the absentee farmers have larger units: up to 100 ha or more, again the larger farms have installed irrigation systems. In Prek Talonh village, there are 209 hh and 180 hh are involved in mango production. The total area of mango production is estimated to be 1,475 ha. Of the 180 hh, 30 hh are from Phnom Penh or outside the village with production area of 610 ha. On average the farmers who reside in the village have mango production units of between 1-5 ha.

2. Key beneficiaries:21

(i) Number of communes: 1 commune

(ii) Number of villages: 3 villages (Bos Taphang, Prek Taloy and Prey Kdouch)

(iii) Total number of households: 1034 hh; total number of female headed

households: 154 (15%)

(iv) Total population: 4527 persons; number of females: 2128

(v) Total number of farmers: all households

(vi) Total area of land for farming: 4229 ha for rice; 4304 ha for crop production

(vii) Average farm size: 1.5 ha

(viii) Number of ID-Poor 1 households: 55 hh (5.3%)

(ix) Number of ID-Poor 2 households: 201 hh (19.4%)

(x) Migration: 421 (9%) persons have out migrated of whom 244 are female.

21 The source of information is the Commune Chief interviewed on July 2016.

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3. Participatory Assessment

99. From mixed gender discussions, women’s focus group discussions, and individual and group interviews with commune council members and commune council women and children focal point and local collectors, an assessment of social conditions in the subproject target area has been elaborated. 100. Most mango farmers in the area have either used revenue from rice production or borrowed money from the bank or used remittances from their children in order to plant their mango orchards which are typically approximately 5-7 ha. Mango cultivation is very costly for farmers and because they do not have sufficient capital, labor or knowledge of mango cultivation, it is a common practice for farmers to lease their orchards to private contractors – usually Cambodian companies after 3-4 years when the trees are established and beginning to bear fruit. The cost of a mango sapling is approximately $0.50-1. The labor cost for harvesting mangoes is KR50,000/day. Irrigation water for the orchard is usually from a pond or borehole. Depending on negotiations with contractors, farmers might receive $5-10 for leasing one tree. A typical rent for a 7-8 ha mango orchard with 4-year old trees is $6,000-7,000/year. The contractor then takes care of the orchard, weeding, fertilizing and applying insecticide, to make sure the mango trees produce fruit. The orchard owner has no further responsibility or claim to the orchard. All the revenue from mango sales, typically to wholesalers in Viet Nam, goes to the contractor. 101. Contractors also provide training to farmers in how to correctly plant mango trees. Local agricultural suppliers frequently implement demonstrations of the recommended agricultural products to use for mango cultivation such as pesticides and fertilizers. They provide a 5-day training for farmers and trainees are exclusively male. 102. In the subproject area there are many absentee mango farmers.

4. Poverty, household debt and migration

103. It was reported that approximately 15% of the total number of households in the commune have lost their lands because of distress sales due to debt caused by either medical emergencies or crop failure due to extreme weather. In Prek Taloy village alone, 33 households out of 209 households have reportedly lost their land because of debt. In order to access capital, farming households usually borrow money from microcredit institution (AMK). Some households borrow money from private businessmen. For a 250 loan for example, the daily interest rate is $2. In this case, livestock or motorbikes are given as security, but not the land title or dwelling. The loan is usually arranged and organized by the wife who is then responsible for paying it back. 104. Young adults have migrated out of the area to urban areas to look for work, leaving their small children with their parents. They return home for holidays such as Khmer New Year and other national public holidays. Some children send money home, approximately $80-100/month. But about 20% of migrants are unable to send home any remittances. The community is now characterized mainly by people aged 40 years and above. Approximately 20% of the adult community is illiterate and the majority of those illiterate are elderly women.

5. Vulnerability and inclusion

105. The service provided by the local health center is considered inadequate and is not equipped with an ambulance or any transport facilities. For this reason, it is only accessed for dealing with minor ailments. In the case of serious illness, most people go to private clinics for treatment. There are no ethnic minorities in the commune.

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6. Climate change, biodigester use

106. The majority of male group discussion members were unclear about the advantages of biodigester units, whereas women were more interested because they had heard that the units meant that they could save money. 107. The main access to and control over productive resources in the community is as follows:

(i) There is joint access to and control over productive resources such as land, as the land title they possess is in both their names;

(ii) There is joint access to and control over capital, i.e. money. The revenue from mango cultivation is controlled jointly by men and women even though production is mainly men’s responsibility;

(iii) There is joint access to markets although in practice in those farms that do not rent out mango trees to contractors, it is farm women who negotiate with fruit collectors about the price;

(iv) The access to information, knowledge and education is limited and inadequate for both men and women although more so for women who say they have never been invited to attend any agricultural training. They recommend that they be formally invited to a training event otherwise they always miss out. When there is a training event in the commune it is usually the men who are invited to attend as heads of household. Women may attend after receiving permission from their husbands when they are absent. So far, they have received technical information about rice and vegetable production but not about mango production; and

(v) Women recommend that training should incorporate visual aids and practical demonstrations.

7. Work profiles

108. It is mostly men who do the heavy work in mango farming. About 50% of men also share responsibility for housework and men are responsible for looking after large animals such as cattle. Some men also help women take care of small children. 109. For FHH where adult children have migrated and left grandchildren in their care, the workload is very substantial. In addition to looking after the grandchildren, these women are the caretakers of livestock, and manage and undertake both paddy and crop cultivation including hiring day laborers. Some women are also directly involved in mango cultivation. Hired labor is necessary because of family labor shortages as a consequence of migration, and migrants remittances are used to pay day laborers. 110. There is a water users group in the commune but is responsible only for water management of rice production.

8. Agricultural labor / construction work / employment in construction work / using machinery

111. In this area there is equal pay for equal work in the agriculture sector. Wage rates are as follows:

(i) Rice Transplantation: Labor fee: $5/day for both men and women (ii) Paddy Harvesting: $1.50 for 1 bunch of rice

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(iii) KR300 for digging and planting 1 mango tree (iv) Mango harvesting: $5/day

112. Some women in this locality are able to drive small tractors, and some women expressed their wish to learn how to drive tractors and agricultural machinery.

9. Male mango contractors and male mango collectors

113. When interviewed, a local mango contractor explained that he pays $5-$10/tree for one year and he is able to sell a kilo of mango fruit for KR3,500 to the local mango collector. He said he was able to meet his running costs without having to borrow any money. 114. The local mango collector explained that in order to purchase mangoes, he borrows money interest-free from his client in Viet Nam and the approximate amount borrowed is $10,000 in order to purchase mangoes from his regular contractors. The Vietnamese client subsequently sells the mangoes to his client in China. In this example, the collector does not act as a local moneylender, as neither local farmers nor contractors have ever approached him for advance payments or loans.

10. Property rights, inheritance, divorce

115. The discussion group members explained that land titles are issued in both the husband’s and wife’s names. Regarding inheritance, both sons and daughters inherit equally but the youngest daughter usually inherits the house and homestead land in the expectation that she will look after the elderly parents. This cultural practice may sometimes cause family conflict. In the case of a divorce, there is equal division of property between husband and wife.

11. Discussion and feed-back about the proposed subproject

116. The mango farmers said they were keenly interested in learning about mango production techniques, particularly the care of mango trees; how to improve the quality of the soil and how to properly harvest and collect mango fruit. One lady mango farmer said that when the subproject is implemented, and farmers have had a chance to learn improved production and drip irrigation techniques, she will terminate the leasing arrangements she currently has with contractors, and will operate the mango farm herself. 117. There were several recommendations made regarding the selection criteria for demonstration farmers. Ideally, the local mango farmers themselves should sit and decide who the demonstration farmer should be. It was recommended that the farmer selected be a local farmer and should have a land title from the commune. The mango farm should also be operational and one farming household from each village in the commune should be the demonstration farm, 50% of demonstration farmers should be women. 118. In addition to the drip irrigation demonstration, the community members said that a priority need in their locality was the repair of an irrigation canal that could feasibly be rehabilitated and would allow them to irrigate both mango and paddy land.

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C. Subproject 3: Cooperative Cassava Chip Drying and Storage for Trading (Seda Commune, Tboung Khmum)

Table 5: Size of Population in Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum Provinces

Province Male>18 years

Female <18 years

Male over 18 years

Female over 18 years

Total male

Total female

Total

Kampong Cham 214,312

220,638

334,396

361,542

548,708 582,180 1,130,888

Tboung Khmum 172,560

170,100

250,170

257,474

422,730 427,574 850,304

Source: Ministry of Planning, Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey 2014.

1. Kampong Cham province

119. Kampong Cham province is located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Chhnang to the west, Kampong Thom and Kratié to the north, Tboung Khmum to the east, and Prey Veng and Kandal to the South. Kampong Cham was officially divided into two provinces on 31 December 2013. All land west of the Mekong remained Kampong Cham while land east of the river became Tboung Khmum province. Kampong Cham extends eastward to the international border with Vietnam. Before division, Kampong Cham had 16 districts but currently, the province has only ten districts with a total area of 4,549 km2 and those ten districts are: Batheay, Chamkar Leu, Cheung Prey, Krong Kampong Cham, Kampong Siem, Kang Meas, Kaoh Soutin, Prey Chhor, Srei Santhor and Stueng Trang. 120. In 2014, the population of the province was 1,130,888 (see table above). Women made up approximately 51.47% of the total population. The number of males over 18 years was 334,396, the number of females over 18 years was 361,542. The total number of households was 143,081 of which 16.05% were female-headed households. Rice is the dominant crop and represented 130,560 hectares under production in 2014. However, Kampong Cham province also has the potential to produce agro-industrial crops such as maize, cassava, sesame, mung bean, peanut, banana, cashew nut, durian, black pepper and rubber. 121. As part of an economic land concession program, 1,000 has of land in Chheurng Prey district has been conceded by Government of Cambodia to a private fruit company which grows and produces cashew and jackfruit. 122. The number of people that have work associated with agriculture is 373,949 or 74.4% of the provincial population. The complement of the PDA is 31 staff members.

2. Tboung Khmum province

123. Tboung Khmum province is located in the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Cham to the west, Kratié to the north, Prey Veng to the south, and shares an international border with Viet Nam to the east. Its capital and largest city is Suong City. Tboung Khmum province was formed when Kampong Cham province was split in two by a royal decree signed on 31 December 2013. Tboung Khmum province consists of six districts and one city with a total area of 4,928km2. The six districts are: Dambae, Krouch Chhmar, Memot, Ou Reang Ov, Ponhea Kraek, Tboung Khmum and Krong Suong. 124. The total population of Tboung Khmum province in 2014 was 850,304, and women represented approximately 50.28% of the total population. The total number of males under 18

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years was 172,560, and 170,100 for females. The total number of males over 18 years was 250,170, and the number of females over 18 years was 257,474 (see Table 5). The total number of households was 183,703 of which 13.75% were female headed households. 125. Rice is the most important crop cultivated in Tboung Khmum province. The area under cultivation to rice was 89,263 hectares in 2014. There are also relatively small areas producing sesame, mung bean, soybean, peanut, durian, and black pepper for which data is not available at MAFF or PDA. In addition to rice, Tboung Khmum province has the potential to grow agro-industrial crops such as maize, cassava, and rubber. The number of people in Tboung Khmum that have work associated with agriculture is 40,226 or 82.2% of the population. The complement of the PDA is 15 staff members. 126. In Tboung Khmum province, approximately 10,000 has of land has been conceded by the government under the economic land concession program to nine private companies for developing industrial crops. On the ELCs the companies cultivate and produce cane sugar, rubber, cashew nuts and acacia plantations. 127. The agricultural cooperative chosen as the representative subproject is Seda Meanchey, Sedasean Chey Village, Seda Commune, Tambae District, Tboung Khmum. It had initially 50 members and the membership has increased to 98 members. The cooperative was formed by CEDAC in 2011 with savings and credit as its business and was subsequently registered with the Provincial Department of Agriculture in 2015. CARITAS started to support the group for chicken raising which included feed production. The cooperative reserve fund stood at $17,875 at the end of 2015. One female agricultural cooperative member has two storage units for fresh and chipped cassava storage estimated to have a 500 ton capacity with existing market linkages with Vietnamese buyers and processors and has negotiated to warehouse/stock credit from the buyers (20% deposit advance). With such potential linkages and local expertise, the agricultural cooperative members have also plans to move into cassava storage and trading. Cassava is the main crop in Seda commune of Tambae District and is the principal income source of the agricultural cooperative members. According to Tboung Khmum PDA data, in 2015 there were 17,600 ha of cassava grown in Tambae District. Most of the product was sold to buyers representing Vietnamese processors. The product is sold both as fresh root or dried chips. There is one cassava flour processor (Song Heng Processing) in Tboung Khmum province located just outside Suon City but is a long distance from the cooperative - approximately 50 km away and is not considered a market outlet. On average each of the agricultural cooperative member has about 1-3 ha of land under cassava production but some of the farmers have land up to between 5-10 ha for cassava as well. In Seda commune, nearly 100% of farmer households have land titles from the government. Cassava is the main crop and income source for agricultural cooperative members: however, the members have limited technical capacity and access to good cassava stem seed that has pest and disease resistance and poor or lack of soil improvement activities also leads to low productivity. The farmers do not have any soil improvement plan. The recent drought has affected yields, with the average yield as low as 18 tons/ ha, some farmers can achieve 28–30 tons per ha, however the potential yield can be as high as 40 tons per ha.

3. Key beneficiaries:22

(i) Number of communes: 1

(ii) Number of villages: 6 villages (Seda Senchey, Krasang, Andong Lagneang,

Beung Thmey, Chung Tasao and Sampor)

22 The source of information is the commune chief interviewed on July 2016.

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(iii) Total number of households: 975 hh; total number of female headed

household: 66 (7%)

(iv) Total population: 4,254; number of females: 2,028

(v) Number of farming households: approximately 90% of total number of

household

(vi) Total area of land for farming: 2,106.7 ha including 1,948 ha for rice

production and 158.7 ha for crop production

(vii) Average farm size: 1.5 ha

(viii) Number of ID-Poor 1 households: 94 hh (9.6%) of which 33 female headed

households (35% of all ID Poor 1 household)

(ix) Number of ID-Poor 2 households: 138 household (14%) of which 33 female

headed households (24% of all ID Poor 2 household)

(x) Out migration: 298 persons (7%) have out migrated – 156 inside Cambodia (of which 78 females) and 142 to other countries (of which 75 females).

4. Participatory Assessment

128. From mixed gender and women’s focus group discussions, and group interviews with commune council members and commune council women and children focal point, and interview with cassava collector, the following assessment of social conditions in the subproject target area has been elaborated. 129. The total number of households in the commune is 4,700. The area is currently suffering from drought. The local pond has dried out and households are now forced to purchase drinking water. 130. In this area farmers grow rubber, cassava, mango, pepper and rice. They also work as day laborers in cassava production doing tasks such as planting and harvesting. Cassava produced in the area is bought to be transported to a buyer in Viet Nam. Women raise pigs and poultry. As an alternative to hiring day laborers, farmers are increasingly hiring tractors for land preparation. 131. The largest land holding is approximately 10 ha. Those farmers who only have 1 – 3 ha or less are considered to be the most vulnerable and likely to be in debt. Those who don’t own land are able to rent land at KR900,000 per ha per year. 132. Approximately 20% of the community is illiterate and of these 90% are women. The cooperative members currently farm individually although they have recently received financial support from the international NGO, CARITAS, to organize collective production.

5. Poverty, household debt and migration

133. One of the significant characteristics of the local population is that farming households have debts brought on mainly because of the recent droughts causing them to lose crops. Subsequently they migrate to urban areas in order to earn money to pay off their debts. The community members estimate that approximately 10% of farmers have lost their land as a direct consequence of their bank debt. When they are unable to make loan repayments to the bank, in desperation they borrow from moneylenders at high interest rates in order to repay bank loans. Local moneylenders include cassava collectors, motor repair shops and grocery shops. The average loan from moneylenders is $500–$750 for one year. There have been examples of

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farmers absconding because of their inability to repay loans and in some instances their land and property has been seized by the moneylender. 134. It is estimated that out migration is affecting 60% of the households in the community with migrants going mostly to find work in Korea, Malaysia and Thailand with only a few people going to Phnom Penh. 135. The incidence of poverty in the community is indicated by the number of households which are designated as ID-poor. Households designated ID-Poor 1 are landless. The poverty profile in Sedasean village is as follows: 136. Approximately 10% of households are ID-Poor 1 and approximately 30% of households are designated ID-Poor 2. For the commune of Tambae: approximately 15% of households are classified as ID-Poor 1, and 10% are ID-Poor 2. These households do not have enough rice for the whole year.

6. Domestic violence

137. There are incidents of domestic violence between husband and wife, mainly caused by the husband’s drunkenness, and arguments about household debt. Women explained that they feel their husbands act irresponsibly by ignoring their debt problems and are not sufficiently concerned about the consequences of non repayment. The burden does not seem to be shared equally and in most cases, it is the wife who shoulders greater responsibility for trying to find ways to repay bank loans. Women do not feel valued by society. Often it is the husband who does not agree for his wife to participate in commune committee activities because the meetings are held in the evenings. 138. The women explained that even though there is gender awareness today, in reality it does not exist and there is no gender equality yet. They would like to know how women can achieve better status and equal rights.

7. Vulnerability and inclusion

139. There is a complaint that the government run health center does not have sufficient staff to attend to the community’s needs. There is no midwife, no ambulance, and it is closed over the weekend so it is difficult to find assistance. For this reason, it is considered useful only for treating minor illnesses. For serious illnesses, people prefer to go to private clinics for treatment. 140. The village has a primary school and secondary school which only teaches pupils up to Grade 9. However, many families are unable to provide an education for their children because of a shortage of money.

8. Climate change, biodigesters

141. The community is of the opinion that the climate has changed very much. It is now very hot and disease incidence has increased leading to more deaths and people fall ill with influenza much more frequently. The sun is also very strong; there are violent storms, and also frequent flooding. This year for example, the pond has dried out and there is no drinking water in the village. The floods have destroyed rice crops. Although the locality has an irrigation canal, it does not have water control gates and the rice paddies were subsequently flooded and the crop was lost. There are no biodigester units in the village because of the insufficient number of livestock.

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142. The main access to and control over productive resources in the community is as follows:

(i) There is joint access to and control over productive resources such as land, as the

land title they possess is in both their names

(ii) There is joint access to and control over capital, i.e. revenue from agricultural

production, although the household budget is almost always controlled by women

(iii) There is joint access to markets although in practice it is farm women who

negotiate with the cassava collector about the price

(iv) The access to information, knowledge and education is limited and inadequate for both men and women although more so for women who have rarely attended formal agricultural training. They recommend that they be formally invited to a training event otherwise they always miss out. When there is a training event in the commune it is usually the men who are invited to attend as heads of household. So far, women have received some technical information about rice and vegetable production.

9. Agricultural labor / using machinery

143. Regarding cassava cultivation, the main division of labor between men and women is that women are responsible for planting cassava and men are tasked with digging holes for cassava planting and for harvesting. Men are also responsible for cassava transportation. 144. Wage rates are different for male and female day laborers causing a great deal of dissatisfaction. Women who plant cassava receive KR20,000/day and men who dig the holes receive KR25,000/day. In this area women did not express interest in learning about how to use agricultural machinery. 145. When there is out migration the workload of women who remain behind increase considerably. Frequently when adult children migrate, they leave their children in the care of the grandmother. Because of the shortage of money in the household, the grandmother herself is forced to work outside the home in order to earn money to feed and take care of the children. This is because the remittances are usually inadequate for meeting all the household needs, and in some cases, the migrants are unable to send any remittances at all.

10. Female cassava collector / moneylender

146. In this area, the local cassava collector is female and is 32 years old. She has three children and her husband is 40 years old. Both the husband and wife take care of the children. She has been a cassava collector for ten years. She is also one of the local moneylenders. She learnt the skill from her sister. Her husband works with her and is responsible for the transportation of cassava and both are responsible for weighing. Ten years ago they rented a truck and picked up the cassava from each farm individually, but now they have their own vehicle. Farmers also bring cassava directly to their store. In order to purchase cassava from farmers she borrows approximately $50,000 to add to her own fund of $20,000. The collector’s client is a buyer in Viet Nam who sets the price which has fluctuated in recent years and very low prices have created discontent amongst local farmers. Sometimes the wholesaler in Vietnam also does not pay her on time. For buying cassava from farmers, the cassava collector is usually contacted by the female farmer. 147. In previous years she was never asked to lend money to farmers but now farmers ask her for loans of about $50-$500 for three months. She loans money to those farmers whom she knows

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very well, and does not charge them interest. Some farmers are late in repaying. If a farmer asks for a loan of $1,000, she charges $30 as interest per month. The commune land title is security for the loan. However, for people that she knows well, she does not take the land title. She also gives loans to people outside the village. The main problem she faces is that some farmers do not pay back the loan, and do not sell them their cassava. She explained that in this area moneylenders are usually women.

11. Property rights, inheritance, divorce

148. In discussions concerning land titles, the community members stated that they were confident concerning security of tenure because they were in possession of land titles for the parcels they were cultivating. In the case of divorce, property is divided equally between the husband and wife.

12. Discussion and feedback about the proposed subproject

149. There was general consensus and approval about the proposed subproject. In addition, the discussion group mentioned other priority needs which included:

(i) the need for a village water pond with water all year round; (ii) information about improved techniques to cope with the drought; (iii) the inclusion of activities for very poor households; (iv) the cooperative would like to be able to sell agricultural inputs to farmers to support

the cooperative; (v) income generating activities for women; and (vi) inclusion of visual aids in all agricultural training so that illiterate women can

understand.

IV. MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

150. This chapter examines the main findings from the participatory social and gender assessments carried out in subproject areas, and proposes recommendations for the future project.

A. Main Findings

151. Regarding social characteristics, the communities assessed are all experiencing significant out migration of adults, leading to labor shortages particularly for paddy production. The main driver of out migration was reported to be high levels of household debt. The communities are characterized by substantial numbers of older women who are taking care of their grandchildren, and receiving remittances from their adult children, particularly daughters working in urban areas. Remittances are frequently inadequate for covering all household expenditure, and so grandmothers are also reduced to seeking work as day laborers to make ends meet. In terms of class and wealth status, the subproject target populations are largely homogeneous. According the the ID Poor database, the ID Poor 1 & 2 rates for each subproject area are respectively 11.3% in subproject 1 area, 25% in subproject 2 area and 23% in subproject 3. 152. Women and men differ in their roles and in their economic, educational, and health status. Heavy physical work is almost always men’s responsibility. Women are exclusively responsible for managing household budgets. The health status of rural women is likely to be worse than men’s and their workload is traditionally greater.

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153. The target populations needs and demands were assessed in relation to the proposed

subprojects and women and men expressed the same priorities. In all three areas the overriding

priority was for sufficient water for agricultural cropping purposes. Lack of access to year round

water continues to be a major constraint for producers in all subproject areas. Persistent low

levels of trust between value chain actors such as farmer-producers and collectors /

intermediaries, were reported frequently by farmers. These are a substantial constraint to

efficiency and innovation in the selected value chains.

154. Regarding the beneficiaries absorptive capacity for the proposed subprojects, the different ways men and women will participate was assessed. There is a good fit for the subprojects in the local society and culture. Both men and women were motivated to take part and benefit from the three subprojects. However, their knowledge, skills, and organizational resources differ. Women are aware of their own technical shortcomings but express an eagerness to learn new techniques, and they are aware that they have had fewer opportunities than their husbands to receive agricultural training. Women appear more eager to learn about the potential for income generating activities and increasing household income. This is driven by the fact that household debt is a constant worry. Since husband and wife jointly control land and capital, the subprojects are unlikely to adversely affect women’s access to and control of resources. 155. Regarding institutional capacity, the executing agency and implementing agency have a duty to ensure that services are effectively delivered to women who currently make up the majority of rural populations. Training female staff and female extension workers and WFN both at national and provincial levels are considered essential. Low productivity in the areas investigated stems from weak extension services and farmers continuing lack of knowledge of optimal techniques and input use. Women farmers have less access to extension services than men. 156. The existence of a women farmer network in Cambodia which has a focus on rural women and an interest in promoting gender and development, might be able to contribute to the new project by sharing information on appropriate activities and offering support to women farmers. At commune level, the presence of commune women and children focal points, and female assistants to commune chiefs, should ensure follow up and feedback of women’s concerns regarding project activities. 157. There were no significant ethnic minority populations in the subproject areas.

1. Men and women’s access to and control over productive resources

158. Findings from the participatory assessments indicate that there is joint access and control to productive resources such as land. The land title they possess is in both their names and joint agreement is necessary before land can be sold off. There is joint access to and control over capital, i.e. money. For accessing a loan, the bank requires both signatures on the loan agreements. Identifying different sources of loans is mostly done by women. The access to information, knowledge and education is still limited for both men and women. Women are less likely to be functionally literate. In general, invitations to commune level extension training activities are made to the head of household, who is usually the husband. Women are only allowed to participate in organized extension training when the husband is absent and he has given his permission by telephone if he has out migrated from the village. Women have expressed keen interest in receiving practical information on rice variety selection and they also would like to visit field crop demonstrations. The use of visual teaching aids to enhance understanding has also been specified.

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159. There is equal access of men and women to markets. Both husband and wife jointly agree when, where and to whom to sell the crop, but it is the wife who contacts the local (usually female) collector by telephone. There is a low level of knowledge of market information amongst households and the price is set by the local collector. It was recommended that future subprojects should disseminate market information to women farmers through various channels including the WFN. 160. The proposed subproject in Trapaing reservoir will lead to some loss of land for some households during canal construction but it is expected that losses will be extremely minimal.

2. The participation of women in civil works

161. Gender disparities in employment remain extensive in Cambodia, primarily because of traditional attitudes about appropriate occupations for women and men. This is particularly true in the construction sector, where it is believed that women either cannot or do not wish to engage in manual labor. However, women are already engaged in manual labor in the agriculture sector, and there are many construction jobs that women can and wish to do in order to earn cash wages. For ensuring that there is a poverty focus to project interventions, men and women in identified ID-Poor households (1 & 2) in subproject areas should be targeted for job opportunities related to civil works.

3. The participation of women in agricultural machinery operation

162. Increasing mechanization in agriculture is predicted to reduce the unskilled manual labor wage earning opportunities that are important to households with little or no land, and particularly for women. Tractors are being introduced to save labor in land preparation, and harvesting machines and threshers are being introduced. The latter two tasks in particular tend to be traditionally undertaken manually by women and so mechanization will reduce the demand for women’s labor. That said the project can build women farmers capacity to operate and maintain agricultural equipment thus increasing their value added to the agricultural production process, and to increase opportunities to move further along the value chain. During the consultations women emphasized that they would like the opportunity to learn how to drive two-wheel tractors and other agricultural machinery. This would allow them the opportunity to have paid work as drivers and also prepare them for future farm mechanization.

4. Biodigester use

163. Transformation in rural areas, particularly in the area of labor-saving technology, has also been rapid in recent years. While not widespread in subproject areas, labor saving technologies such as biodigester units for cooking and lighting are significantly reducing women’s workloads, which is a critical issue for FHH with limited sources of adult labor. This is particularly true for households in areas of Cambodia where livestock production is concentrated.

B. Recommendations

172. Agricultural extension activities can become more gender sensitive. FHH and women in MHH have specific needs due to the different roles they play, and given women’s time constraints and limited mobility, it affects their access to training. Training of more female extension workers, and broadening outreach to women farmers through the WFN system, the use of visual aids, varied information and communication technologies to improve extension outreach, and promotion of more active participation of women in farmer extension groups, as well as nutrition

32

and disaster risk management trainings are all measures that would empower women and bring economic benefits. Due to women’s time and mobility constraints it is important to bring the training down to the village level, at appropriate times, and with the necessary support such as child care, provision of meals, etc. 164. Attention is also merited to the integration of small and women run farms and enterprises into modern food value chains. Public extension services are especially important for these farms because they are unlikely to receive sufficient extension services from the private sector, while without improved farm management skills and information they will stay poor and vulnerable, and disconnected from economic transformation processes. Small farms, including households with social land concessions, can be supported through public services to facilitate stronger links with the agro-processing and agribusiness industry through productive partnerships (e.g., contract farming), training in business and other skills, and provision of market information. 165. A land title is recognized as an essential precursor to investment. Rural women in principle have equal rights to land ownership following the provisions of the Land Law adopted in 2001. In practice, however, there have been examples of gendered land grabbing (as well as land grabbing in general) in which men take over the legal title to land even where women have legal rights to it as well. Women are not aware of their rights and have little recourse to legal advice. Legal rights education, legal assistance, awareness about joint titling requirements and options and conflict resolution training is important as well, especially for women. 166. Specific recommendations include:

(i) target IDPoor1&2 households for employment in civil works and O&M, training in relevant skills, etc;

(ii) track poverty reduction in subproject communities through decreases in the ID Poor 1 and 2 households;

(iii) promote gender equality and women’s empowerment in the agribusiness sector through enhancing women’s capacity in climate friendly agriculture production and processing, management and business, agricultural machinery use and maintenance, accessing and using financing and crop insurance, and through strengthening linkages between women led enterprises and the agribusiness industry;

(iv) conduct a gender analysis of the four selected agricultural value chains that will inform further refinement of the GAP at the start of the project and the development of a gender responsive MAFF agribusiness policy;

(v) target women for employment and training in infrastructure related construction/rehabilitation and operation and maintenance, for uptake of biodigesters, and as decision makers in selection of climate resilient crops varieties.

(vi) work in close partnership and strengthen technical capacity of the newly formed WFN and the MAFF Gender and Children Project Support Unit in order to ensure sustainability of gender mainstreaming efforts in the agribusiness sector.

(vii) align and synergise GAP actions to the MOWA Climate Change Strategy and Plan and related ADB Mainstreaming Climate Resilience into Development Planning (MCRDP) project (CSO and MOWA/Gender outputs).

33

V. GENDER ACTION PLAN

167. A Gender Action Plan (GAP) has been prepared, which includes gender actions, performance indicators and targets to promote women’s voice and active participation in all project activities.23 The project will promote gender equality and women’s empowerment in the agribusiness sector through enhancing women’s capacity in climate friendly agriculture production and processing, management and business, agricultural machinery use and maintenance, accessing and using financing and crop insurance, and through strengthening linkages between women led enterprises and the agribusiness industry. Other actions include a gender analysis of the four selected agricultural value chains that will inform further refinement of the GAP at the start of the project and the development of a gender responsive MAFF agribusiness policy. Women will be targeted for employment and training in infrastructure related construction/rehabilitation and operation and maintenance, for uptake of biodigesters, and as decision makers in selection of climate resilient crops varieties. The project will work in close partnership and strengthen technical capacity of the newly formed women’s farmers network and the MAFF Gender and Children Project Support Unit in order to ensure sustainability of gender mainstreaming efforts in the agribusiness sector.

23 Accessible from the list of linked documents.

34 Annex 1

LIST OF MEETINGS HELD, FOCUS GROUPS, KEY INFORMANT GROUP INTERVIEWS AND TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS

Date Location Type of Meeting Persons meet

27 May 2016 MAFF Office Phnom Penh Briefing Eric Buysman, PPTA consultant

27 May 2016 MAFF Office Phnom Penh Briefing M. Masahiro (JICA)

27 May 2016 ADB Resident Mission -Phnom Penh

Briefing and orientation

ADB-CAM Gender and Social Development Specialists

02 June 2016 MOWA, Phnom Penh Telephone briefing Gender Mainstreaming in Climate Change member

03 June 2016 Department of Animal Health, MAFF

Briefing Mrs. Lam Saoleng, Program coordinator of NBP (National Biogas Program)

07 June 2016 Tany commune, Angkor Chey district, Kampot province

Focus group discussion

Commune chief, commune councils, village chiefs, village vice chiefs and assistance of village chiefs

Tany commune, Angkor Chey district, Kampot province

Key informant group interview

Rice collectors, commune women and children focal point

Trapeang Run village, Tany commune, Angkor Chey district Kampot

Focus group discussion

Men and women farmers

08 June 2016 Trapeang Kragnung commune, Tramkok district, Takeo province

Focus group discussion

Commune chief, commune councils, village chiefs, vice village chiefs and assistance of village chiefs

Trapeang Kragnung commune, Tramkok district, Takeo province

Focus Group discussion

Farmers

09 June 2016 Seda Senchey village, Seda commune, Tambe district, Tboung Khum province

Focus group discussion

Commune councils, village chiefs, assistance of village chiefs, vice village chiefs and commune women and children focal point, both men and women farmer cooperative members

Seda Senchey village, Seda commune

Focus group discussion separately with women group

Commune women and children focal point and women farmer cooperative members

Annex 1 35

Date Location Type of Meeting Persons meet

21 June 2016 Tany commune, Kampot province

Key informant group interview and focus group discussion

Women group

22 June 2016 Trapeang Kragnung commune, Takeo

Key informant group interview and focus group discussion

Women group

05 July 2016 Telephone interview

Mr. Pros, Mango’s collector in Takeo

06 July 2016 Telephone interview

Sok Moy, cassava’s collector in Seda Senchey village, Seda commune, Tboung Khum province

08 July 2016 Oxfam, Phnom Penh Interview Oxfam Project Officer

11 July 2016 Telephone interview

Commune chief in Tany commune, Kampot province

15 July 2016 Telephone interview

Commune chief in Trapeang Krangoung commune, Takeo province

16 July 2016 Telephone interview

Chief of farmer cooperative in Senda Senchey village, Seda Commune, Tboung Khum province and commune chief of Seda commune

36 Annex 2

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND PEOPLE MET

Location Name of participant

Sex Position Telephone number

07 & 21 June 2016 Tany commune, Angkor Chey district Kampot

1 Tany commune Eung Sgourn M Commune Chief 012616437

2 Tany commune Lak Touch F Commune Council member

3 Trapeang Run village

Top Channy F Village member of Trapeang run village

4 Trapeang Reang village

Seach Khan M Village member of Trapeang Reang

5 Trapeang Reang village

Hourt Seun M Village chief of Trapeang Reang

6 Tapream village Mourng Phon M Vice chief of Tapream village

7 Tany commune Mar Sarom M Commune Council member of Tany

8 Trapeang Run village

Meas Neth M Village chief of Trapeang Run

012819402

9 Trapeang Run village

Mey Morang M Vice chief of Trapeang Run village

10 Tany commune Ourm Phat M Commune Council member

11 Tany commune Pich Nith M Second Vice commune chief of Tany

12 Tany commune Keo Chem M First vice chief of commune

13 Tany commune Im Seun M Member of Commune Council

14 Trapeang Reang village

Meas Sarom F Rice collector

15 Katong village, Tany commune

San Sovan F Rice Collector

16 Tany commune Im Seun F Commune Council member in Tany commune

17 Trapeang Run village

Maiyang F Vice chief of Trapeang Run village

18 Tany commune Lak Touch F Commune Women and Children Focal Point in Tany commune

19 Trapeang Reang village

Kim Sakhan M Farmer

20 Trapeang Reang village

Sourn Bang M Farmer

21 Trapeang Run village

Ses Sophan M Farmer

22 Trapeang Run village

Sim Samon F Farmer

23 Trapeang Run village

Soum Sok M Farmer

24 Trapeang Run village

Ven Malay F Farmer

25 Trapeang Run village

Soum Sareun F Farmer

Annex 2 37

Location Name of participant

Sex Position Telephone number

26 Trapeang Run village

Kim Chanthou F Farmer

27 Trapeang Run village

Em Sarom F Farmer

28 Trapeang Run village

Sith Chreng F Farmer

29 Trapeang Run village

Tep Savon F Farmer

30 Trapeang Run village

Kang Euk F Farmer

31 Trapeang Reang village

Srin Sok M Farmer

08 & 22 June 2016 Trapeang Kragnung commune, Tramkok district Takeo

32 Bos Taphang village

Pros M Mango’s collector 0976510755

33 Pleulok village Van Sron F Village Member

34 Bostaphong village Nao Sotim F Village Member

35 Trapeang Krngung commune

Tun Sam M Commune Council member

36 Trapeang Krngung commune

Noun Khim M Commune Council member

37 Trapeang Krngung commune

Douch Song M Commune Council member

38 Trapeang Krngung commune

Rey Pheap M Commune Council member

39 Prey Taloy village Say Nouk M Village chief

40 Trapeang Krngung commune

Pech Ream M Commune clerk

41 Trapeang Krangung commune

Cheap Neang M Commune Chief 012850023

42 Prey Kdourch village

Sok Komarey F Village member

43 Trapeang Krngung commune

Y Sahong

M Member of Commune Council

44 Prey Kdourch village

Horm Hourn M Farmer

45 Bos Taphong village

Youn Savy M Farmer

46 Prey Kdouch village

Moth Veth M Farmer

47 Pleu Lok village Khuy Mon M Farmer

48 Toch M Farmer

49 Bos Taphang village

Yeun Vong M Farmer

50 Prey Taloy village Soy Se M Farmer

51 Bos Taphang village

Chea Phin M Farmer

52 Prey Taloy village Y Meun M Farmer

53 Prey Taloy village Srin Sengphorn M Farmer

54 Mey Sahon M Commune Council member

38 Annex 2

Location Name of participant

Sex Position Telephone number

55 Sor Ny M Farmer

56 Veasna M Farmer

57 Prey Kdourch Hin Cheath M Farmer

58 Prey Kdourch Hong Nop M Farmer

59 Trapeang Krangung commune

Hoy Sarath M Commune clerk

60 Prey Taloy village Meung Meth M Farmer

61 Bos Taphang village

Min Veth M Farmer

62 Bos Taphang Von Sereyvan M Farmer

63 Bos Taphang village

Hun Seak F Farmer

Pleulok village Van Sron F Farmer

09 June 2016

Seda Senchey village, Seda commune, Tambe district, Tboung Khum province

64 Seda commune Chin Narin F Commune Women and Children Focal Point

65 Seda Commune Los Krim M First vice chief of commune

66 Sampor village Chourn Sopheap M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

67 Krasang village Cheav Kin M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

68 Seda Senchey village

Kry Sogneun M Chief of cooperative

69 Seda Senchey village

Phin Nan F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

70 Seda Senchey village

Veth Keun F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

71 Seda Senchey village

Kheav Piseth M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

72 Seda Senchey village

Krourch Keun M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

73 Seda Senchey village

Chou Samon M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

74 Seda Senchey village

Pheap Samon M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

75 Seda Senchey village

Thav Chanthy F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

76 Seda Senchey village

Y Chanra F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

77 Seda Senchey village

On Samol M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

78 Seda Senchey village

Van Sreypeak F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

79 Seda Senchey village

Kun Ean F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

80 Seda Senchey village

Duk Sreyleak F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

81 Seda Senchey village

Chou Sina F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

Annex 2 39

Location Name of participant

Sex Position Telephone number

82 Seda Senchey village

Dim Ang F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

83 Seda Senchey village

Dim Eng F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

84 Andong Lgneang Yor Maosopheak M Financial for Farmer Cooperative of Andong Lgneang

85 Seda Senchey village

Sim Vy F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

86 Seday Senchey village

Sor In F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

87 Seday Senchey village

Pich Kimseng F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

88 Seday Senchey village

Yin Sokchea F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

89 Seday Senchey village

Srin Sokmey F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

90 Seday Senchey village

Neth Touch F Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

91 Seday Senchey village

Vong Sophorn M Farmer Cooperative member of Seda Senchey

92 Tboung Khum province

Sun Sarath M Provincial Department of Agriculture

93 Seda commune Mom Sitha M Commune chief 017580866

94 Seda Senchey village

Y Sitheun M Chief of Farmer Cooperative of Seda Senchey

097680936

95 Seda Senchey village

Lim Sokmoy F Cassava collector 0979178358

Involved institutions

96 Oxfam Chen Prum M Project officer 089839373

97 National Biogas Program (NBP) In Department of Animal Health MAFF

Lam Saoleng Program coordinator of NBP (National Biogas Program)

017961056

98 ADB -CAM Chea Chandy F Gender specialist

99 ADB-CAM Mia Hyun F Social Sector Development Specialist