Callaghan (2014) Man Up! Man Down!: Military Masculinity, Stigma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (MA thesis)

7/27/2019 Callaghan (2014) Man Up! Man Down!: Military Masculinity, Stigma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (MA thesis)

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MAJ XV! MAJ @NUJ!

Mklktary Masdulkjkty, Ttkema, aj` Vnst-Praumatkd Ttrhss @ksnr`hr

Ualthr Dallaebaj@hpartmhjt ni Ajtbrnpnlney

Xjkvhrskty ni Pnrnjtn

AJP-?6667 Masthrs _hshardb Vaphr

Tuomktth` inr dnmplhtknj ni tbh MA Vrneram

Aueust ?610

Tuphrvksnr7 Vrni. Mkdbahl Lamohc

@hpartmhjt ni AjtbrnpnlneyXjkvhrskty ni Pnrnjtn


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Pbh Daja`kaj snl`khr7 aj hxhmplar ni valnur, ùty, kjtherkty, bnjnur, aj` dnuraeh3 a shlilhss aj`

shli-sadrkikdkje prnthdtnr ni tbh valuhs aj` k`hals ni Daja`kaj sndkhty3 tbh bhrn. Pbhsh arh all

dhrtakjly asphdts ni tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh Daja`kaj snl`khr, aj` mnrh kmpnrtajtly, tbhsh arh all alsn

tbh hpktnmh ni malhjhss kj mn`hrj Uhsthrj sndkhty, a malhjhss tbat bas ohdnmh larehly

kjshparaolh irnm tbh sndkally dnjstrudth` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, nr, kj ntbhr wnr`s, a

byphrmasdulkjh k`hjtkty tbat trajsdhj`s tbh oknlney ni tbh kj`kvkùal, skjdh tbks snl`khr k`hjtkty ks

hjadth` oy snl`khrs wbhtbhr tbhy oh oknlnekdally malh nr ihmalh, aj` rhear`lhss ni tbh shxual

k`hjtkty ni tbh kj`kvkùal, wbhtbhr kt oh bhthrnshxual nr ajy varkajt dnmmnjly rhihrrh` tn as

LEOPQ. Pbks byphrmasdulkjh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, phrbaps ohst rhihrrh` tn as mklktary

masdulkjkty, ks sndkalkzh` kjtn tbh kj`kvkùal snl`khr lnje ohinrh tbhy hvhr swhar aj natb nr

aiikrmatknj ni shrvkdh tn Dajaà, aj` ohdnmhs a dnrh, yht irhquhjtly ujrhdnejkzh`, pkllar ni tbhkr

kjthrjal systhm ni valuhs, htbkds, mnrals, aj` htbns. Aj` tbks mklktary masdulkjkty, wktb kts

hmpbasks nj tbh bhrn mntki, alsn plays a rnlh kj bnwtbh kj`kvkùal snl`khr lkvhs tbhkr àkly lkih,

kmaekjhs aj` phrdhkvhs tbh wnrl` arnuj` tbhm, aj` bnw tbhy dnjdhptualkzh kjgury nr klljhss.

Kt ks tbks latthr asphdt tbat ks tbh dnrh indus ni tbks paphr7 bnw tbh kj`kvkùal snl`khr

uj`hrstaj`s, dnjdhptualkzhs, phrdhkvhs, aj` ultkmathly hjadts tbh dnj`ktknj cjnwj as pnst-

traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr (VPT@), nr ajy ni tbh ntbhr inrms ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tbat iall

uj`hr tbh umorhlla thrm ni Nphratknjal Ttrhss Kjgury (NTK), tbrnueb tbh sndkalkzh` lhjshs ni tbhkr

ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty as tbh bhrn, kjdlu`kje tbh `kiihrhjt inrms aj` majjhrs kj wbkdb stkema

tnwar`s VPT@ nr NTK nddur, ontb irnm wktbkj tbh mklktary dulturh, aj` tbrnueb tbh orna`hr

Daja`kaj sndkhty wktbkj wbkdb tbh mklktary nphraths aj` iujdtknjs. Pbks paphr wkll hxamkjh tbh

ways kj wbkdb tbh kj`ndtrkjatknj aj` sndkalkzatknj ni tbh Daja`kaj snl`khr iujdtknjs tn drhath

aj`/nr rhkjinrdh tbh byphrmasdulkjh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty, tbh mklktary masdulkjkty, tbat lkhs at tbh


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bhart ni tbh sndkal kmaekjary ni wbn tbh Daja`kaj snl`khr ks. Pbh majjhr kj wbkdb tbh pakj aj`

suiihrkje ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kjthradts wktb tbks kmaekjh` out a`npth` iujdtknjal jnj-

oknlnekd ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty wkll oh hxamkjh`, ontb irnm tbh lhjs ni tbnsh jnt strkdchj oy tbh

symptnms ni VPT@, as whll as irnm tbh kjthrjalkzh` lhjs ni tbh wnuj`h` warrknr.

_hear`kje Vnsktknjalkty

Ajtbrnpnlney bas lnje ohhj oash` nj tbh prhdhpt ni uj`hrstaj`kje tbh Ntbhr tbrnueb

partkdkpajt noshrvatknj uj`hrtachj kj tbh dnursh ni htbjnerapbkd ikhl`wnrc hjtaklkje atthmptkje

tn lkvh tbh àkly lkih ni kj`kvkùals wktbkj tbh suoghdt dulturh ni kjthrhst. Uktb tbh uj`hrstaj`kje

tbat tbh noshrvhr daj jhvhr oh dnmplhthly noghdtkvh (Bhehluj`, ?668), tbh k`ha ni dnjùdtkje

htbjnerapby at bnmh, nr wktbkj njhs nwj dultural ernup, bas `hvhlnph` wktbkj tbh ikhl` ni

ajtbrnpnlney, wktb tbh davhat tbat sn lnje as tbh ajtbrnpnlnekst ks dlhar nj tbhkr pnsktknjalkty,

aj` tbh pnthjtkal inr tbhkr suoghdtkvkty vs. tbh dnjdhpt ni noghdtkvkty tbat was bhl` as a pkllar ni

sndkal sdkhjdh rhshardb. Oy prnvk`kje a dlhar stathmhjt nj pnsktknjalkty, sudb suoghdtkvkty ks

tbnuebt tn jnt nvhrly kjthrihrh wktb tbh rhsult ni tbh htbjnerapbkd prnghdt.

As sudb, a ihw wnr`s rhear`kje my oadcernuj` dnmkje kjtn tbks prnghdt7 K shrvh` as a

dnmmkssknjh` niikdhr kj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs Bhaltb Thrvkdhs irnm Mardb ?661 ujtkl my

mh`kdal rhlhash irnm shrvkdh kj Aueust ?616. My mh`kdal rhlhash was oash` nj my bavkje dnmh

inrwar` rhquhstkje mh`kdal asskstajdh inr tbh psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tbat K was hxphrkhjdkje

snmhtbkje tbat bas rhdhkvh` multkplh `kaejnshs, kjdlu`kje okpnlar `ksnr`hr, magnr `hprhssknj,

aj` ikjally pnst-traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr. Kj tbh dnursh ni shhckje trhatmhjt inr tbh phrsnjal bhll

tbat K inuj` myshli kj, K rhalkzh` tbat tbhrh was a `ksdnjjhdt ohtwhhj my phrsnjal hxphrkhjdh aj`

phrdhptknj, aj` tbat applkh` tn mh oy tbh oknmh`kdal dnmmujkty, aj` oy tbh mklktary kj ehjhral.


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Kj aj atthmpt tn ohtthr uj`hrstaj` tbks `kdbntnmy, aj` wby tbhsh `kiihrhjdhs nddurrh`, aj` kj aj

atthmpt tn rhdrhath a shjsh ni shli-k`hjtkty, K rhturjh` tn ada`hmka as a eraùath stu`hjt kj

ajtbrnpnlney wktb tbh kjthjtknj ni dnjùdtkje rhshardb tn uj`hrstaj` aj` hxplakj tbh stkema

tnwar`s VPT@ tbat K ba` hxphrkhjdh` ikrst-baj`. My hxphrkhjdh tbrnueb shrvkje as aj niikdhr kj

tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, kj dnjgujdtknj wktb my vhry phrsnjal hxphrkhjdh `halkje wktb VPT@, ontb

wktbkj tbh mklktary aj` wktbkj tbh mh`kdal systhms, bavh pnsktknjh` mh wktb a ratbhr ujkquh

phrsphdtkvh nj bnw tbh valuhs aj` htbns ni `kiihrkje dultural systhms, aj` suodnmpnjhjts ni

tbnsh systhms, aiihdt tbh kj`kvkùal, partkdularly kj thrms ni tbh kj`kvkùals aehjdy aj`

phrdhptknj ni rhalkty.

Iurtbhr, nj my mh`kdal rhlhash irnm tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, aj` kj rhspnjsh tn wbat K ihlt

was suostajàr` trhatmhjt ni my jhh`s ohinrh, ùrkje, aj` aithr tbat mh`kdal rhlhash, K qukdcly

ohdamh aj nutspnchj a`vndath inr tbh rkebts aj` addhss-tn-ohjhikts ni vhthrajs ni tbh Daja`kaj

inrdhs. Kt was tbks rnlh as aj a`vndath aj` adtkvkst tbat ultkmathly lh` tn my rhturj tn ada`hmka,

rhalkzkje tbat tbhrh was pnthjtkal inr ada`hmkd rhshardb, partkdularly tbrnueb ajtbrnpnlney, tn

play a rnlh kj bhlpkje tn dbajeh a shrkhs ni strudtural systhms (tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, aj` Yhthrajs

Aiiakrs Dajaà) tbat whrh suppnsh` tn oh bhlpkje tbnsh snl`khrs nr vhthrajs wbn rhqukrh` ajy

inrm ni asskstajdh inr tbhkr varknus mh`kdal nr psydbnlnekdal jhh`s. Pbks jhw multk-iadhth` rnlh,

nr k`hjtkty, as a VPT@-survkvnr, as a vhthraj wktb VPT@, aj` as a eraùath stu`hjt kj

ajtbrnpnlney, bavh bhlph` `hvhlnp a ujkquh phrsphdtkvh nj tbh kssuh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss

wktbkj tbh mklktary aj` wktbkj tbh vhthrajs dnmmujkty.

K `n jnt dlakm tbat tbks rhshardb, nr tbks paphr, wkll oh dnmplhthly noghdtkvh out ratbhr

tbat kt wkll oh bkebly suoghdtkvh kj tbat tbh lkvh` hxphrkhjdh as aj ntbhr wktbkj njhs nwj larehr

sndkhty (as a snl`khr kj Dajaà, as a snl`khr wktb VPT@ kj tbh mklktary, aj` ikjally as a vhthraj


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wktb VPT@ kj Daja`kaj dkvklkaj sndkhty) bavh lh` tn hxphrkhjdhs tbat bavh drhath` wbn K am,

bnw K phrdhkvh tbh wnrl` arnuj` mh, aj` bavh hjaolh` mh tn turj a drktkdal hyh tn tbh strudturhs

aj` systhms uj`hrlykje tbnsh vhry hxphrkhjdhs. Pbks suoghdtkvh phrdhptknj ks at tbh samh tkmh

noghdtkvh as kt bas allnwh` mh tn dnjdhptualkzh tbks prnghdt kj a majjhr tbat K `n jnt ohlkhvh

wnul` bavh ohhj pnsskolh inr snmhnjh wbn ba` jnt enjh tbrnueb tbhsh samh ikrst-baj`

hxphrkhjdhs.

Nj Htbkds & Mhtbn`s

Kj tbat mudb ni tbks rhshardb was vhry mudb autnhtbjnerapbkd, nr turjkje tbh hxphrkhjtkal hyh ni

htbjnerapby nj tn my nwj hxphrkhjdhs, aj` tbnsh hxphrkhjdhs ohkje kj tbh past, tbhrh was snmh

`kiikdulty kj dnjdhptualkzkje bnw tn iramh dhrtakj asphdts ni tbks prnghdt, hsphdkally skjdh tbh

kssuh ni stkema tnwar`s VPT@ bas rhdhkvh` snmh atthjtknj wktbkj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs

(Ikcrhtnelu ht al., ?6623 Var, ?6113 Var & _a`inr`, ?6143 TDJ@1, ?66;) aj` kj ntbhr mklktary

hjvkrnjmhjts (Enul` ht al., ?6163 Lajestnj ht al., ?616), partkdularly wktbkj tbh `kiihrhjt

orajdbhs ni tbh XT mklktary (@kdcsthkj ht al., ?6163 Jasb ht al., ?66;3 Jkhuwsma & Vhpphr,

?6163 Urkebt ht al., ?66;) skjdh my kjktkal hxphrkhjdhs ni dnmkje inrwar` aj` shhckje bhlp.

Uktb tbks, aj` tbh sbkit kj tbh puolkd adcjnwlh`ehmhjt ni VPT@ ohkje aj kssuh, ontb wktbkj tbh

mklktary aj` nutsk`h kt kj tbh wk`hr dkvklkaj sndkal spbhrh, aj` wktb tbh war kj Aiebajkstaj

dnjtkjukje ujtkl rhdhjtly, lha`kje tn aj hvhr-larehr pnpulatknj ni ynujehr snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs,

all haskly addhsskolh tbrnueb tbh pnrtal ni a `kektal dnmmujkty (Vrhhdh & Malnjhy-Crkdbmar,

?668), aj atthmpt bas ohhj ma`h tn lnnc ohynj` gust tbh autnhtbjnerapbkd tn kjdnrpnrath tbh

hxphrkhjdhs ni ntbhrs, aj` tn thst tbh dnjdhptualkzatknjs tbat `hvhlnph` tbrnueb tbh inrmulatknj

ni tbks prnghdt.

1TDJ@7 Ttaj`kje Dnmmktthh nj Jatknjal @hihjdh


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Bnwhvhr, ohdaush ni tbh shjsktkvh jaturh ni tbks prnghdt, aj` tbh rhal hiihdts tbat ohdnmkje

cjnwj as bavkje VPT@ bas nj tbh kj`kvkùals kjvnlvh`, dnjùdtkje ikrst-baj`, kj-sktu

htbjnerapbkd ikhl`wnrc ohdamh kmpnsskolh. Ekvhj tbat tbh ih`hral envhrjmhjt ni Dajaà,

partkdularly tbh @hpartmhjt ni Jatknjal @hihjdh, bas vhry rhstrkdtkvh, aj` areuaoly vhry jnj-

htbkdal rhshardb prntndnls tbat rhshardbhrs must aok`h oy ki tbhy wksb addhss tn durrhjt-shrvkje

snl`khrs, kt was hdk`h` tbat dnjvhjtknjal ikhl`wnrc wnul` jnt oh ihaskolh. Pbh vhry rhshardb

prntndnls tbat wnul` bavh tn oh addhpth` kj nr`hr tn dnjùdt sudb rhshardb kj-sktu wktb tbh

envhrjmhjts apprnval wnul` rhqukrh ohtraykje tbh vhry kj`kvkùals wbn wnul` oh tbh indus ni

sudb rhshardb, ki sudb kj`kvkùals whrh hvhj aolh tn oh k`hjtkikh` nr kjthrvkhwh` tn ohekj wktb.

Tudb ohtrayal, hsphdkally skjdh kt wnul` daush dlhar barm tn tbh kj`kvkùal kjinrmajts, was

`hhmh` tn oh bkebly ujhtbkdal, aj` tbhrhinrh jnt pnsskolh.

Kjstha`, tbh indus inr eatbhrkje durrhjt àta was pladh` nj tbh `kektal dnmmujktkhs tbat

bavh `hvhlnph` tbrnueb sndkal mh`ka, partkdularly tbnsh ni vhthrajs (sudb as tbh Daja`kaj

Yhthrajs A`vndady?) aj` tbnsh `hskejh` inr phhr-suppnrt purpnshs (sudb as Mklktary Mkj`s

4).

Jn hiinrt was ma`h tn dnjùdt inrmal kjthrvkhws, ratbhr tbh ehjhral dnjvhrsatknjs nddurrkje

tbrnueb tbhsh sndkal-mh`ka-`rkvhj `kektal dnmmujktkhs was noshrvh`, aj` irhquhjtly partkdkpath`

kj tbrnueb my dnjdurrhjt rnlh as a aj a`vndath aj` adtkvkst. Ubklh jn inrmal kjthrvkhws whrh

snuebt, jumhrnus kj`kvkùals damh inrwar` vnlujtarkly, ontb nj-lkjh aj` kj-phrsnj (partkdularly

wbhj K atthj`h` varknus vhthrajs-indush` hvhjts, sudb as tbh rhdhjt _ndc tbh Bkll prnthst nj

Varlkamhjt Bkll kj Nttawa, Njtarkn, ùrkje harly Gujh ?610), vnlujthhrkje tbhkr phrsnjal

jarratkvhs aj` bnw tbhy ba` hxphrkhjdh` tbh lkih-dbajekje symptnms ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss.

?Uhoskth7bttp7//www.daja`kajvhthrajsa`vndady.dnm/3Iadhonnc7bttp7//www.daja`kajvhthrajsa`vndady.dnm/4Uhoskth7bttp7//www.mklktarymkj`skjd.dnm/3 Iadhonnc7bttps7//www.iadhonnc.dnm/MklktaryMkj`sKjd
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Quhrkhs whrh ma`h as tn wbhtbhr aj htbkds onar` apprnval sbnul` oh snuebt irnm tbh Xjkvhrskty

ni Pnrnjtn, out kj tbh hj`, tbh ihaskoklkty ni rhturjkje tn majy ni tbhsh kjinrmajts aj` atthmptkje

tn prndurh skejh` dnjshjt was `hhmh` tn oh lnekstkdally ujihaskolh, aj` jnt aosnluthly jhdhssary,

skjdh majy ni tbh jarratkvhs whrh ma`h puolkd vka sndkal mh`ka. Iurtbhr, a lareh jumohr ni tbh

jarratkvhs ush` bhrhkj whrh tbnsh tbat whrh jnt elhajh` irnm puolkdly avaklaolh sndkal mh`ka

snurdhs, out kjstha` whrh rhdhkvh` kj a inrm tbat prhdlu`h` ajy aoklkty tn tradh `nwj tbh nrkekjal

kj`kvkùals aj` notakj sudb skejh` dnjshjt, skjdh majy ni tbhsh jarratkvhs whrh shjt

ajnjymnusly, aj` jnt kjirhquhjtly tbrnueb kjthrmh`karkhs. Kj aj atthmpt tn prnvk`h hvhj mnrh

ajnjymkty, partkdularly kj tbh aoshjdh ni a inrmal htbkds apprnval, wbhrh tbhsh jarratkvhs apphar

kj tbks paphr tbhy bavh ohhj mn`kikh` aj` dnjgnkjh` tbhmatkdally tn prnvk`h a mhtajarratkvh

dnjstrudth` ni skmklar jarratkvhs out wktb ajy aj` all phrsnjally k`hjtkikaolh kjinrmatknj

dbajeh`. Kj aj hiinrt tn makjtakj iull dnjik`hjtkalkty aj` ajnjymkty ni all kj`kvkùals wbnsh

hxphrkhjdhs aj` jarratkvhs kjinrmh` tbks paphr, K bavh `hdk`h` jnt tn prnvk`h ajy jamhs, jnt

hvhj alkashs, aj` lkchwksh bavh chpt tbh ush ni qunths irnm ajy jarratkvhs tn a oarh mkjkmum,

usually njly rhihrrkje tn chy shjthjdhs tbat whrh dnmmnj tbrnuebnut mnst jarratkvhs aj`

dnjvhrsatknjs.

At tbh samh tkmh, partkdularly kj tbh `kektal dnmmujktkhs, nppnsktknj tn tbh dnmkje nut

ni varknus kj`kvkùals, snmh ni tbhm qukth bkeb prniklh, was vhry jntaolh, aj` vhry rhmkjksdhjt

ni tbh kjstajdhs hxphrkhjdh` ikrst-baj` wbhj K kjktkally snuebt bhlp wbklh stkll shrvkje kj tbh

Daja`kaj Inrdhs. Pbhsh dnmmhjts, majy ni tbhm ma`h `krhdtly kj rhspnjsh tn snl`khrs nr

vhthrajs sbarkje tbhkr jarratkvhs nj puolkdly addhsskolh sndkal mh`ka, out snmh alsn ohkje tbh

dnrh indus ni ntbhr `kektal dnmmujktkhs, shrvh` as a dnujthr-oalajdh tn tbh jarratkvhs ni tbh

wnuj`h` warrknrs, kjstha` dlharly `hmnjstratkje bnw tbh stkema tnwar`s VPT@ (nr ajy ntbhr


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NTK, nr hvhj ni ajy phrdhkvh` `kiihrhjdh) was ohkje hjadth` kj vhry vkskolh inrms. Pbhsh

dnmmhjts rarhly tnnc tbh inrm ni a jarratkvh, out kjstha` whrh almnst kjvarkaoly njh-nii attadcs

aeakjst tbnsh wbn ba` `hmnjstrath` a rhmarcaolh `herhh ni oravhry kj bavkje dnmh inrwar` aj`

vnlujthhrh` tbhkr phrsnjal jarratkvhs ni hxphrkhjdkje psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss aj` kts

dnjshquhjdhs. Ubhrh tbhsh stathmhjts arh prhshjth` kj tbks paphr, tbhy arh prhshjth` wktbnut tbh

k`hjtkty ni tbh kj`kvkùal wbn pnsth` tbhm, aj` wktbnut tbh dnjshjt ni tbnsh kj`kvkùalsekvhj

tbh jaturh ni tbhsh stathmhjts, majy, ki jnt all, ni wbkdb whrh dlharly attadcs aeakjst tbh

dbaradthr ni ntbhrs, kt was `hdk`h` tbat kt wnul` oh bkebly ujlkchly tbat tbhsh kj`kvkùals wnul`

hktbhr dnjshjt tn tbhkr ush kj tbks prnghdt, aj` tbat tbhy wnul` jnt oh wkllkje tn prnvk`h prnphr

aj` dnrrhdt kjinrmatknj hktbhr way, skjdh snmh ni tbhsh stathmhjts dnul` haskly mhht tbh rhqukrh`

oasks inr lktkeatknj uj`hr `hiamatknj law kj Dajaà. As sudb, jnjh ni tbhsh stathmhjts arh

attrkouth` tn ajy ekvhj kj`kvkùal kj ajy way, out arh skmply prhshjth` (snmhtkmhs kj althrh`

inrm wbhrh tbh nrkekjal stathmhjt dnul` pnthjtkally oh lkjch` oadc tn tbh nrkekjatnr) tn

`hmnjstrath tbh jaturh aj` sdnph ni tbh stkema tbat hxksts tnwar`s psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss, ontb

wktbkj tbh mklktary aj` wktbkj tbh wk`hr Daja`kaj sndkhty.

Nj Ehj`hr

Pbrnuebnut tbks paphr, tbh indus wkll oh nj wbat wkll oh rhihrrh` tn as a ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty. My

dnjdhptualkzatknj ni ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty`kiihrs snmhwbat irnm tbh dnjdhpts ni ehj`hr rnlh nr

ehj`hr k`hjtkty (Outlhr, ?660), partkdularly kj tbat kt ks kj`hphj`hjt ni tbh kj`kvkùals oknlnekd

ehj`hr nr shx. Ubat ks rhihrrh` tn bhrh arh tbh ohbavknurs aj` dnrh valuhs assndkath` wktb a

sndkhtal rnlh tbat all kj`kvkùals tackje nj tbat rnlh must alsn a`npt kj nr`hr tn prnphrly phrinrm

tbat rnlh. Ubklh tbat sndkhtal rnlh may oh bkstnrkdally lkjch` tn hxphdth` ohbavknurs ni a sphdkikd

oknlnekd shx, sudb as snl`khrs bavh bkstnrkdally ohhj k`hjtkikh` as a malh ehj`hr rnlh, kj tbh


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durrhjt thmpnral iramh ni Pwhjty-Ikrst Dhjtury Daja`a, tbh rnlh ni tbh snl`khr may oh ikllh` oy

phnplh ni hktbhr oknlnekd ehj`hr, malh nr ihmalh, as whll as phnplh ni mnst shxual k`hjtktkhs, aj`

all kj`kvk`uals tackje nj tbh sndkhtal rnlh ni tbh snl`khr arh hxphdth` tn a`npt tbh dnrh valuhs aj`

hxphdth` ohbavknurs assndkath` wktb tbks bkstnrkdally malh-k`hjtkikh` rnlh. Pbhrhinrh, as a rnlh

tbat ks nphj tn mhmohrs ni sndkhty ni ontb oknlnekdal ehj`hrs, aj` ni mnst shxual k`hjtktkhs, out

wktb tbh hxphdtatknj ni tbh a`nptknj ni tbhsh malh ohbavknural jnrms, tbh thrm ehj`hrh`

k`hjtkty ksphrbaps a ohtthr `hsdrkptnr ni wbat ks hxphdth` ni tbh snl`khr tbaj tbh mnrh dnmmnj

rhihrhjt ni ehj`hr rnlh.

Ekvhj tbat hvhj wktbkj tbh mklktary ktshli tbhrh arh varykje `herhhs ni masdulkjkty (Erhhj

ht al., ?6163 Vahdbthr, ?664) tbat arh hxphdth` tn oh `hmnjstrath`, larehly lkjch` tn tbh sphdkikd

darhhr nr rnlh ni tbh snl`khr wktbkj tbh mklktary, tbh thrm mklktary masdulkjkty may oh tnn

lkmktkje ni a `hsdrkptnr, aj` tbks wkll oh `ksdussh` mnrh iully kj a lathr shdtknj. Tuiikdh kt tn say,

wbklh all snl`khrs arh hxphdth` tn phrinrm tbh valuhs, htbns, aj` ohbavknur, lkjch` tn a inrm ni

byphrmasdulkjkty, tbh `herhh ni phrinrmajdh hxphdth` ohtwhhj aj kjiajtry snl`khr aj` a mh`kd

vary tn a iakr `herhh, wktb tbh latthr ohkje phrmktth` a iakr `herhh ni lhjkhjdy tn `hvkath irnm tbat

hxphdth` jnrm as uj`hrstnn` oy tbh dkvklkaj sk`h ni sndkhty (Erhhj ht al, ?616).

Pbh sndkhtal rnlh ni tbh snl`khr ks vhry mudb njh ni tbh bhrn, nr tbh `hihj`hr, nr tbh

baj` ni rkebthnus gustkdh, nr vhjehajdh, nr ajy jumohr ni skmklar adtknjs tbat arh ohynj` tbh

hxphdth` ohbavknur ni tbh jnrmal dkvklkaj. Kt ks a rnlh tbat ks lkmkjal tn tbh rhst ni sndkhty kj tbat

kt ks rhqukrh` tn tach nj adtknjs tbat dnul` oh `htrkmhjtal tn tbh nr`hrh` ohbavknur ni sndkhty

ktshli, out at tbh samh tkmh rhqukrh a dnjjhdtknj tn tbat sndkhty (Inudault, 1;;1).


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Mklktary Kj`ndtrkjatknj

Pbhrh arh iujàmhjtal `kiihrhjdhs kj tbh dnrh valuhs aj` htbns bhl` aj` hjadth` oy tbh snl`khr

aj` tbh dkvklkaj kj Daja`kaj sndkhty, aj` tbhsh `kiihrhjdhs arh larehly tbh rhsult ni tbh

kj`ndtrkjatknj prndhss tbat nddurs irnm tbh mnmhjt tbat tbh rhdrukt ohekjs Oaskd Prakjkje. Pbh

dnrh valuhs tbat arh kjstkllh` kj tbh kj`kvkùal arh rkenrnusly rhkjinrdh` tbrnuebnut tbh ùratknj ni

tbat trakjkje, aj` tbrnuebnut tbh darhhr ni tbh snl`khr. Ear`kjhr (?61?7 5?) `hsdrkohs tbh drhatknj

ni tbh snl`khr tbrnueb tbks kj`ndtrkjal prndhss, aj` tbh suoshquhjt rhprnùdtknj ni a `hskrh`

mklktary dulturh (htbns, htbkds, dnrh valuhs, aj` ohlkhis) wktbkj tbh kj`kvkùal, as aj hxamplh ni

Onur khus(1;55, 1;;6) baoktus, wbkdb, ekvhj tbh kjdnrpnratknj ni tbh kj`kvkùal kjtn a tntal

kjstktutknj (Inudault, 1;;13 Eniimaj, 1;91) tbat ks shparath irnm tbh wk`hr sndkhty wktb rulhs aj`

rheulatknjs tbat kmpnsh a `kiihrhjt wnrl`vkhw aj` phrdhptknj ni rhalkty kj tbh kj`kvkùal, ks

kmpnrtajt tn dnjsk`hr. Pbh rnlh ni tbh snl`khr enhs ohynj` tbh dkvklkaj dnjdhpt ni a gno, a mhajs

ni hmplnymhjt, ohdnmkje kjstha` a way ni lkih, a inrm ni hxksthjdh kj aj` ni ktshli. Pbh

rhalkzatknj ni tbks baoktus, tbhrhinrh, ks iujàmhjtal tn uj`hrstaj`kje bnw tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh

snl`khr aiihdts tbhkr phrdhptknj ni tbh rhalkty tbat tbhy lkvh aj` tbh dnjstrudtknj ni tbhkr kmaekjh`

shli, partkdularly skjdh tbks baoktusks jnt ehjhrally jnt kj tbh kmmh`kath dnjsdknusjhss nr

tbnuebts ni tbh snl`khr wbn bas ohhj kmprkjth` wktb tbh hxphdth` ohbavknurs assndkath` wktb tbh

k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr.

Inr majy snl`khrs, kt dnul` oh areuh`, tbhrh may vhry whll alrha`y oh tbh chrjhl ni tbhsh

`kiihrhjdhs, tbh prhdursnr tn tbh baoktus, prhshjt prknr tn hjthrkje tbh mklktary, partkdularly ki tbh

snl`khr dnmhs irnm a iamklkal lkjhaeh ni snl`khrs, wbhrhkj kt ks lkchly tbat tbh kj`ndtrkjatknj

prndhss oheaj ùrkje harly dbkl`bnn` sndkalkzatknj wbhj mnst kj`kvkùals arh tauebt tbh

hxphdth` ohbavknural jnrms ni tbh sndkhty kj wbkdb tbhy arh a mhmohr (Oarrhtt, 1;;93 Onur`khu,


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1;55, 1;;63 Erhhj ht al., ?616). Hvhj inr tbnsh wktbnut a mklktary iamkly lkjhaeh, tbh hxpnsurh

tn pnpular mh`ka may bavh aj kj`ndtrkjal kjiluhjdh nj tbhkr sndkalkzatknj, partkdularly wktb tbh

dnjstrudtknj ni tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as byphrmasdulkjh nr as tbh bhrn, out tbhsh prh-

dnjdhkvh` phrdhptknjs ni mklktary lkih nr ni tbh k`hjtkty aj` purpnsh ni tbh snl`khr rarhly matdb

up tn tbh hxphrkhjdh ni kj`ndtrkjatknj tbat nddurs ùrkje Oaskd Prakjkje.

Kt may oh ni partkdular kmpnrtajdh tbat tbh `hskrh` aeh-rajeh inr jhw rhdrukts ks 12 tn ?6

yhars nl`, tbh mnmhjt wbhj mnst kj`kvkùals kj Uhsthrj sndkhty arh truly ohekjjkje tn

`hthrmkjh aj` inrm tbhkr shli-k`hjtktkhs, aj` wbhj tbhy arh phrbaps tbh mnst vuljhraolh tn tbh

prndhsshs ni kj`ndtrkjatknj. Inr tbh pnpulatknj ni ynuje aùlts wbn arh tarehth` inr vnlujtary

hjlkstmhjt, tbh sndkalkzatknj tbat tbhy uj`hrwhjt tbrnuebnut tbhkr lkvhs may kj`hh` bavh lh` tn

tbhkr k`hjtkiykje wktb tbh byphrmasdulkjh ohbavknural jnrms assndkath` wktb tbh snl`khr k`hjtkty

(Oarrhtt, 1;;93 Onur`khu, 1;55, 1;;63 Eardka ht al., ?6113 Erhhj ht al., ?616), aj` tbh prndhss ni

gnkjkje tbh mklktary ks irhquhjtly shhj as njh kj wbkdb tbh kj`kvkùal truly notakjs tbh rkebt tn oh

dallh` a maj (Erhhj ht al, ?6163 Bneh, ?616).

Pbrnuebnut tbh prndhss ni kj`ndtrkjatknj, tbh trnphs ni majlkjhss arh rhphath`ly `rkllh`

kjtn tbh jhw rhdrukts, as tbhy arh tbrnuebnut tbh snl`khrs darhhr, wktb a indus nj `hvhlnpkje a

tbkdc sckj tn kjsults aj` vhroal aoush, nr sn kt shhms tn tbh jhw rhdrukt, aj` tn majy snl`khrs

tbrnuebnut tbhkr darhhr. Pbh adtualkty ks tbat tbh kjsults aj` ntbhr ohbavknurs tn wbkdb rhdrukts

arh hxpnsh` arh mhajt mnrh tn kjùdh a strhss rhspnjsh wktb tbh k`ha tbat harly aj` dnjtkjuh`

hxpnsurh tn strhss, wktb aj hlhvatknj ni kjthjskty tbrnuebnut trakjkje (out partkdularly ùrkje tbh

rhdrukt staeh) wkll `hvhlnp rhsklkhjdy0kj tbh snl`khr. Ubklh tbks may oh tbh kjthjt ni tbh lajeuaeh

aj` ohbavknur tbat snl`khrs arh hxpnsh` tn, tbh dnjthjt ktshli ks rhkjinrdkje ni tbh oasks ni mklktary

0_hsklkhjdy wkll oh `ksdussh` kj a lathr shdtknj ni tbks paphr.


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masdulkjkty, aj` ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjktytbat ajytbkje kmphrihdt ks jnt malh,, aj` skjdh tbh

snl`khr ks tbh hpktnmh ni wbat kt mhajs tn oh malh, tbhj ujtkl tbh snl`khr `hmnjstraths a `hskrh`

lhvhl ni dnmphthjdy at ajy ekvhj tasc, tbhy arh jnt wnrtby ni ohkje a snl`khr, lht alnjh a maj

(Erhhj ht al., ?616). Kj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, tbhsh bhehmnjkd prkjdkplhs arh stkll kj play, aj` arh

hjadth` nj ihmalh rhdrukts/snl`khrs as whll as malhs, out tbh indus ks lhss nj tbh oknlnekd ehj`hr

ni tbh kj`kvkùal out mnrh nj tbh `kdbntnmkhs ni whac/strnje, dbkl`/aùlt, dkvklkaj/snl`khr,

tbnueb ehj`hr-sphdkikd thrms arh stkll irhquhjtly hmplnyh`, wktb malh rhdrukts irhquhjtly ohkje

dallh` pusskhs nr ntbhr `hrneatnry thrms `hjntkje a ladc ni masdulkjkty. A ihmalh rhdrukt

mkebt skmklarly oh rhihrrh` tn as a prkjdhss, kjihrrkje tbat sbh ks jnt strnje hjnueb tn dut kt kj a

majs prnihssknj a``kje a ehj`hr-sphdkikd dballhjeh tbat areuaoly `hikjhs tbh snl`khr as a

rnlh rhqukrkje a oknlnekd ehj`hr kj kts mnst oaskd kjthrprhtatknj, out alsn kjihrrkje tbat hktbhr

oknlnekd ehj`hr daj ohdnmh a snl`khr, hlhvatkje tbh k`hjtkty aonvh tbh oknlnekd aj` kjtn tbh rhalm

ni tbh jnj-oknlnekd wktb a indus nj hxphdth` ohbavknural jnrms.

Ajntbhr asphdt ni tbh prndhss ni mklktary kj`ndtrkjatknj nr sndkalkzatknj ks tbh drhatknj kj

hadb kj`kvkùal ni a shjsh ni hsprkt `h dnrps, a lhvhl ni kjthrphrsnjal rhlatknjsbkp aj` dnbhsknj

tbat ks dnmmnjly rhihrrh` tn as ohkje tkebthr nr mnrh dlnshly cjkt tbaj ajy ntbhr rhlatknjsbkp tbat

may nddur kj aj kj`kvkùals lkih (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Bneh, ?616). Pbrnueb tbks prndhss, tbh

lkjckje ni tbh kj`kvkùal tn a larehr nreajkzatknj, usually tn tbh ujkt as tbh tnp mnst lhvhl (aj`

rhihrrh` tn as ujkt dnbhsknj), out mkjkmally `nwj tn tbh kj`kvkùal aj` bks nr bhr oattlh-ou``y,

drhaths a onj` tbat ks ihlt tn oh strnjehr tbaj tbat ohtwhhj oknlnekd ckj, nr hvhj tbat assumh` tn

hxkst kj marrkaeh. Pbh wkllkjejhss tn sadrkikdh njhshli inr njhs tham-maths, tn ekvh njhs lkih sn

tbat tbh rhst ni tbh jhw iamkly, wbhtbhr kt oh at tbh Thdtknj, Vlatnnj, Dnmpajy, nr Xjkt lhvhl, ks

aj nit-jnth` dbaradthrkstkd ni tbh snl`khr, aj` njh tbat ks irhquhjtly sbnwj kj pnpular mh`ka.


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Pbks kjtkmath lhvhl ni rhlatknjsbkp `nhs hxthj` tn snmh `herhh tn tbh larehr mklktary nreajkzatknj,

wktb snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs irhquhjtly enkje nut ni tbhkr way tn asskst ntbhr snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs

kj wbathvhr ways pnsskolhsnmhtbkje tbat ks `hmnjstrath` tkmh aj` aeakj kj tbh dalls tn adtknj

aj` inr ak` tbat arh irhquhjt wktbkj phhr-suppnrt nreajkzatknjs sudb as Mklktary Mkj`s nr Thj`

Xp tbh Dnujt, ontb ni wbkdb adtkvhly rhly nj tbh hxksthjdh ni tbh dnjtkjuajdh ni a onj` ohtwhhj

snl`khrs hvhj aithr tbh trajsktknj tn vhthraj.

Pbh kjktkal staeh ni tbks kjthr-rhlkajdh ks kjstkllh` ùrkje tbh ikrst bnurs aj` àys ni rhdrukt

trakjkje, wbhj hadb snl`khr ks strkpph` ni tbhkr dkvklkaj kj`kvkùalkty aj` ks qukdcly tauebt,

irhquhjtly tbrnueb pujksbmhjt kj tbh inrm ni hxtra hxhrdkshs aj` vhroal njslauebts `hlkvhrh` tn

tbh ernup kj rhspnjsh tn tbh phrdhkvh` iaklurh ni ajy ekvhj kj`kvkùal. Pbh ernup qukdcly lharjs

tn oaj` tnehtbhr, tn watdb nut inr hadb ntbhr, tn asskst hadb ntbhr, aj` wbhj jhdhssary, `ksdkplkjh

hadb ntbhr. Ubhj tbh rhdrukt ikjksbhs oaskd trakjkje aj` ks asskejh` tn a bnmh ujkt, tbks prndhss

dnjtkjuhs, irhquhjtly wktb tbh rhdrukt bavkje tn prnvh tbhmshlvhs tn tbh mhmohrs ni tbhkr ujkt, a

prndhss tbat daj oh rhlatkvhly qukdc nr tbat daj tach a lhjetby amnujt ni tkmh aj` tbh

surmnujtkje ni jumhrnus nr`hals nj ohbali ni tbh jhwdnmhr, partkdularly ki tbh kj`kvkùal ks a

rhpladhmhjt kj a ujkt tbat bas hxphrkhjdh` hxthjskvh dnmoat aj` tbh assndkath` lnsshs8.

Pbrnuebnut tbhsh kjktkatknj phrkn`s, tbh jhwdnmhr ks alsn dnmmnjly `hjkh` tbh iull rhsphdt aj`

bnjnur ni tbh k`hjtkty ni a snl`khr wktb tbat ujkt, out njdh harjh`, tbhrh arh njly a lkmkth` jumohr

ni ways, mhajs, nr trajserhssknjs tbat daj rhsult kj tbh hxpulsknj ni tbh kj`kvkùal irnm tbks

iamklkal onj`kje.

8A enn` hxamplh ni tbks prndhss as kt playh` nut kj aj adtkvh dnmoat ujkt, aj` tbh hjbajdhmhjt ni dnmoat

dapaoklkty kj a ujkt wktb bkeb dnbhsknj aj` hsprkt `h dnrps, daj oh inuj` kj tbh PY mkjkshrkhs Oaj` ni Orntbhrs

(Tpkhlohre, ?661) aj` oash` nj Amornshs (1;;?) onnc inllnwkje tbh trakjkje aj` dnmoat `hplnymhjt ni H

Dnmpajy ni tbh 161stAkronrjh, XT Army.


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Xjinrtujathly, tbks samh kjthr-rhlkajdh ohtwhhj snl`khrs daj alsn bavh a stkematkd hiihdt

nj tbh kjgurh` snl`khr, partkdularly wbhj tbnsh kjgurkhs arh ni a psydbnlnekdal jaturh. Pbh vhry

rhlkajdh nj hadb ntbhr, tbh cjnwlhèh tbat tbh ernup ks njly as hiihdtkvh as tbhkr whachst lkjc,

daj lha` tn tbh kmmh`kath nstradkzatknj ni ajy kj`kvkùal wbn ks phrdhkvh` as jnt ohkje dapaolh

nr as bavkje snmh iault tbat dnul` pnthjtkally daush datastrnpbkd barm tn tbh ernup. Hmntknjal

kjstaoklkty, rhal nr jnt, ks phrdhkvh` as a àjehrnus rksc, partkdularly skjdh stnkdksm aj` chhpkje

njhshli kj dbhdc arh hxphdth` ohbavknural jnrms tbat `hjnth tbh prnihssknjalksm ni tbh snl`khr.

Asckje inr mh`kdal asskstajdh ni ajy inrm inr ajytbkje sbnrt ni a dlhar aj` novknus kjgury ks

lkchwksh irnwjh` upnj, wktb tbh sphdtrh ni ohkje laohlh` aj MK_ Dnmmaj`n bajekje nvhr tbh

bha` ni hvhry snl`khr irnm tbh mnmhjt tbat tbhy hjthr oaskd trakjkje. Kj hiihdt, tbks laohl ks ekvhj

tn `hjnth a malkjehrhr, snmhnjh wbn sbkrcs tbhkr ùtkhs aj` rhspnjskoklktkhs, wbn dajjnt oh

`hphj`h` nj wbhj tbkjes rhally matthr skjdh tbhy ush tbh slkebthst mh`kdal rhasnjs tn eht nut ni

`nkje ajy tasc tbat tbhy `njt wajt tn `n aj` skjdh hvhry snl`khr uj`hrstaj`s, nr ks ma`h tn

uj`hrstaj` aj` addhpt, tbat tbhy arh irhquhjtly enkje tn bavh tn `n tbkjes tbat arh ujplhasajt, tbh

kj`kvkùal wbn ks noshrvh` nr phrdhkvh` tn ush mkjnr aklmhjts tn avnk` tbh ujplhasajt, tbat

kj`kvkùal ks jn lnjehr wnrtby ni trust nr rhsphdt, nr tbh bnjnur ni ohkje dallh` njh ni us. Pbat

psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss nr kjgury ks jnt vkskolh tn tbh jach` hyh drhaths aj kmmh`kath suspkdknj as

tn tbh valk`kty ni tbh dnmplakjts, partkdularly ki tbh kj`kvkùal was jnt noshrvh` tn bavh hjeaeh`

kj adtual dnmoat9.

Kt sbnul` jnt oh surprkskje tbat tbh prndhss ni mklktary kj`ndtrkjatknj rhsults kj aj

kj`kvkùal wbn ks iujàmhjtally shparath irnm dkvklkaj sndkhty tbrnueb `kiihrhjdhs kj dnrh

valuhs, htbns, aj` htbkds, as whll as kj tbh phrdhptknj ni tbh rnlh aj` rhspnjskoklkty ni tbh

9Pbks wkll oh dnvhrh` kj mnrh `hptb kj a lathr shdtknj.


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kj`kvkùal tn tbh larehr ernup nr sndkhty. Pbhsh `kiihrhjdhs, tbks pnsktknjal lkmkjalkty kj rhlatknj

tn tbh wk`hr dkvklkaj pnpulatknj, darrkhs nvhr kjtn tbh pnst-shrvkdh lkih ni tbh snl`khr wbhj tbat

snl`khr ohdnmhs a dkvklkaja prndhss ni trajsktknj tbat ks rhdnejkzh` (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Bneh,

?616) tn oh qukth `kiikdult, phrbaps hvhj kmpnsskolh tn dnmplhth, wktb tbh vhthraj always

rhmakjkje snmhwbat lkmkjal tn tbh dkvklkaj sndkhty tbat tbhy jnw ikj` tbhmshlvhs wktbkj. Inr

majy vhthrajs, tbh vhry k`hjtkty as a vhthraj dnjtakjs kmplkdkt aj` hxplkdkt mhajkjes aj`

rhspnjskoklktkhs tbat rhpnsktknj tbhm as kjthrmh`karkhs ohtwhhj tbh dkvklkaj pnpulatknj aj` tbh

mklktary wnrl` wktbkj wbkdb tbhy prhvknusly shrvh` (Ear`kjhr, ?614). Ki tbh partkje ni tbh ways,

tbh rhlhash ni tbh snl`khr irnm tbh mklktary, ki kt was jnt kj lkjh wktb tbh snl`khrs phrsnjal

ihhlkjes, ki tbhy whrh `hjkh` aehjdy kj tbh `hdksknj nj wbhtbhr nr jnt tn rhmakj kj tbh mklktary,

nr ki tbhy ihlt hxdlu`h` kj ajy way prknr tn lhavkje tbh mklktary sudb as tbat wbkdb ks assndkath`

wktb tbh sherheatknj ni tbh wnuj`h` tn Gnkjt Vhrsnjjhl Tuppnrt Xjkts kj tbh phrkn` prhdh`kje

tbhkr rhlhash, tbh hmntknjal hiihdt ni tbks inrdh` `kvnrdh irnm tbhkr mklktary iamkly daj oh

`hvastatkje (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Bneh, ?616), irhquhjtly dnmpnuj`kje tbh `kstrhss tbat nddurs

wktb pnst-traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr.

Mklktary MasdulkjktyTtrhjetb & _hsklkhjdh

Pbh dnrh valuh uj`hrlykje tbh dnjdhpt ni mklktary masdulkjkty ks njh ni strhjetb, kj a multk-

iadhth` inrm tbat bas ohhj rhihrrh` tn as byphrmasdulkjh. Ttrhjetb kj tbks dnjjntatknj ks jnt

snlhly kj thrms tn sbhhr pbyskdal dapaoklkty, out kj a orna`hr, mnrh all-hjdnmpasskje shjsh,

kjdlu`kje, out jnt lkmkth` tn7 pbyskdal strhjetb aj` hjùrajdh, wkllpnwhr, aj` hmntknjal aj`

mhjtal rhsklkhjdh. Pbh jntknj ni rhsklkhjdh, a mhjtal dnjstrudt skmklar tn pbyskdal hjùrajdh,

phrbaps hvhj kts `ya`kd pakrkje, ks ni mnst kjthrhst inr tbh purpnshs ni tbks paphr, as a dnmmnj

part ni tbh stkema tnwar`s VPT@, nr ajy ntbhr NTK, ks njh ni tbh aiilkdth` jnt ohkje strnje


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hjnueb, ni ladckje tbh mhjtal hjùrajdh tn wktbstaj` tbh bnrrnrs ni war nr strkih, nr hvhj

jatural `ksasthrs, kj wbkdb tbh snl`khr daj oh rhphath`ly `hplnyh` kjtn.

A inrm ni tbks rhsklkhjdh ks shhj kj `ksdussknjs ni pnthjtkally prnthdtkvh nr mktkeatkje

valuhs aj` k`hals, sudb as tbh Tuddhss @h`kdatknj tbat Eardka ht al. (?6117 96) prnpnsh may oh

snmhtbkje tbat lkmkts tbh `herhh tn wbkdb snl`khrs nr vhthrajs hxphrkhjdh tbh avnkàjdh-dlusthr

symptnms ni VPT@7

Inr hxamplh, a bkebly mntkvath` NHI/NKI vhthraj may dnjtkjuh tn atthj` dnllheh

dnurshs hvhj wbhj nj-dampus drnw`s shhm nvhrwbhlmkje, tbus prnvk`kje aj

nppnrtujkty tn rhdnj`ktknj tbh ihar-rhspnjsh assndkath` wktb drnw`s aj` avhrtkje tbh

phrphtuatknj ni avnkàjdh symptnms. Pbhrhinrh, masdulkjh ohbavknrs may jnt oh wbnlly

jheatkvh kj thrms ni tbhkr kmpadt nj VPT@, out may adtually wnrc tn kjndulath aeakjst

snmh typhs ni symptnms. (Eardka ht al., ?6117 96)

Bnwhvhr, tbhrh ks aj asphdt tn tbks bypntbhsks tbat Eardka ht al. (?611) `n jnt `krhdtly nr

hxplkdktly addnujt inr, jamhly tbh prndhss ni dnjtkjehjdy plajjkje aj` aàptkje tn tbh durrhjt

sktuatknjal nr hjvkrnjmhjtal dnjthxt, scklls aj` ohbavknurs tbat arh tauebt aj` bhavkly strhssh`

tbrnuebnut tbh kj`ndtrkjatknj aj` lkih ni tbh snl`khr. Ubklh tbh hxphrkhjdh ni atthj`kje a pnst-

shdnjàry hjvkrnjmhjt may inrdhiully hxpnsh tbh snl`khr nr vhthraj tn lareh drnw`s, a sktuatknj

tbat ks dnjsk`hrh` as a pnthjtkally nr lkchly trkeehrkje hvhjt, tbat aàptatknj ks jnt jhdhssarkly njh

ni rhdnj`ktknjkje tbh ihar-rhspnjsh as (Eardka ht al., ?611) prnpnsh, out ratbhr may lha` tn ntbhr

aàptatknjs ni àkly rnutkjh tbat `krhdtly avnk` nr mkjkmkzh sudb hxpnsurhs, sudb as ikj`kje

althrjath rnuths adrnss dampushs (nr hvhj tn dampus irnm bnmh), rhmnth aj`/nr mkjkmally


17/38

15

nddupkh` stu`y spadhs, aj` mn`kikdatknjs tn dnursh shlhdtknj tbat avnk` larehr dlass-skzhs.5 Pbh

shli-awarhjhss ni tbhsh aàptatknjs, aj` tbh `hdksknj-mackje prndhss tbat lha`s tn tbhm, as whll

as tbhkr phrinrmajdh, `nhs orkje tn tbh atthjtknj ni tbh kj`kvkùal tbh vhry lkmktatknjs tbat tbhy

arh suoghdtkvhly hxphrkhjdkje, bkeblkebtkje tbh `kiihrhjdhs ohtwhhj dkvklkajs aj`

snl`khrs/vhthrajs kj ontb pnsktkvh aj` jheatkvh majjhrs.

Kt ks pnsskolh inr tbh shli-awarhjhss ni tbks ohbavknur tn adt kj a pnsktkvh majjhr oy

bkeblkebtkje inr tbh kj`kvkùal tbh sphdkalkzh` sckll-sht3 out tbks daj alsn turj kjtn a jheatkvh

rhspnjsh tn sndkhty kj ehjhral tbrnueb tbh sherheatknj ni tbh kj`kvkùal irnm tbh jhw

surrnuj`kje sndkhty, hktbhr oy tbh kj`kvkùal nr as aj adt oy ntbhrs aeakjst tbh kj`kvkùal,

irhquhjtly kj rhspnjsh tn a shjsh ni aeeraj`kzh` shli-wnrtb tbat onr`hrs nj jardkssksm, nr wktb

tbh vhthraj ohkje laohlh` ajtk-sndkal nr bavkje a jheatkvh dnjthxtual rha`kje ni bhehmnjkd

masdulkjkty ohkje applkh`, turjkje tbh vhthraj irnm a rhdkpkhjt ni tbh bhrn status tn njh ni

vklkikdatknj aj` a snurdh hxamplh ni wbat ks phrdhkvh` tn oh tbh wnrst darkdaturhs ni tbh snl`khr as

aj ujtbkjckje, hmntknjally ujavaklaolh, pnthjtkally vknlhjt oruth wbn bas jn pladh kj sndkhty.

Pbh vhry `kiihrhjdhs ohtwhhj tbh kj`kvkùal aj` tbh surrnuj`kje dnllheh sndkhty ks

phrbaps ohst rhilhdth` kj tbh `kiihrhjdhs ni wbat arh dnjsk`hrh` strhssnrs oy `kiihrhjt kj`kvkùals

irnm `kiihrhjt shemhjts ni sndkhty. Ubklh bumnur daj oh, aj` irhquhjtly ks, ush` kj rhspnjsh tn

tbhsh phrdhkvh` `kiihrhjdhs, hvhj tbks bumnur ktshli daj oh a snurdh ni strkih ohtwhhj tbh twn

5Pbhsh arh all aàptatknjs tbat K myshli bavh ush`, aj` wbkdb bavh ohhj adcjnwlhèh` as ohkje ush` oy a jumohr

ni ntbhr vhthrajs/kjinrmajts wbn bavh dbnshj tn atthj` pnst-shdnjàry kjstktutknjs. Pbhsh aàptatknjs bavh alsn

ohhj hj`nrsh` oy vhthrajs/kjinrmajts wbn bavh jn bkstnry nr durrhjt prhshjdh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss nr

`kaejnsks.


18/38

12

suoernups, as `hmnjstrath` kj tbh inllnwkje mhmh2tbat dkrdulath` tbrnueb `kiihrhjt vhthraj aj`

mklktary indush` sndkal mh`ka ernups kj ?611-?61?7

Kj tbh dnjthxt ni tbh mklktary nr vhthraj sndkal ernups, tbh mhmh ktshli bkeblkebts tbh phrdhkvh`

rhspnjshs tn strhss, aj` hvhj tbh k`hjtkikdatknj ni wbat a rhal strhss ks oy bkeblkebtkje tbh

kjbhrhjt `kiihrhjdhs ni saihty/`ajehr aj` rksc ohtwhhj mklktary aj` stu`hjt asphdts ni sndkal lkih,

`hjkeratkje tbh stu`hjt as ohkje whachr nr lhss majly tbaj tbh snl`khr, hiihdtkvhly rhkjinrdkje

tbh trnph ni dkvklkajs as whac nr hiihmkjath wbhj dnmparh` tn tbh snl`khr, aj` oy prnxy, tbh

vhthraj. Ask`h irnm tbh majjhr kj wbkdb sudb a mhmh daj qukdcly oh ush` aeakjst snl`khrs aj`

2Nrkekjal snurdh ujcjnwj.


19/38

1;

vhthrajs oy a vkhwkje dkvklkaj pnpulatknj wbn dnul` (aj` bavh) tachj niihjdh tn sudb mhmhs

aj` skmklar noghdts aj` trnphs, tbhrh ks alsn tbh pnthjtkal jheatkvh rhspnjsh tbat daj nddur kj a

vkhwkje vhthraj wktb VPT@ wbn may oh hxphrkhjdkje a bhkebthjh` lhvhl ni strhss kj rhspnjsh tn

aj kmphj`kje hxama dnjthxtual strhssnr tbat mnst vhthrajs arh jnt awarh nr iamklkar wktb as a

`krhdt rhsult ni tbh prkmary aeh ni rhdruktmhjt inr snl`khrs tbat irhquhjtly rhqukrhs tbhm

inrhenkje a pnst-shdnjàry hùdatknj;, mudb lkch kt daj haskly oh sak` tbat tbh magnrkty ni

Daja`kaj dkvklkajs bavh jn aoklkty tn uj`hrstaj` tbh strhssnrs nr pbyskdal aj` psydbnlnekdal

rhadtknjs cjnwj tn nddur kj rhspnjsh tn tbh lhvhl ni vknlhjdh aj` dbans tbat nddurs kj dnmoat

(Ernssmaj, ?662, ?66;). Kj tbks sdhjarkn, wbhrh tbh vhthraj wbn hjthrs a pnst-shdnjàry

hjvkrnjmhjt aj` su``hjly bas a strhss rhspnjsh tn aj kmphj`kje hxam nr asskejmhjt, wbklh

ohkje vhry awarh ni tbh rhdurrhjt hiihmkjkzkje `kiihrhjtkatknj ohtwhhj snl`khrs aj` dkvklkajs, tbks

kj`kvkùal ks lkchly bavh dnjdurrhjt nr suoshquhjt tbnuebts quhstknjkje tbhkr masdulkjkty ekvhj

tbat tbhkr kj`ndtrkjatknj as a snl`khr bas sndkalkzh` tbhm wktb a bhkebthjh` phrdhptknj ni hxphdth`

jnrms ni masdulkjh ohbavknur, partkdularly tbh aoklkty tn rhmakj dalm aj` jnt hxphrkhjdh ajy

jheatkvh nr lkmktkje rhspnjsh tn sudb skmplh nr mujàjh strhssnrs.

Mklktary vs. Dkvklkaj Masdulkjkty

_hshardb kj tbh ikhl` ni psydbnlney bas sueehsth` tbat tbh sndkally dnjstrudth` jnrms ni

hxphdth` masdulkjh ohbavknur may oh lkjch` tn tbh symptnm dlusthrkje inuj` kj snl`khrs aj`

vhthrajs wbn dnmh inrwar` shhckje trhatmhjt inr tbhkr dnj`ktknj (Eardka ht al., ?611), out aeakj,

mnst ni tbhsh stu`khs lkjc sudb ohbavknur tn tbh oknlnekd ehj`hr ni tbh kj`kvkùals ratbhr tbaj

dnjsk`hrkje tbh rnlh tbat tbh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr bas nj all snl`khrs rhear`lhss ni tbhkr

;Bnwhvhr, K `k` jntkdh a trhj` nddurrkje ùrkje my shrvkdh ni aj kjdrhaskje prnpnrtknj ni pnthjtkal rhdrukts applykje

tn shrvh kj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs bavkje alrha`y dnmplhth` dnllheh aj`/nr ujkvhrskty3 aj` kj tbh _hshrvh Inrdhs, kt ks

qukth dnmmnj inr a skejkikdajt prnpnrtknj ni snl`khrs tn oh atthj`kje a pnst-shdnjàry kjstktutknj wbklh shrvkje.

Pbhrhinrh tbks ks dlharly jnt a stathmhjt tbat daj oh applkh` ujkvhrsally, as wktb mnst stathmhjts kj tbks paphr.


20/38

?6

oknlnekd ehj`hr nr shxual ehj`hr/k`hjtkty. Vhrbaps tbks ks aj arthiadt ni tbh rhalkty tbat mnst

stu`khs nj VPT@ kj mklktary pnpulatknjs arh `rawj irnm tbh mklktary pnpulatknj ni tbh Xjkth`

Ttaths, wbhrh dnmoat rnlhs whrh, ujtkl vhry rhdhjtly, lkmkth` tn tbnsh ni tbh malh oknlnekd ehj`hr.

Pbat mklktary pnpulatknjs arh prh`nmkjathly oknlnekdally malh tn ohekj wktb may tn snmh `herhh

hxplakj tbks indus, drhatkje a lkmktatknj kj nur aoklkty tn iully uj`hrstaj` ontb tbh inrm aj`

dnjthjt ni tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss. A dnrrhlatkje dnmplkdatknj ks tbat

sudb stu`khs arh larehly indush` nj tbh rnlh ni dnmoat-hxpnsurh kj rhlatknj tn VPT@, aj kssuh tbat

bas tbh pnthjtkal inr a``kje a jhw stkematkzkje `yjamkd tn tbnsh wbn hxphrkhjdh psydbnlnekdal

`kstrhss out wbn whrh jhvhr `krhdtly hjeaeh` kj dnmoat nphratknjs, as `ksdussh` hlshwbhrh kj

tbks paphr.

Tudb stu`khs thj` tn indus nj kssuhs ni tbh kjthrihrhjdh tbat ehj`hrh` ohbavknural jnrms

bavh nj bhlp-shhckje ohbavknur (Lajh & A``ks, ?668) irhquhjtly lkjch` tn bhkebthjh` k`hals ni

shli-rhlkajdh (Eardka ht al., ?611), out a lkmktatknj ni tbhsh stu`khs ks tbat tbhy try tn dnmparh

rhspnjshs aj` kll-`hikjh` (nr ujnoshrvh`) asphdts ni dnrh valuhs aj` ohlkhi systhms ohtwhhj

mklktary aj` dkvklkaj pnpulatknjs, hiihdtkvhly `ksrhear`kje tbh pnthjtkally suostajtkal `kiihrhjdhs

ohtwhhj tbhsh twn shemhjts ni tbh pnpulatknj. Ubklh tbh rnlh tbat bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty plays

kj tbh drhatknj aj` makjthjajdh ni stkema tnwar`s psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kj ehjhral may kj`hh`

oh skmklar ohtwhhj ontb pnpulatknj ernups (Ohrehr ht al., ?6683 Eardka ht al., ?611), a mnrh

juajdh` apprnadb tbat rhdnejkzhs tbh dultural `kiihrhjdhs ohtwhhj ontb pnpulatknjs, aj` hvhj

suoshts ni hadb pnpulatknj, partkdularly kj tbh mklktary shttkje wbhrh wbklh all snl`khrs arh

hxphdth` tn phrinrm tbh masdulkjkty assndkath` wktb tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, tbhrh arh varykje

`herhhs ni hxphdtatknj lkjch` tn tbh sphdkikd rnlh nr tra`h ni tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr.


21/38

?1

Pbh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, aj` tbh vhthraj, ktshli ks njh tbat ks lkmkjal tn tbh wk`hr

dkvklkaj sndkhty, partkally tbrnueb tbh amplkikdatknj ni dhrtakj asphdts ni tbh hxphdth` ohbavknural

jnrms ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty drhatkje tbh inrm ni mklktary masdulkjkty. As Ear`kjhr (?61?)

pnkjts nut, bnwhvhr, tbks mklktary masdulkjkty ks jnt a bnmnehjnus mnjnlktbkd inrm rhlkajt nj tbh

rhpulsknj ni ajytbkje ihmkjkjh out njh rk``lh` wktb juajdh` varkajdhs `hphj`hjt nj tbh

sphdkikds ni tbh kj`kvkùal dnjthxt aj` mn`kikaolh as jhh`h` wbhj trajsktknjkje tbrnueb lkvh`

spadhs aj` tbh hxphdtatknjs ni ntbhrs. Pbh su``hj sbkit irnm tbh mklktary sndkhty wbhrh tbks

mutaolh masdulkjkty ks kjbhrhjtly uj`hrstnn` tn hxkst, ki rarhly nphjly rhdnejkzh`, sn lnje as tbh

snl`khr adts as a snl`khr, partkdularly kj pladkje njhshli as ohkje shdnj` tn tbh tham aj` mkssknj,

tn a dkvklkaj sndkhty wbhrh kj`kvkùalksm ks bhkebthjh` aj` tbh dnjdhpt ni pladkje njhs nwj

jhh`s kj a suoshrvkhjt pnsktknj ks alkhj, ujsurprkskjely daj daush mnmhjts ni drksks inr tbh snl`khr

nr vhthraj (Ear`kjhr, ?61?3 Bneh, ?616), hsphdkally sn ki njh ks dnjdurrhjtly trykje tn dnph wktb

tbh kjthrjalkzh` psydbnlnekdal shli-k`hjtkty drkshs tbat arh assndkath` wktb VPT@.

Ttkema16

Yknlatknj ni Bhrn Ttatus

Pbh sndkally dnjstrudth` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr bas ohhj ouklt arnuj` tbh pnlktkdally mntkvath`

drhatknj ni a rnlh-k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as a bhrn, wktb tbh `ksaolh` snl`khr nr vhthraj ohkje

suoghdth` tn a dn-nptkje ni tbhkr dnj`ktknj aj` status inr ush, partkdularly oy jatknjalkstkd

nreajkzatknjs, tn hxhmplkiy sadrkikdh (Adkcsnz, ?61?). Kj mnst dashs, tbks drhatknj aj`

suoshquhjt ush ni tbh snl`khr k`hjtkty ks indush` nj tbh pbyskdal on`y ni tbh snl`khr kj ehjhral,

out partkdularly nj tbh vkskolh `ksruptknj ni tbat pbyskdal on`y wbhj tbh trnph ni sadrkikdh ks

ohkje mnoklkzh` (Adkcsnz, ?61?), irhquhjtly wktbnut tbh dnjshjt ni tbh kj`kvkùal snl`khr wbn

may ikj` tbhmshlvhs, nr mnrh sphdkikdally tbhkr pbyskdal on`y, ohkje ush` as aj noghdt. Pbh

16Ttkema7 Bnw kt ks uj`hrstnn`, dnjdhptualkzh`, aj` hmplnyh` aj`/nr hjadth`, ontb wktbkj aj` aeakjst tbh

kj`kvkùal, ks oash` nj Eniimaj (1;29).


22/38

??

dnmmnj dnjdhrj raksh` oy mnrh tbaj a ihw snl`khrs (out dhrtakjly jnt all) wbn hxphrkhjdh` sudb

puolkd-rhlatknjs stujts, wbhtbhr oy tbh Envhrjmhjt ni Dajaà nr oy varknus jnt-inr-prnikt nr

dbarktaolh nreajkzatknjs (sudb as tbh _nyal Daja`kaj Lheknj, Unuj`h` Uarrknrs Dajaà, aj`

Daja`kaj Bhrnhs), was tbat tbhy ihlt a shjsh ni `kshmon`kmhjt aj` `ksmkssal nr rhiusal ni tbhkr

nwj aehjdy wbklh tbhkr on`khs whrh ohkje ush` tn rhkjinrdh tbh bhrn/sadrkikdh jarratkvh. Iurtbhr,

tbh rhghdtknj aj`/nr supprhssknj ni tbhkr adtual jarratkvhs, wbhj tbnsh jarratkvhs `k` jnt alkej

wktb tbh kjthj`h` jatknjalkstkd jarratkvh, whrh suoghdtkvhly hxphrkhjdh` as a rhghdtknj ni tbhkr

shli-k`hjtkty7 tbhy whrh jntbkje mnrh tbaj noghdts tn oh para`h` arnuj` inr tbh purpnshs ni

ntbhrs wktb wbnm tbhy dlharly `k` jnt sbarh a dnmmnj akm nr purpnsh.

Pbks ihhlkje ni rhghdtknj was njly bhkebthjh` wbhj tbh indus was njly nj tbh pbyskdal

on`y, nr ladc ni parts ni tbat on`y, aj` a `ksmkssal ni ajy dnjdhrj nr `ksdussknj ni tbh

psydbnlnekdal kjgurkhs tbat tbh kj`kvkùals ba` nr whrh hxphrkhjdkje. Pbks supprhssknj ni tbh

psydbnlnekdal asphdt ni tbhkr shli-k`hjtktkhs njly rhkjinrdh` tbh varknus inrms ni stkema tbat tbhsh

kj`kvkùals whrh aduthly awarh ni, aj` tbh `kshjirajdbkshmhjt irnm tbhkr pbyskdal on`khs aj` tbh

lnss ni aehjdy tbat addnmpajkh` tbks adth` ktshli as a mhtbn` ni supprhsskje tbhkr kj`kvkùal

k`hjtktkhs wbklh tadktly rhkjinrdkje tbh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as snmhnjh wbn `nhs jnt

dnmplakj, wbn ks dnjstajtly stnkd aj` ujhmntknjal, wbn inllnws tbh nr`hrs tbat tbhy arh ekvhj

aj` ks wkllkje tn sadrkikdh tbhmshlvhs inr tbh erhathr enn` hvhj ki tbhy `n jnt phrsnjally aerhh

wktb wbat ks bapphjkje. As Adkcsnz (?61?) jnth`, `ksaolh` snl`khrs arh ma`h tn mach a dbnkdh

ni surrhj`hrkje tbhkr nwj aehjdy nr addhptkje aj kjiajtalkzatknj tbh `hjkhs tbhm tbh aoklkty tn

iully phrinrm tbh masdulkjkty, aj` kts dnjdurrhjt iull mhmohrsbkp kj sndkhty, tbat wnul`

ntbhrwksh oh hxphdth` ni tbhm. Kt was, aeakj, tbh rhkthratknj ni tbh trnphs tbat addnmpajy tbh

stkema tbat prhvhjt snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs irnm shhckje bhlp7 Tudc kt up, sujsbkjh!


23/38

?4

TtkemaLnyalty & Prhasnj

Tkmklar sktuatknjs bavh rhphath`ly nddurrh` nj a jumohr ni tbh sndkal mh`ka inrums tbat arh ush`

oy vhthrajs, partkdularly wbhj mhmohrs ni tbnsh ernups bavh raksh` dnmplakjts aeakjst tbh

kj/adtknjs nr pnlkdkhs nr stathmhjts ni mhmohrs ni tbh durrhjt Barphr Envhrjmhjt ni Dajaà.

Nj jumhrnus nddasknjs sudb erkhvajdhs whrh mht wktb a rhspnjsh irnm ntbhrs tbat7 ynu whrh a

snl`khrwbhrhs ynur lnyalty tn Dajaà>, nr `k`jt ynu swhar aj natbni lnyalty> Bnw daj

ynu mach sudb trhasnjnus stathmhjts aeakjst ynur lha`hrs>.11

Pbat tbh quhstknj ni njhs

lnyalty suriadhs as rhouttals tn quhstknjs aj` dnjdhrjs nr dballhjehs tbat ruj dnujthr tn tbh

`hskrh` jatknjalkst jarratkvh prhshjth` oy ourhaudrats aj` pnlktkdkajs drhaths a sktuatknj wbhrh tbh

kj`kvkùal ks inrdh` tn rhilhdt nj wbhtbhr nr jnt tbhy arh lkvkje tbh dnrh valuhs tbat whrh kjstkllh`

kj tbhm ùrkje tbhkr mklktary shrvkdharh tbhy kj`hh` adtkje as a rhal snl`khr wnul`. Kj snmh

dashs, tbhsh stathmhjts whjt ohynj` quhstknjkje tbh lnyalty ni tbh kj`kvkùal, out oheaj tn

sphdkikdally tareht tbh kj`kvkùal as ohkje ujstaolh aj`/nr ujrhlkaolh as a rhsult ni tbhkr bavkje

ohhj `kaejnsh` wktb VPT@ (nr ajy ntbhr NTK), tbhrhoy `krhdtly dnjtrkoutkje tn tbh stkema

tnwar`s ajy inrm ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tbrnueb tbh ush ni dlharly aolhst trnphs. Hvhj wbhj

tbks was `njh kj tbh inrm ni trykje tn hxplakj away tbh quhstknjs nr dnjdhrjs ohkje raksh` as

ohkje tbh `krhdt rhsult ni tbh kj`kvkùals jhh` tn vhjt as a rhsult ni tbhkr klljhss, sudb pnthjtkally

suppnrtkvh dnmmhjts arh stkll a inrm ni stkematkzkje ohbavknur oy kjskjuatkje tbat tbh kj`kvkùal

tn wbnm tbhy arh rhihrrkje ks kjdapaolh ni shli-dnjtrnl.

11K phrsnjally hxphrkhjdh` tbhsh rhouttals nj mnrh tbaj njh nddasknj.


24/38

?0

TtkemaUhliarh vs. Ohjhikt

Hvhj wbhj tbh kjgurkhs suiihrh` arh tbhmshlvhs jnt tbh suoghdt ni a stkematkzkje eazh nr

dnmmhjt, tbh ohjhikts tbat vhthrajs arh hlkekolh inr daj, aj` bavh rhphath`ly, ohdnmh tbh tareht

inr stkematkzkje ohbavknur, partkdularly kj rhlatknj tn jarratkvhs surrnuj`kje tbh jhnlkohral

phrdhptknj ni tbh whliarh stath as ohkje a baj`-nut ratbhr tbaj a baj`-up. Asshrtknjs sudb as

tbhsh, irhquhjtly ma`h oy kj`kvkùals wbn rhghdt tbh jatknjalkstkd trnph ni bhrn, kja`vhrthjtly

dall kjtn quhstknj tbh ohbavknur, htbns, htbkds, aj` mnralkty ni tbh kj`kvkùal snl`khr nr vhthraj

wbn ks kj rhdhkpt ni sudb ohjhikts as lnje-thrm `ksaoklkty nr a phrmajhjt kmpakrmhjt allnwajdh.

Aj` aeakj, as prhvknusly rhmarch` upnj, tbks ks stkematkzkje hjnueb inr tbh kj`kvkùal wbn bas a

dlharly vkskolh kjgury nr `ksaoklkty, out hvhj mnrh àmaekje tn tbh psydbh aj` phrdhptknj ni shli-

wnrtb inr tbh kj`kvkùal wbnsh kjgury ks ni a psydbnlnekdal jaturh. Ubhj tbh hjtktlkje kjgurkhs

arh ni a psydbnlnekdal jaturh, stathmhjts tbat tbh ohjhikts rhdhkvh` arh a baj`-nut kmply shvhral

tbkjes7 1) tbat tbh kjgury ksjt rhal nr ksjt as wnrtby ni tbh ohjhikts as a vkskolh pbyskdal kjgury3 ?)

tbat tbh rhdkpkhjt ks tnn lazy tn eht nj wktb tbhkr lkih, nr arh erhh`y aj` trykje tn eht mnrh tbaj

tbhkr iakr sbarh3 4) tbat tbh rhdkpkhjt ks whac, always was whac, aj` jhvhr sbnul` bavh ohhj

allnwh` tn shrvh kj tbh ikrst pladh3 0) tbat snl`khrs eht wbat tbhy `hshrvh1?

nr cjhw wbat tbhy

whrh ehttkje kjtn3 aj`/nr 8) a `ksmkssal ni tbh jatknjalkstkd trnph ni tbh snl`khr/vhthraj as

bhrn.

TtkemaDlakm tn Yhthraj Ttatus

1?Pbks dnmmhjt ks partkdularly dnmmnjly hxphrkhjdh` dnmkje irnm phnplh wbn nutrkebt rhghdt tbh vhry hxksthjdh

ni snl`khrs aj` tbhkr pnsktknj wktbkj tbh sndkal iaorkd ni tbh stath, aj` wbhj `njh kj phrsnj irhquhjtly arh

addnmpajkh` oy snmh inrm ni pbyskdal barassmhjt, pladkje tbh snl`khr/vhthraj kj a iurtbhr awcwar` pnsktknj7 tn

staj` up aj` dballhjeh oadc, phrbaps hjthrkje kjtn a pbyskdal althrdatknj, nr tn wktb`raw kj sklhjdh, aj adtknj tbat

haskly lha`s tn tbh shli-quhstknjkje ni wnrtb, wbkdb ktshli daj lha` tn amplkikh` mnmhjts ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss nr

drksks.


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?8

A rhlath` asphdt tn tbks ks tbh quhstknjkje ni tbh valk`kty ni a vhthrajs dlakm tn ohkje a vhthraj,

partkdularly indush` nj tbh kj`kvkùals aeh, snmhtbkje tbat majy (mnst>) vhthrajs uj`hr tbh aeh

ni 86 bavh hxphrkhjdh` rhphath`ly, out wbkdb ks tbh prh`nmkjajt rhadtknj hxphrkhjdh` oy hvhry

vhthraj uj`hr tbh aeh ni 46. Pbh prhvalhjt kmaeh ni tbh vhthraj, as prnpaeath` oy tbh _nyal

Daja`kaj Lheknj kj partkdular, out alsn oy makjstrham mh`ka hvhry yhar at _hmhmorajdh @ay

dhrhmnjkhs, indushs tbh sndkal kmaekjary tn tbh hl`hrly Unrl` Uar Pwn nr Cnrhaj Uar hra

vhthrajs, bapbazar`ly kejnrkje tbh Vhadhchhpkje nr Aiebajkstaj hra vhthrajs. Nj njh nddasknj,

wbklh atthj`kje a _hmhmorajdh @ay dhrhmnjy kj `nwjtnwj Pnrnjtn, K was `krhdtly dballhjeh`

oy a slkebtly nl`hr wnmaj wharkje tbh attkrh ni tbh _nyal Daja`kaj Lheknj. Pbh dballhjeh was

tbat K sbnul`jt oh wharkje my erajìatbhrs ohrht nr bks mhàls. Ubhj K rhspnj`h` tbat tbh

bha``rhss was mkjh, as was tbh snlh mhàl tbat K ba` pkjjh` tn my dbhst, K was dallh` a lkar, kj

irnjt ni aj au`khjdh ni dkvklkajs, ohdaush ynurh tnn ynuje tn oh a rhal vhthraj. Pn tbh dkvklkaj

au`khjdh, wbn rhdnejkzh tbh _nyal Daja`kaj Lheknj nutikt aj` attkrh, aj` wbn bavh ba` aj

kmaeh ni wbat a vhthraj ks draith` aj` ekvhj tn tbhm oy tbat samh nreajkzatknj, noshrvh sudb a

phrsnj lhdturkje a ynuje maj kj tbks majjhr, inr majy tbh dballhjeh ohdnmhs rhalktytbh

dballhjeh` kj`kvkùal dnul` jnt pnsskoly oh a vhthraj ohdaush tbh njly ynuje vhthrajs tbat tbhy

bavh hvhr shhj arh tbnsh mksskje lkmos, aj` skjdh tbks ynuje maj apphars tn oh bhaltby aj`

kjtadt, tbhj tbhy must novknusly jnt oh a vhthraj, hsphdkally ki snmhnjh irnm tbh Lheknj ks

vnkdkje tbh dballhjeh, skjdh tbhy novknusly wnul` cjnw ohtthr, wnul`jt tbhy> Pbks ckj` ni

sktuatknj, wbklh phrsnjally hxphrkhjdh`, ks oy iar jnt aojnrmal. Hvhry skjelh ynuje(hr) vhthraj

(uj`hr tbh aeh ni 86) bas hxphrkhjdh` snmhtbkje skmklar at snmh pnkjt kj tbhkr lkih, snmhtkmhs at

tbh baj`s ni tbh prhvknus ehjhratknj ni vhthrajs, aj` tbh dballhjehs arh always prh-hmptkvhly

`ksmksskvh ni tbh pnsskoklkty ni psydbnlnekdal kjgurkhs ohkje prhshjt. Ubklh tbh `ksmkssal ni tbh


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?9

status ni vhthraj oy mhmohrs ni tbh ehjhral puolkd ks `kiikdult, kt ks phrbaps mnst stkematkzkje

aj` barmiul inr tbh kj`kvkùal wbhj tbnsh dballhjehs dnmh irnm phnplh wbn hktbhr shrvh`

tbhmshlvhs, nr arh kj pnsktknjs tbat purpnrt tn staj` up inr aj` hxkst snlhly tn suppnrt vhthrajs.

TtkemaGno Lnss

A partkdular prhshjtatknj ni tbh stkema tnwar`s VPT@ tbat nddurs kj tbh mklktary ks tbh shli-

phrdhkvh` rksc ni lnskje njhs gno, ni ohkje rhmnvh` irnm njhs ùtkhs, aj` ni hvhjtually ohkje

mh`kdally (nr ntbhrwksh) rhlhash` irnm tbh mklktary altnehtbhr as a `krhdt rhsult ni dnmkje

inrwar` shhckje bhlp. Ubklh mhmohrs ni parlkamhjt wktbkj tbh durrhjt Barphr Envhrjmhjt ni

Dajaà, aj` shjknr niikdhrs wktbkj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, bavh rhphath`ly kssuh` stathmhjts tbat

sudb wkll jnt bapphj, tbh ernuj` trutb noshrvh` oy snl`khrs ks iujàmhjtally `kiihrhjt. Nj iar

tnn majy nddasknjs bavh tbh rajc-aj`-iklh noshrvh` tbhkr ihllnw snl`khrs, ni all rajcs, ohkje

rhmnvh` irnm tbhkr ùtkhs, nddasknjally rhtasch` tn a Gnkjt Vhrsnjjhl Tuppnrt Xjkt (GVTX) irnm

tbhkr jnrmal pnsktknj nr tasckje, aj` ultkmathly rhlhash` irnm tbh mklktary. Pbks suoghdtkvh

noshrvatknj aj` phrdhptknj rhkjinrdhs tbh tbrhat-tn-gno sdhjarkn, aj` skjdh inr majy snl`khrs tbhkr

rnlh as snl`khrs ks njh ni tntal k`hjtkty nr a way ni lkih, as nppnsh` tn tbh dkvklkaj mn`hl ni a

gno, tbh suoghdtkvh rksc tn tbks ks iar mnrh suostajtkal tbaj skmply tbh lnss ni a mhajs ni

hmplnymhjt, wbkdb ks dnmmnjly adcjnwlhèh` as ohkje a iurtbhr dnmplkdatkje iadtnr kj tbh

`hvhlnpmhjt aj`/nr aeeravatknj ni mnst inrms ni mhjtal bhaltb nr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss. Bneh

ht al. (?660) inuj` tbat 98% ni Amhrkdaj snl`khrs kj tbhkr stu`y whrh kj`hh` dnjdhrjh` tbat

shhckje bhlp inr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss wnul` lha` tn shparatknj irnm tbh mklktary.

VPT@Vrnolhms wktb @kaejnsks


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?5

Pbh mh`kdal `kaejnsks ni VPT@ bas rhphath`ly rhqukrh` tbat tbh kj`kvkùal bas hxphrkhjdh` aj

hvhjt nutsk`h tbh rhalm ni jnrmal bumaj hxphrkhjdh (Drkthrknj A1 kj tbh inurtb h`ktknj ni tbh

@kaejnstkd aj` Ttatkstkds Majual ni Mhjtal @ksnr`hrsS@TM-KY3 Amhrkdaj Vsydbkatrkd

Assndkatknj, 1;;0]), as whll as tbat tbh kj`kvkùal must bavh hxphrkhjdh` kjthjsh ihar,

bhlplhssjhss nr bnrrnr (Drkthrknj A? SAVA, 1;;07 0?2]). Out daj tbhsh twn `kaejnstkd drkthrka

oh prnphrly applkh` tn tbh snl`khr>

A`lhr ht al. (?662) `hmnjstrath` tbat tbh strkdt a`bhrhjdh tn Drkthrknj A?, tbh suoghdtkvh

hxphrkhjdh ni ihar nr kts dnrrhlaths, lkchly `nhs jnt prnphrly dapturh tbh truh kjdk`hjdh ni VPT@,

as tbh vhry trakjkje ni snl`khrs ks tn nvhrdnmh tbh hiihdts ni tbh ihar-rhspnjsh. Pbks ks

dnrrnonrath` oy Drhamhr ht al. (?668) wbn jnt tbh lhast lkjcaeh ohtwhhj dnmoat hxpnsurh aj`

tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni strnje hmntknjs wbhj dnmparh` wktb ntbhr inrms ni trauma, lha`kje

tn tbh quhry wbhtbhr tbks was ùh tn tbh kjthrihrhjdh tbat hmntknjal rhspnjshs dnul` bavh nj tbh

aoklkty tn phrinrm as hxphdth` ùrkje tbh hvhjt, aj` tbhrhinrh suppnrtkje tbh k`ha tbat tbh trakjkje

a snl`khr rhdhkvhs ks `krhdtly rhlath` tn tbh inrm (nr ladc) ni hmntknjal rhspnjsh adcjnwlhèh` oy

tbh partkdkpajts kj tbhkr stu`y, tbnueb kt sbnul` oh jnth` tbat tbh hmntknjs dbhdch` inr whrh tbh

tbrhh sphdkikd tn tbh A? drkthrknj aj` jnt althrjath hmntknjal rhspnjshs sudb as ajehr. Tkmklarly,

Ernssmaj (?662, ?66;) bas alsn rhphath`ly pnkjth` nut tbh hiihdt ni trakjkje, hsphdkally rhalkstkd

aj` rhphtktkvh trakjkje, nj tbh aoklkty tn nvhrdnmh tbh ihar rhspnjsh. Ubklh ihar may oh prhshjt

kj tbh kj`kvkùal snl`khr kj rhspnjsh tn a Drkthrka A1 hvhjt, kt ks jnt jhdhssarkly suoghdtkvhly

hxphrkhjdh`, partkdularly kj tbnsh wbn bavh uj`hrenjh hxthjskvh trakjkje kj prhparatknj inr

bavkje tn baj`lh hvhjts tbat wnul` mhht tbh A1 Drkthrka inr tbh avhraeh dkvklkaj, sudb as

hmhrehjdy rhspnj`hrs (Tkms & Tkms, 1;;2), aj` partkdularly snl`khrs (A`lhr ht al., ?6623

Drhamhr ht al., ?668). Kt ks alsn pnsskolh tbat tbh rhspnj`hjts kj tbhsh stu`khs rhiush` tn


28/38

?2

adcjnwlhèh tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdkje ni ihar as a `krhdt rhsult ni tbh stkema aeakjst

whacjhss tbat K areuh ks dnjjhdth` tn tbh vhry sndkalkzatknj ni tbh snl`khr tn tach nj tbh

ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr.

Drhamhr ht al. (?668) `n sueehst tbat tbh phrdhkvh` ladc ni kmmh`kath suoghdtkvh

hxphrkhjdkje ni tbh Drkthrknj A? hmntknjs may oh mkslha`kje, aj` tbat tbh hmntknjal rhspnjsh

may jnt oh jntkdhaolh tn tbh kj`kvkùal ujtkl whll aithr tbh hvhjta sueehstknj tbat wnul`

suppnrt tbh k`ha tbat psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss, partkdularly VPT@, kj snl`khrs ks mnrh dnmmnjly ni

a `hlayh` njsht ratbhr tbaj tbh hxphdth` aduth-njsht, aj` tbat tbks `hlayh`-njsht may alsn bavh

aj hiihdt kj rhpnrtkje oy drhatkje a rhdall okas.

Tnmh ni tbks samh rhshardb (A`lhr ht al., ?6623 Drhamhr ht al., ?668) bas kj`kdath` tbat

tbh A? Drkthrka `nhs jnt adtually shhm tn oh lkjch` tn VPT@ prhvalhjdh, jnr `nhs tbh aoshjdh ni

sudb a suoghdtkvh rhspnjsh prhdlu`h tbh pnthjtkal inr VPT@. Iurtbhr, as Ernssmaj (?662, ?66;)

pnkjts nut, tbh prhshjdh ni ihllnw snl`khrs ùrkje ajy sudb hvhjt may adt as a ouiihr tn tbh

suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni ihar, nr may trkeehr tbh kj`kvkùal hxphrkhjdkje ihar tn barjhss tbat

hmntknj aj` turj kt kjtn tbh apprnprkath adtknj `hskrh`.

Jntaoly, wbklh jarratkvhs (inr hxamplh7 NOrkhj, 1;;6)`n hxkst wbhrh tbh suoghdtkvh

hxphrkhjdh ni ihar ks a`mktth`, kj hadb sudb jarratkvh tbh autbnrs pnkjth`ly rhmarc tbat wbat ent

tbhm mnvkje `hspkth tbhkr ihar nr shjsh ni bhlplhssjhss was a mudb mnrh pnwhriul `hskrh tn jnt

lht tbhkr ihllnw snl`khrs `nwj, tn `n wbat tbhy whrh trakjh` tn `n

14

, out phrbaps mnst

kjinrmatkvhly, tn avnk` ohkje laohlh` as whac nr a dnwar`, aeakj dnmkjelkje asphdts ni tbh

14Inr hxamplh, A`lhr ht al. (?6627 460)7 Mnst partkdkpajts (91.9%3 j =;2) rhpnrth` nddupatknjally rhlath` rhspnjshs

sudb as Lkch a snl`khr, @k` my gno, My trakjkje ckdch` kj, K `k` wbat K was trakjh` tn `n, aj` K rhturjh`

ikrh.


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?;

prnihssknjal trakjkje ni tbh snl`khr aj` tbh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as ohkje tbh bhrn nr

byphrmasdulkjh.

Nj tbh ntbhr baj`, tbh suoghdtkvh rhspnjshs ni bnrrnr nr bhlplhssjhss arh jnt sn haskly

nvhrdnmh, out arh lkchly dnjtkjehjt nj sphdkikd dnjthxts ni traumatkd hvhjts, partkdularly wbhrh

tbh kj`kvkùal snl`khr ks jnt tbh `krhdt suoghdt ni tbh hvhjt out ratbhr aj hxthrjal partkdkpajt, nr

jnj-partkdkpajt kj dashs wbhrh tbh rulhs-ni-hjeaehmhjt, tbh nr`hrs `kdtatkje wbat adtknjs arh

phrmksskolh aj` wbkdb arh jnt, prhvhjt tbh snl`khr irnm adtkje kj a majjhr tbat tbhy ntbhrwksh

wnul`, partkdularly wbhj tbh hvhjt trajspkrkje ks njh tn wbkdb tbh snl`khr bas aj kmmh`kath shjsh

ni mnral aj` htbkdal ùty. @allakrhs (?668) mhmnkrh ni tbh ehjndk`h kj _wajà ks aj hxdhllhjt

hxamplh ni gust sudb a dnjthxt. Kj tbks hvhjt, tbh suoghdtkvh ihhlkjes ni bnrrnr, out hsphdkally

bhlplhssjhss ruj `krhdtly dnujthr, aeakj, tn tbh hxphdtatknjs ni ohbavknur tbat tbh kj`kvkùal

snl`khr bas ohhj kj`ndtrkjath` wktb, partkdularly tbh hxphdtatknj tbat tbhy wkll always oh aolh tn

`n snmhtbkje tn aiihdt tbh nutdnmh ni ajy sktuatknj `hvhlnpkje nr ujinl`kje kj tbhkr kmmh`kath

prhshjdh.

Vhrbaps mnst kjsk`knus ks tbh inrm ni bhlplhssjhss tbat nddurs kj tbnsh wbn arh awarh

ni hvhjts out arh jnt kmmh`kath prnxkmath tn tbhm, sudb as snl`khrs wbn arh ntbhrwksh

ujavaklaolh tn `hplny wktb tbhkr ihllnws aj` hxphrkhjdh a inrm ni survkvnrs euklt wbhj tbhkr

ihllnw snl`khrs arh wnuj`h` nr ckllh` kj adtknj. Pn dnmpnuj` tbks traumatkdally suoghdtkvh

hxphrkhjdh ks tbat sudb hxphrkhjdhs arh rarhly, ki hvhr, `hhmh` suiikdkhjt tn mhht tbh A? Drkthrka,

kj rhturj hiihdtkvhly thllkje tbh kj`kvkùal tbat tbhkr trauma `nhsjt hvhj matthr, tbat kt ks jnt rhal,

tbat kt `nhs jnt dnujt. Pbks `ksmkssal ni suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh hsshjtkally hmasdulaths tbh

kj`kvkùal, mackje wbat was kjktkally a quhstknj ni kjthrjal quhstknjkje ni tbhkr strhjetb aj`

rhsklkhjdh kjtn a matthr ni hxthrjal rhghdtknj ni tbhkr traumatkd strhss.


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46

A iurtbhr dnmplkdatknj tn tbh `kaejnstkd drkthrka, njh tbat `nhsjt shhm tn bavh ohhj

`ksdussh` kj ajy ni tbh hxtajt lkthraturh, ks tbat inr tbh snl`khr, tbh Drkthrka A1 hvhjt, partkdularly

as a sphdkikdally k`hjtkikaolh hvhjt, ks prnolhmatkd kj tbat ajy snl`khr ohkje `hplnyh` ajywbhrh,

nr hvhj kj tbhkr ày-tn-ày lkih, daj hxphrkhjdh multkplh hvhjts tbat dnul` haskly mhht tbh oaskd

rhqukrhmhjts ni tbat drkthrka yht phrdhkvh tbnsh hvhjts as jnrmal. Ubklh snmh stu`khs (A`lhr ht

al., ?6623 Drhamhr ht al., ?668) `n `ksduss tbh rnlh tbat trakjkje plays kj tbh phrdhptknj ni wbat a

jnrmal vs. aojnrmal vs. traumatkd hvhjt ks inr prnihssknjals wbn bavh rhdhkvh` trakjkje kj

ajtkdkpatknj ni sudb hvhjts, out kt ks alsn qukth pnsskolh inr tbh trkeehrkje traumatkd hvhjt tn oh

njh tbat ks ni a phrdhkvh` lhsshr `herhh ni traumatkd pnthjtkal tbaj ntbhr hvhjts. Pbks latthr

nptknj ks kmpnrtajt tn dnjsk`hr as kt dnul` ruj dnujthr tn tbh hxphdtatknjs `hvhlnph` wktbkj tbh

snl`khr as tn wbat tbhy dnul` hxphdt, partkdularly wbhj tbhkr trakjkje, hsphdkally tbh sphdkikd

trakjkje kj mhjtal bhaltb awarhjhss, thj`s tn indus nj tbh hvhjts wktb tbh mnst traumatkd

pnthjtkal ohkje tbh njhs tbat arh tn oh wary ni as pnthjtkally trkeehrkje ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss.

Pbks, kj turj, machs tbh snl`khr hxphrkhjdkje traumatkd strhss, wbhtbhr aduth nr `hlayh`/pnst-

traumatkd, quhstknj tbhkr rhsklkhjdh aj` mhjtal strhjetb, aeakj rujjkje kjtn dnjilkdt wktb tbh

hxphdth` ohbavknur assndkath` wktb tbh masdulkjh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr tbat tbhy bavh

ohhj addulturath` tn.

VPT@Masdulkjkty & Prhatmhjt-Thhckje/Avnkàjdh

Ajntbhr prnolhmatkd arha inr tbh `kaejnsks aj` trhatmhjt ni VPT@, tbks tkmh njh tbat may oh

rhlath` tn tbh nvhrall hxphdth` ohbavknurs as `kdtath` tbrnueb tbh patrkardbkdal aj` bhehmnjkd

masdulkjkty ni Uhsthrj sndkhty, ks tbh tra`ktknjal jnrm ni stnkdksm nr hmntknjal rhstrkdtkvhjhss

SGacupdac ?6643 Gacupdac ht al., ?668] wbkdb ks a prh`nmkjath hxphdtatknj inr all mhj, out

phrbaps ks amplkikh` wktbkj tbh mklktary (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Vahdbthr, ?664) aj` tbrnueb tbh


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41

dkvklkaj eazh, phrdhptknj, aj` hxphdtatknj ni tbh mklktary. Kt bas ohhj `hmnjstrath` rhphath`ly

(Ohrehr ht al., ?6683 Ikcrhtnelu ht al., ?6653 Lajh & A``ks, ?668) tbat mhj arh lhss lkchly tn

hjeaeh kj trhatmhjt-shhckje ohbavknur, aj` tbat tbks ks dnrrhlath` tn tbh bhehmnjkd masdulkjh

k`hals ni hmntknjal-rhstrkdtkvhjhss, wktb a partkdularly bhkebthjh` lhvhl ni strhss aj` ajxkhty

assndkath` wktb tbh hxphrkhjdkje aj` phrinrmajdh ni hmntknjs ntbhr tbaj ajehr (Eardka ht al.,

?611). Pbhsh hxphdtatknjs, ajxkhtkhs, ihar, aj` strhss daj, aj` `n, lha` tn a rhprhssknj ni

hmntknj, a inrdh` stnkdksm, aj` aj avnkàjdh ni adcjnwlhèkje tbh hxphrkhjdh ni psydbnlnekdal

`kstrhss, lha`kje tn a psydbnlnekdally `htrkmhjtal jheatkvh ihhòadc lnnp wbhrh tbh mhmnrkhs

aj` hmntknjs dnjtkjuh tn ihh` nj hadb ntbhr wktbnut apprnprkath rhspkth, wbkdb, kj dnjgujdtknj

wktb tbh rhlatkvhly addhpth` aj` dnj`njh`, out alsn shli-`hstrudtkvh, shli-trhatmhjt wktb aldnbnl,

aj` nddasknjally ntbhr suostajdhs. Iurtbhr, tbhsh phrdhkvh` tbrhats tn njhs masdulkjkty, as

`kdtath` oy bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty, drhath aj` insthr rhskstajdh tn ajy ntbhr inrm ni trhatmhjt

inr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss, as whll as bavkje aj hiihdt nj tbh hiikdady ni sudb trhatmhjts (Eardka

ht al., ?6113 Erhhj ht al., ?616).

_h`hikjkje Mklktary Masdulkjkty

Kj rhspnjsh tn tbh prhvalhjt stkema aeakjst hxphrkhjdkje psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kj tbh Daja`kaj

Inrdhs, aj` kj ntbhr mklktarkhs, a jumohr ni tbh sndkal mh`ka-oash` phhr suppnrt ernups, sudb as

Mklktary Mkj`s, bavh adtkvhly dballhjeh` oadc oy trykje tn kjinrm tbh ehjhral puolkd, aj`

snl`khrs (aj` vhthrajs) kj partkdular, tbat psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss daj bapphj tn ajynjh. A chy

part ni tbks ajtk-stkema dampakej ks tbh atthmpt tn tach dnjtrnl ni tbh `kalneuh ni strhjetb nr

rhsklkhjdh dnujthrkje tbh stkema-iuhlh` phrdhptknj tbat tn oh aiihdth` oy VPT@, nr ajy ntbhr NTK,

ks a matthr ni whacjhss.


32/38

4?

A dnmmnj rhirakj wktbkj tbks dampakej ks tbat tn hxphrkhjdh psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss ks jnt

a skej ni whacjhss, out ratbhr a skej tbat tbh kj`kvk`ual bas ohhj strnje inr tnn lnje, kj hiihdt

rhdlakmkje tbh masdulkjkty tbat was `hjkh` tbrnueb stkematkd adts aj` phrdhptknj oy rh`hikjkje

tbh hxphdth` jnrms ni ohbavknur (Erhhj ht al., ?616). Kj hiihdt, tbks jhw jarratkvh rhsksts tbh

`ksmksskvh aj` hiihmkjkzkje rhspnjsh ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty oy drhatkje a pnsktkvh masdulkjh

kmaeh ni tbh wnuj`h` snl`khr tbrnueb apprnprkatknj ni tbh bhrn avatar. Oy `krhdtly dnjjhdtkje

tbhkr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tn tbh vhry hxphrkhjdhs tbat arh bhl` up jnrmally tn suppnrt

jatknjalkstkd hj`havnurs, irhquhjtly aeakjst tbhkr wkll as prhvknusly `ksdussh`, tbhsh adtknjs

rhiuth ajy jntknj ni whacjhss tbat tbh prhvalhjt stkema bas oraj`h` tbhm wktb.


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44

Inr kjstajdh, kj tbh aonvh pkdturh10

, a `krhdt dnjjhdtknj ks ma`h tn tbh bnrrnrs ni war aj` tbh

mhmnrkhs tbat baujt snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs wktb VPT@, dballhjekje tbat tbh vhry adt ni ohkje a

snl`khr pladhs tbh kj`kvkùal kj a `kiihrhjt dathenry tbaj ajy ntbhr phrsnj. Kj `nkje tbks, kt

rhiuths tbh k`ha tbat psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss ks a skej ni whacjhss, as njly tbh strnje dnul` hjùrh

tbnsh bnrrnrs, out at tbh samh tkmh rhdnejkzkje aj` aiikrmkje tbh bumajkty ni tbh kj`kvkùal

tbrnueb aj atthmpt tn jnrmalkzh tbnsh hxphrkhjdhs, aj` tbh rhsultajt kjtruskvh mhmnrkhs, as

ohkje a dnmmnj hvhjt amnjest tbnsh wbn whrh strnje hjnueb tn iadh tbnsh bnrrnrs kj tbh ikrst

pladh.

Pbks tadtkd, ni atthmptkje tn rhkjinrdh, aj` kj snmh dashs rhkjtrnùdh, tbh ihhlkje ni hsprkt

`h dnrps amnjest snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs `halkje wktb VPT@, nr ntbhr inrms ni psydbnlnekdal

`kstrhss, ks aj atthmpt tn ekvh tbnsh kj`kvkùals a shjsh ni ohlnjekje kj `krhdt dballhjeh tn tbh

ksnlatknj tbat nddurs oy kjstkllkje kj tbh kj`kvkùal tbh rhalkty tbat ynu arh jnt alnjh. Pbks vhry

adt ni erajtkje autbhjtkdkty tn tbh inrm aj` dnjthjt ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kj hiihdt erajts tbh

kj`kvkùal tbh aehjdy tn iadh tbhkr `hmnjs, aj` prnvk`hs tbh sndkal suppnrt aj` mntkvatknj tn

shhc bhlp, aeakj kj dnjtrast tn tbh kj`kvkùalkstkd trnphs tbat arh prnpaeath` tbrnueb stkematkd

adtknjs asshrtkje tbat tbh kts all kj ynur bha`, nr ynu gust arhjt as strnje as tbh rhst. Kt

dballhjehs tbhsh trnphs, aj` kjvkths tbh kj`kvkùal kjtn a dnmmujkty, a sndkal spbhrh, pnpulath`

oy skmklar phnplh, snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs, wbn bavh rhalkzh` tbat tbhrh ks a``h` ohjhikt tn bavkje

tbh `hmnjs adcjnwlhèh` aj` addhpth` wktbnut ihar ni nstradkzatknj. Pbks tadtkd, ni drhatkje a

sndkally addhptkje `kektal dnmmujkty tbat prnvk`hs tbh damara`hrkh tbat was hjgnyh` wbklh

shrvkje, as `hsdrkoh` prhvknusly kj thrms ni ujkt dnbhsknj, prnvk`hs tbh kj`kvkùal wktb tbh samh

strhjetb aj` mntkvatknj tbat hjaolh` tbhm tn wktbstaj` bar`sbkp kj tbh ikrst pladh. Kt `nhs tbks

10Tnurdh7 Mklktary Mkj`s Iadhonnc,bttps7//www.iadhonnc.dnm/MklktaryMkj`sKjd
https://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInchttps://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInchttps://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInchttps://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInc


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40

wbklh alsn adcjnwlhèkje tbh kjbhrhjt `kiihrhjdhs kj dnrh valuhs, htbns, htbkds, aj` ohlkhis, tbh

baoktusni tbh snl`khr.

As kjihrrh` oy tbh jhxt kmaeh18

, kt alsn adcjnwlhèhs tbh kjgury nr barm suiihrh`, aeakj

rhkjinrdkje tbh dnjdhpt tbat tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss ks jhktbhr ujkquh

tn tbh kj`kvkùal, njdh aeakj aiikrmkje tbh damara`hrkh, jnr ks kt ujusual, tbrnueb tbh ajalney ni

tbh kj`kvkùal aj` tbhkr psydbh tn aj novknus kdnj ni tbh snl`khr, tbh swnr`.

Ubklh tbh kjihrhjdh tbat VPT@ ks àmaeh ks njh tbat `nhs daush `ksshjt wktbkj tbh vhthraj

dnmmujkty, wktb snmh phrdhkvkje tbh wnr` àmaeh tn oh iurtbhr stkematkd, tbhrh arh ntbhrs

wbn prhihr tbks thrm nvhr tbh mnrh dnmmnj oknmh`kdal rhihrhjt ni mhjtal klljhss, as klljhss

aj` kts dnrrhlath skdcjhss arh phrdhkvh` as tbkjes tbat bapphj tn tbh whac, out àmaeh nr

18Tnurdh7 Mklktary Mkj`s Iadhonnc,bttps7//www.iadhonnc.dnm/MklktaryMkj`sKjd
https://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInchttps://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInchttps://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInchttps://www.facebook.com/MilitaryMindsInc


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48

kts dnrrhlath kjgury arh tbnsh tbat daj bapphj tn ajynjh at ajy tkmh kj ajy hjvkrnjmhjt nr

dnjthxt, out wbkdb arh partkdularly kj`kdatkvh tn tbh snl`khr as bavkje wktbstnn` tbkjes tbat ntbhrs

dnul` nr wnul` jnt. A dballhjeh tbat was raksh` (Dallaebaj, ?614) tn tbh oknmh`kdally kjihrrh`

`kdbntnmy ohtwhhj inrms ni trauma (pbyskdal vs. psydbnlnekdal) sustakjh` oy snl`khrs, aj`

wbkdb alsn `krhdtly dballhjehs tbh stkematkzkje trnph ni whacjhss7wbat ks tbh iujàmhjtal

`kiihrhjdh ohtwhhj a snl`khr wbn bas suiihrh` shvhrh pbyskdal kjgurkhs, sudb as tbh amputatknj ni

lkmos, aj` tbnsh wbn bavh suiihrh` psydbnlnekdal kjgurkhs, sudb as VPT@. Pbks dnjdhptual sbkit

bas ohhj tachj up oy majy snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs wktb VPT@, as whll as a ihw psydbntbhrapksts

wbn adtkvh kj prnvk`kje darh tn tbks dnmmujkty. Oy dballhjekje tbh uj`hrlykje phrdhptknj ni

tbhrh ohkje suostajtkal `kiihrhjdhs kj ontb tbh noghdtkvh aj` suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdhs ni ontb inrms

ni trauma, tbh whacjhss vs. strhjetb trnph ks rhùdh` nr rhmnvh`, aj` tbh wnuj`h` warrknr

ks njdh aeakj erajth` tbh status ni bhrn tbat lkhs at tbh dnrh ni tbh dultural dnjstrudtknj ni tbh

snl`khr k`hjtkty. Pbh wnuj`s aj` trauma arh adcjnwlhèh`, aj` tbh stkema hxphrkhjdh` ks aolh

tn oh `krhdtly dnjirnjth` kj a jhw majjhr. Tkmklarly, tn kjvnch a dnmmnj lkjh tbat ks irhquhjtly

ush` kj dballhjeh tn tbh stkema aeakjst VPT@7 kts jnt a skej ni whacjhss3 kts a skej tbat ynuvh

ohhj strnje inr tnn lnje.


36/38

49

_hihrhjdhs

Akcsz, T.D. (?61?) Tadrkikdkal lkmos ni snvhrhkejty7 @ksaolh` vhthrajs, masdulkjkty, aj`

jatknjalkst pnlktkds kj Purchy,Mh`kdal Ajtbrnpnlney Quarthrly, ?9(1)7 0-?8.

A`lhr, A.O., C.M. Urkebt, V.@. Olkhsh, _. Hdcinr` & D.U. Bneh (?662) A? `kaejnstkd drkthrka

inr dnmoat-rhlath` pnsttraumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr,Gnurjal ni Praumatkd Ttrhss, ?1(4)7 461-462.

Amornsh, T.H. (1;;?)Oaj` ni Orntbhrs3 Jhw [nrc7 Tkmnj & Tdbusthr, Vndcht Onncs.

Amhrkdaj Vsydbkatrkd Assndkatknj (1;;0)@kaejnstkd aj` Ttatkstkdal Majual ni Mhjtal

@ksnr`hrs, Inurtb H`ktknj (@TM-KY).

Oarrhtt, I. (1;;9) Pbh nreajkzatknjal dnjstrudtknj ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty7 Pbh dash ni tbh

X.T. Javy, Ehj`hr, Unrc, aj` Nreajkzatknj, 4(4)7 14;-10?.

Ohrehr, G.M., _. Lhvajt, C.C. MdMkllaj, U. Chllhbhr & A. Thllhrs (?668) Kmpadt ni ehj`hr rnlhdnjilkdt, tra`ktknjal masdulkjkty k`hnlney, alhxktbymka, aj` aeh nj mhjs attktu`hs tnwar`

psydbnlnekdal bhlp-shhckje,Vsydbnlney ni Mhj & Masdulkjkty, 9(1)7 54-52.

Onur`khu, V. (1;55) Nutlkjh ni a Pbhnry ni Vradtkdh3 Damorkèh7 Damorkèh Xjkvhrskty Vrhss.

Onur`khu, V. (1;;6) Pbh Lnekd ni Vradtkdh3 Ttajinr`7 Ttajinr` Xjkvhrskty Vrhss.

Outlhr, G. (?660) Xj`nkje Ehj`hr3 Jhw [nrc7 _nutlhèh.

Dallaebaj, U. (?614) Lhts Palc7 Ttkema aj`tbh Klljhss Vara`kem kj Mhjtal Bhaltb, paphr

prhshjth` at tbh 11?tb

Mhhtkje ni tbh Amhrkdaj Ajtbrnpnlney Assndkatknj, ?6-?0 Jnvhmohr

?614, Dbkdaen KL.

Drhamhr, M., A.D. MdIarlajh & V. Ourehss (?668) Vsydbnpatbnlney inllnwkje trauma7 Pbh

rnlh ni suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh,Gnurjal ni Aiihdtkvh @ksnr`hrs, 29(?-4)7 158-12?.

@allakrh, _. (?668) Tbach Baj`s wktb tbh @hvkl7 Pbh Iaklurh ni Bumajkty kj _wajà3 Jhw

[nrc7 Darrnll & Erai Vuolksbhrs Kjd.

@kdcsthkj, O.@., @.T. Ynet, T. Bajà & O. Lktz (?616) Parehtkje shli-stkema kj rhturjkje

mklktary phrsnjjhl aj` vhthrajs7 A rhvkhw ni kjthrvhjtknj strathekhs,Mklktary Vsydbnlney,

??(?)7 ??0-?49.

Ikcrhtnelu, @., T. Euay, @. Vh`lar & A. Orujht (?662) Pwhlvh mnjtb ush ni bhaltb shrvkdhs kj a

jatknjally rhprhshjtatkvh, adtkvh mklktary samplh,Mh`kdal Darh, 09(?)7 ?15-??4.

Inudault, M. (1;;1)@ksdkplkjh aj` Vujksb7 Pbh Okrtb ni tbh Vrksnj3 Lnj`nj7 Vhjeukj Onncs.

Eardka, B.A., H.V. Ikjlhy, U. Lnrohr & M. Gacupdac (?611) A prhlkmkjary stu`y ni tbh

assndkatknj ohtwhhj tra`ktknjal ohbavknral jnrms aj` VPT@ symptnms kj Kraq aj` Aiebajkstaj

vhthrajs,Vsydbnlney ni Mhj & Masdulkjkty, 1?(1)7 88-94.

Ear`kjhr, T. (?614) Kj tbh sba`nw ni shrvkdh7 Yhthraj masdulkjkty aj` dkvkl-mklktary ksgujdturh

kj tbh Xjkth` Ttaths,Jnrtb Amhrkdaj @kalneuh, 19(?)7 9;-5;.


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45

Eniimaj, H. (1;91 S?669])Asylums7 Hssays nj tbh Tndkal Tktuatknj ni Mhjtal Vatkhjts aj` Ntbhr

Kjmaths3 Lnj`nj7 Vhjeukj Onncs Lt`3 (rhprkjt ni 1;91 nrkekjal).

Eniimaj, H. (1;29) Ttkema7 Jnths nj tbh Majaehmhjt ni a Tpnklh` K`hjtkty3 Jhw [nrc7 Tkmnj

& Tdbusthr.

Enul`, M., A. A`lhr, M. Wamnrsck, D. Dastrn, J. Bajkly, J. Tthhlh, T. Charjhy & J. Erhhjohre(?616) @n stkema aj` ntbhr phrdhkvh` oarrkhrs tn mhjtal bhaltb darh `kiihr adrnss Armh`

Inrdhs>,Gnurjal ni tbh _nyal Tndkhty ni Mh`kdkjh, 1647 102-189.

Erhhj, E., D. Hmslkh, @. NJhkll, C. Bujt & T. Ualchr (?616) Hxplnrkje tbh amokeuktkhs ni

masdulkjkty kj addnujts ni hmntknjal `kstrhss kj tbh mklktary amnje ynuje hx-shrvkdhmhj,

Tndkal Tdkhjdh & Mh`kdkjh, 51(;)7 1026-1022.

Ernssmaj, @. (?662) Nj Dnmoat7 Pbh Vsydbnlney aj` Vbysknlney ni @ha`ly Dnjilkdt kj Uar

aj` kj Vhadh3 Uarrknr Tdkhjdh Vuolkdatknjs.

Ernssmaj, @. (?66;) Nj Ckllkje7 Pbh Vsydbnlnekdal Dnst ni Lharjkje tn Ckll kj Uar aj` Tndkhty3

Jhw [nrc7 Oadc Oay Onncs.

Bhehluj`, A. (?668) Noghdtkvkty aj` suoghdtkvkty kj tbh htbjnerapbkd mhtbn`, Qualktatkvh

Bhaltb _hshardb, 18(8)7 905-992.

Bneh, D.U. (?616) Njdh a Uarrknr, Always a Uarrknr7 Javkeatkje tbh Prajsktknj irnm Dnmoat

tn Bnmh, Kjdlu`kje Dnmoat Ttrhss, VPT@, aj` MPOK3 Euklinr`7 Elnoh Vhqunt Vrhss.

Bneh, D.U., D.A. Dastrn, T.D. Mhsshr, @. MdEurc, @.K. Dnttkje & _.L. Cniimaj (?660)

Dnmoat `uty kj Kraq aj` Aiebajkstaj, mhjtal bhaltb prnolhms, aj` oarrkhrs tn darh,Jhw

Hjelaj` Gnurjal ni Mh`kdkjh, 481(1)7 14-??.

Lajh, G.M. & M.H. A``ks (?668) Malh ehj`hr rnlh dnjilkdt aj` patthrjs ni bhlp shhckje kj Dnsta_kda aj` tbh Xjkth` Ttaths,Vsydbnlney ni Mhj & Masdulkjkty, 9(4)7 188-192.

Lajestnj, Y., J. Erhhjohre, J. Ihar, A. Kvhrshj, D. Irhjdb & T. Uhsshly (?616) Ttkema aj`

mhjtal bhaltb kj tbh _nyal Javy7 A mkxh` mhtbn`s paphr,Gnurjal ni Mhjtal Bhaltb, 1;(1)7 2-

19.

Jasb, U.V., D. Tklva & O. Lktz (?66;) Pbh bkstnrkd nrkekjs ni mklktary aj` vhthraj mhjtal bhaltb

stkema aj` tbh strhss kjgury mn`hl as a mhajs tn rh`udh kt,Vsydbkatrkd Ajjals, 4;(2)7 52;-5;0.

Jkhuwsma, G.A. & D.M. Vhpphr (?616) Bnw htknlnekdal hxplajatknjs inr `hprhssknj kmpadtphrdhptknjs ni stkema, trhatmhjt hiihdtkvhjhss, aj` dnjtrnllaoklkty ni `hprhssknj,Gnurjal ni

Mhjtal Bhaltb, 1;(1)7 8?-91.

NOrkhj, P. (1;;6) Pbh Pbkjes Pbhy Darrkh`3 Onstnj7 Bnuebtnj Mkiilkj Bardnurt.

Vahdbthr, D. (?664) Masdulkjktkhs aj` ihmkjkjktkhs as dnmmujktkhs ni pradtkdh, Unmhjs

Ttu`khs Kjthrjatknjal Inrum, ?9(1)7 9;-55.


38/38

Var, G._. (?611)Vnst-traumatkd Ttrhss @ksnr`hr aj` tbh Mhjtal Bhaltb ni Mklktary Vhrsnjjhl

aj` Yhthrajs3 Lkorary ni Varlkamhjt Oadcernuj` Vaphr, Varlkamhjtary Kjinrmatknj &

_hshardb Thrvkdh, Vuolkdatknj Jn. ?611-;5-H.

Var, G._. & M. _aìnr` (?614) Durrhjt Kssuhs kj Mhjtal Bhaltb kj Dajaà7 Mhjtal Bhaltb kj

tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs aj` Amnje Yhthrajs3 Lkorary ni Varlkamhjt Kj Orkhi _hpnrt,

Varlkamhjtary Kjinrmatknj aj` _hshardb Thrvkdh, Vuolkdatknj Jn. ?614-;1-H.

Vrhhdh, G. & @. Malnjhy-Crkdbmar (?668) Njlkjh dnmmujktkhs7 @hskej, tbhnry, aj` pradtkdh,

Gnurjal ni Dnmputhr-Mh`kath` Dnmmujkdatknj, 16(0).

bttp7//njlkjhlkorary.wklhy.dnm/hjbajdh`/`nk/16.1111/g.1624-9161.?668.to66?90.x/

Tkms, A. & @. Tkms (1;;2) Pbh pbhjnmhjnlney ni pnst-traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr7 A

symptnmatkd stu`y ni 56 vkdtkms ni psydbnlnekdal trauma,Vsydbnpatbnlney, 41(?)7 ;9-11?.

Tpkhlohre, T. & P. Bajcs (?661)Oaj` ni Orntbhrs3 PY mkjkshrkhs.

Ttaj`kje Dnmmktthh nj Jatknjal @hihjdh (?66;)@nkje Uhll aj` @nkje Ohtthr7 Bhaltb Thrvkdhs

Vrnvk`h` tn Daja`kaj Inrdhs Vhrsnjjhl wktb aj Hmpbasks nj Vnst-Praumatkd Ttrhss @ksnr`hr3_hpnrt ni tbh Ttaj`kje Dnmmktthh nj Jatknjal @hihjdh, Envhrjmhjt ni Dajaà.

Urkebt, C.M., N.A. Daorhra, V.@. Olkhsh, A.O. A`lhr, D.U. Bneh & D.A. Dastrn (?66;) Ttkema

aj` oarrkhrs tn darh kj snl`khrs pnstdnmoat,Vsydbnlnekdal Thrvkdhs, 9(?)7 162-119.

Documents

Callaghan (2014) Man Up! Man Down!: Military Masculinity, Stigma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (MA thesis)