California PIC

7/23/2019 California PIC

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California PIC

ShellCounterplan Text – Rehabilitation ought to be valued above retribution in the UnitedStates criminal justice system outside of California! California inmates "ill be sent tocollege!

#ny permutation violates $in the% criminal justice system!&

Sending prisoners to receive a college education saves California billions of dollars!Mayeux 10 1

The irony of course or maybe this "as just the point all along is that 'utchison "as right( 'undreds of thousands of "ould)be college students have been denied access to

higher education because of money spent on prisoners but not because prisoners have been suc*ing up all the college grants! In many statesprisons no" receive far more gov ernment funding than colleges and universities do + even

though all that government funding mostly goes to keeping prisoners idle. #s California struggles to *eep not just its once)legendary state

university system but also the state itself afloat it,s "orth noting as UCL professor Chan -oriega recently calculated! that"California could send every last prisoner to a UC campus! covering allexpenses! and still save nearly #$.% &illion per year.'

. Sara /ayeux 01# at Stanford 2a" Ph!3! candidate in US 'istory at Stanford4! $Prison 'igher 5ducation Programs( #n Unfunded

Unmandate& Prison 2a" 1log! 3ecember .6th 78.8! http(99prisonla"!"ordpress!com978.89.79.69prison)higher)education)programs)an)unfunded)unmandate9



California PIC

(iodiversity )(California budget crisis is *illing state par*s no"! C**C 11$

*he prospect of California State +ark closures is again in the ne,s as the State of

California deals ,ith its continuing &udget crisis. There are ho"ever private alternatives that should be considered before

closing the par*s! Increased public funding of the par*s just isn,t an option! *he failure of +roposition $1 last -ovember made that

clear! 1y soundly defeating the proposition voters declared their opposition to increasing taxes to maintainstate parks as they are today . Countless surveys and actual par* use demonstrate that "hile Californians love their state par*s they also ,ant them managed ,ithin availa&le resources. The State of California has exhausted the governmental solutions to

the dilemma! #nd so California State Par*s have no alternatives other than to close par*s or find non)governmental funding solutions to sustain them! In the past privatelyfunded solutions have been dismissed out of hand! Though today no solution that "ould *eep our state par* system viable should be discarded! So let,s consider thesealternatives(

California state par*s are *ey to strong biodiversity hotspots! -art et al. 1% %

# single California valley might contain several microclimates! In the fog belt it might be dri::ly and misty all day long even "hile a mile or t"o a"ay the sun is shining in the banana belt! ;hen comparing net"or*s of valleys California sees just as much diversity! Red"ood groves meet grassland meado"s sno"y mountains fall to desert floors and

temperate belts facilitate year)round agriculture! This is one of the reasons California is teeming ,ith tall trees and diverse and plentiful

ocean life! It,s a state full of &iodiversity hotspots+areas "here microclimates and evolution have fostered poc*ets of rare plants and animals! <et

microclimates are sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation! Small climate changes have a big impact! This is one of the reasons hotspots "ill suffer as climatechange continues! There is gro"ing conviction among conservation biologists that greater biodiversity also confers greater resilience "ithin ecosystems! Resilience refers to theability of an ecosystem to maintain its functions in the face of disturbance! # climate resilient ecosystem "ould retain its functions and ecosystem services in the face of climate

change! In fact state parks in California represent the $hottest of hotspots& by protecting ever moreendangered plant and animal species. 1y preserving these ecosystems "e help address climate change! In addition

parks create &uffers around hotspots. 1y providing open space ones aroundcritical ha&itats resiliency is increased! These buffers assist ecosystems in their struggle to maintain

&alance. Preservation not only ma*es biodiversity hotspots more resilient to change but buffers provide plants and animals "ith space to expand and shift!

California State +arks also connect ha&itats! providing opportunities fordisplaced species to relocate. In light of climate change many species are beginning to see* higher elevation habitats "here precipitation

and temperature no" mimic the climate in lo"er region. s species move! they ,ill need protectedcorridors to migrate! Climate change poses a particular threat to existing "ildlife corridors! 1usinesses and homes may have to move posing ne" development

threats to open spaces! 1y connecting high elevation hills to the beach and lin*ing valleys together par*s preserve corridors from development!

1iodiversity hotspots are *ey to global biodiversity!

Conservation International 1%/

2ife on 5arth faces a crisis of historical and planetary proportions! Unsustainable consumption in many northern countries and crushing poverty in the tropics are destroying "ild nature! 1iodiversity is besieged! 5xtinction is the gravest aspect of the biodiversity crisis( it is irreversible! ;hile extinction is a natural process human impacts haveelevated the rate of extinction by at least a thousand possibly several thousand times the natural rate! /ass extinctions of this magnitude have only occurred five times in the

history of our planet= the last brought the end of the dinosaur age! In a ,orld ,here conservation &udgets areinsufficient given the num&er of species threatened ,ith extinction!identifying conservation priorities is crucial. 1ritish ecologist -orman /yers defined the

&iodiversity hotspot concept in .>66 to addresses the dilemma that conservationists face( ,hat areasare the most immediately important for conserving &iodiversity ? The biodiversity hotspots hold especially high

numbers of endemic species yet their combined area of remaining habitat covers only 7!@ percent of the 5arthAs land surface! 5ach hotspot faces extreme threats and has already

lost at least B8 percent of its original natural vegetation! 2ver 30 percent of the ,orld4s plant species and /$percent of all terrestrial verte&rate species are endemic to the @ &iodiversityhotspots.

7 California Travel and Tourism Commission! $-e" #pproaches to Dunding State Par*s!& Debruary 76 th 78..!

http(99industry!visitcalifornia!com9insights9sec!aspx?idE1D11658DF@87@31318D.>#7FCB6.63

@ Caryl 'art Ph!3! and Gac*son Hanfleet)1ro"n! $1iological 3iversity!& California 3epartment of Par*s and Recreation! 78.@!

http(99"""!par*s!ca!gov9?pageidE7F...

Conservation International! $The 1iodiversity 'otspots!& 78.@!

http(99"""!conservation!org9"here9priorityareas9hotspots9Pages9hotspotsmain!aspx



California PIC

1iodiversity loss causes extinction! 5iner 6/3

1iologically diverse ecosystems are characteri:ed by a large number of specialist species filling narro" ecological niches! These ecosystems are inherently more stable than less

diverse systems( J7*he more complex the ecosystem! the more successfully it can resist a

stress.!!KlLi*e a net in "hich each *not is connected to others by several strands such a fabric can resist collapse better than a simple unbranched circle of threads

"hich if cut any"here brea*s do"n as a "hole!J 1y causing "idespread extinctions humans have artificially simplified many ecosystems! s &iologicalsimplicity rises! so does the risk of ecosystem failure. *he spreading Saharadesert in frica! and the dust&o,l conditions of the .>@8s in the U.S. are relatively mildexamples of "hat might be expected if this trend continues! Theoretically each ne, animal or plant extinction! ,ith all itsdimly perceived and intert,ined affects! could cause total ecosystemcollapse! and human extinction. Certainly each ne" extinction increases the ris* of disaster! 2i*e a mechanic removing one by one

the rivets from an aircraftAs "ings man*ind may be edging closer to the abyss!

1iodiversity loss causes nuclear "ar! *akacs 688

So &iodiversity keeps the ,orld running. It has value and of itself as "ell as for us! Raven 5r"in and ;ilson oblige us to

thin* about the value of biodiversity for our o"n lives! The 5hrlichs, rivet)popper trope ma*es this same point= by eliminating rivets "e play Russian roulette "ith global ecology

and human futures( $It is li*ely that destruction of the rich complex of species in the maon basin could

trigger rapid changes in glo&al climate patterns! #griculture remains heavily dependent on stable climate and human beingsremain heavily dependent on food! 1y the end of the century the extinction of perhaps a million species in the #ma:on basin could have entrained famines in "hich a billion

human beings perished! #nd if our species is very unluc*y the famines could lead to a thermonuclear ,ar "hich could extinguish

civili:ation!& .@ 5lse"here 5hrlich uses different particulars "ith no less drama( ;hat then "ill happen if the current decimation of organic diversity continues? Crop yields ,ill &e more difficult to maintain in the face of climatic change soil erosion loss of dependable "ater supplies

decline of pollinators and ever more serious assaults by pests! Conversion of productive land to ,asteland ,illaccelerate= deserts "ill continue their seemingly inexorable expansion! ir pollution ,ill increase and local climates "ill become

harsher! 'umanity "ill have to forgo many of the direct economic benefits it might have "ithdra"n from 5arthAs "ellstoc*ed genetic library! It might for example miss out on a

cure for cancer= but that "ill ma*e little difference! #s ecosystem services faltermortality from respiratory and epidemic disease! natural

disasters! and especially famine ,ill lo,er life expectancies to the point "here cancer 0largely a disease of the

elderly4 "ill be unimportant! -umanity ,ill &ring upon itself conse9uences depressingly similar to those

expected from a nuclear ,inter. 1arring a nuclear conflict it appears that civili:ation "ill disappear some time before the end of the next century ) not

"ith a bang but a "himper!

M 3avid - 3iner K/ajor U!S! #rmyL JThe #rmy and the 5ndangered Species #ct( ;hoAs 5ndangering ;hom?J Gudge #dvocate

Nfficer Oraduate Course 0#pril .>>4 """!dtic!mil9cgi)bin9OetTR3oc?#3E#3#MFM.2ocationEU7docEOetTR3oc!pdf

F Ta*acs 5nvironmental 'umanities Prof Q CSU /onteray 1ay .>>F 03avid $The Idea of 1iodiversity( Philosophies of Paradise&

pg! 788)78.4

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA456541&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf





California PIC

:con )(

California budget crisis *ills the US economy! Matthe,s 6;

The California &udget crisis could have national implications. 2f all the states!California has the &iggest economy and it also has the biggest budget crisis! ;hat that means to the rest of the country is just no"

beginning to sin* in! STNR<( Oovernor declares ne" state of emergency 5arlier this year Treasury Secretary Tim Oeithner suggested the Dederal government "as "illing to lend

a hand to California but t"o "ee*s ago the presidentAs spo*esman said no! J;eAll continue to monitor the challenges that they have but this budgetary problem unfortunately isone that theyAre going to have to solveJ says ;hite 'ouse Press Secretary Robert Oibbs! Tuesday Senator 1arbara 1oxer 3)Calif! said stimulus money is coming but some of it

"ill depend on California having a budget! J#nd "e are assuming that the state "ill get its act together because under the Constitution it must get its act togetherJ says Sen!

1oxer! 1ut the state hasnAt yet and the 9uestion &eing asked in <ashington can the U.S.economy recover ,ithout California.

US is *ey to the global economy! Caploe 6=

I- T'5 aftermath of the O)78 summit most observers seem to have missed perhaps the most crucial statement of the entire event made by United States President 1arac*Nbama at his pre)conference meeting "ith 1ritish Prime /inister Oordon 1ro"n( AThe "orld has become accustomed to the US being a voracious consumer mar*et the enginethat drives a lot of economic gro"th "orld"ideA he said! AIf there is going to be rene"ed gro"th it just canAt be the US as the engine!A ;hile superficially sensible this vie" is

deeply problematic! To begin "ith it ignores the fact that the glo&al economy has in fact &een 7merica>centred7for more than 80 years! Countries ) China Gapan Canada 1ra:il orea /exico and so on ) either sell to the US or they sell to countries that sell

to the US! This system has generally been advantageous for all concerned! #merica gained certain historically unprecedented benefits but the system also enabled participating

countries ) first in ;estern 5urope and Gapan and later many in the Third ;orld ) to achieve undreamt)of prosperity! #t the same time this deep inter>

connection &et,een the US and the rest of the ,orld also explains ho, thecollapse of a relatively small sector of the US economy ) Asub)primeA housing logarithmically

exponentialised by ;all StreetAs ingenious chicanery ) has cascaded into the ,orst glo&al economic crisissince the ?reat 5epression! To put it simply /r Nbama doesnAt seem to understand that there is no otherengine for the ,orld economy ) and hasnAt been for the last six decades! If the US does not driveglo&al economic gro,th! gro,th is not going to happen! Thus US policies to deal "ith the current crisis

are critical not just domestically but also to the entire "orld! Conseuently it is a matter of global concern that the Nbama administration seems to be follo"ing GapanAs AmodelAfrom the .>>8s( allo"ing major ban*s to avoid declaring massive losses openly and transparently and so perpetuating A:ombieA ban*s ) technically alive but in reality dead! #sanalysts li*e -obel laureates Goseph Stiglit: and Paul rugman have pointed out the administrationAs un"illingness to confront US ban*s is the main reason "hy they arecontinuing their increasingly inexplicable credit free:e thus ravaging the #merican and global economies! Team Nbama seems reluctant to ac*no"ledge the extent to "hich itspolicies at home are failing not just there but around the "orld as "ell! ;hich raises the uestion( If the US canAt or "onAt or doesnAt "ant to be the global economic engine

"hich country "ill? The obvious ans"er is China! 1ut that is unrealistic for three reasons! DirstChina7s economic health is more tiedto merica7s than practically any other country in the "orld! Indeed the reason China has so many dollars to invest every"here ) "hether in US Treasury bonds

or in #frica ) is precisely that it has structured its o"n economy to complement #mericaAs! *he only ,ay China can serve as the

engine of the glo&al economy is if the US starts pulling it first ! Second the US)centred system

began at a time "hen its domestic demand far outstripped that of the rest of the "orld! The fundamental source of its economic po"er is its ability to act as the global consumerof last resort! China ho"ever is a poor country "ith lo" per capita income even though it "ill soon pass Gapan as the "orldAs second largest economy! There are realpossibilities for gro"th in ChinaAs domestic demand! 1ut given its structure as an export)oriented economy it is doubtful if even a successful Chinese stimulus plan can pull therest of the "orld along unless and until China can start selling again to the US on a massive scale! Dinally the *ey AsystemA issue for China ) or for the 5uropean Union ) inthin*ing about becoming the engine of the "orld economy ) is monetary( ;hat are the implications of having your domestic currency become the global reserve currenc y? Thisis an extremely complex issue that the US has struggled "ith not al"ays successfully from .>M> to the present! ;ithout going into detail it can safely be said that though havingthe US dollar as the "orldAs medium of exchange has given the US some tremendous advantages it has also created huge problems both for #merica and the global economicsystem! The Chinese leadership is certainly familiar "ith this history! It "ill try to avoid the yuan becoming an international medium of exchange until it feels much more

confident in its ability to handle the manifold currency problems that the US has grappled "ith for decades! Oiven all this the US ,ill remain theengine of glo&al economic recovery for the foreseea&le future even though other countries

must certainly help! This crisis began in the US ) and it is going to have to be solved there too!

B /ar* /atthe"s! $C#,s budget crisis could affect US economy& #1C San Drancisco! Guly .st 788>!

http(99abclocal!go!com9*go9story?sectionEne"s9politicsidEF6>6M

6 3avid C5N of the Singapore)incorporated #merican Centre for #pplied 2iberal #rts and 'umanities in #sia! $Docus still on

#merica to lead global recovery& #pril B The Strait Times lexis



California PIC

5conomic crisis causes nuclear "ar–strong statistical support! @oyal 10 6

2ess intuitive is ho" periods of economic decline may increase the li*elihood of external conflict! Political science literature has contributed a moderate degree of attention to theimpact of economic decline and the security and defense behavior of interdependent states! Research in this vein has been considered at systemic dyadic and national levels!

Several notable contributions follo"! Dirst on the systemic level Pollins 078864 advances Modelski and *hompson,s 0.>>F4 "or* on leadership

cycle theory finding that rhythms in the glo&al economy are associated ,ith the rise and fall of a

pre)eminent po"er and the often &loody transition from one pre)eminent leader to the next. #s such exogenous

shocks such as economic crises could usher in a redistri&ution of relativepo,er 0see also Oilpin .>6.4 that leads to

uncertainty about po"er balances increasing the ris* of miscalculation 0Dearon .>>M4! #lternatively even a relatively certain redistribution

of po"er could lead to a permissive environment for conflicts as a rising po,er may seek to challenge a decliningpo,er 0;erner .>>>4! Separately Pollins 0.>>F4 also sho"s that global economic cycles combined "ith parallel leadership cycles impact the li*elihood of conflict

among major medium and small po"ers although he suggests that the causes and connections bet"een global economic conditions and security conditions remains un*no"n!Second on a dyadic level Copeland,s 0.>>F 78884 theory of trade expectations suggest that $future expectation of trade& is a significant variable in understanding economicconditions and security behavior of states! 'e argues that interdependent states are li*ely to gain pacific benefits from trade so long as they have an optimistic vie" of future

trade relations! 'o"ever if the expectations of future trade decline particularly for difficult to replace item such as energy

resources the li*elihood for conflict increases as states "ill be inclined to use force to gain access to those resources! Crises could potentially be the

trigger for decreased trade expectations either on its o"n or because it triggers protectionist moves by interdependent states! Third others have considered the lin* bet"eeneconomic decline and external armed conflict at a national level! 1lomberg and 'ess 078874 find a strong correlation bet"een internal conflict and external conflict particularlyduring periods of economic do"nturn! They "rite The lin*ages bet"een internal and external conflict and prosperity are strong and mutually reinforcing! 5conomic conflicttends to spa"n internal conflict "hich in turn returns the favor! /oreover the presence of a recession tends to amplify the extent to "hich international and external conflicts

self)reinforce each other! 01lomberg and 'ess 7887 p! 6>4 5conomic decline has also &een linked ,ith an increase in the

li*elihood of terrorism 01lomberg 'ess and ;eerapana 7884 "hich has the capacity to spill across borders and lead to external tensions! Durthermore

crises generally reduce the popularity of a sitting government. $3iversionary theory& suggests that "hen

facing unpopularity arising from economic decline sitting governments have increased incentives to fa&ricate external

military conflicts to create a "rally around the flag' effect! ;ang 0.>>F4 3eRouen 0.>>M4 and 1lomberg 'ess

and Thac*er 0788F4 find supporting evidence sho"ing that economic decline and use of force are at least indirectly correlated! Oelpi 0.>>B4 /iller 0.>>>4 and isangani andPic*ering 0788>4 suggest that the tendency to"ards diversionary tactics are greater for democratic states than autocratic states due to the fact the democratic leaders aregenerally more susceptible to being removed from office due to lac* of domestic support! 3e 3eRouen 078884 has provided evidence sho"ing that periods of "ea* economicperformance in the United States and thus "ea* Presidential popularity are statically lin*ed to an increase in the use of force! In summary recent economic scholarshippositively correlates economic integration "ith an increase in the freuency of economic crises "hereas political science scholarship lin*s economic decline "ith externalconflict at systemic dyadic and national levels! This implied connection bet"een integration crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in economic)security debateand deserves more attention! This observation is not contradictory to other perspectives that lin* economic interdependence "ith a decrease in the li*elihood of external conflictsuch as those mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter! Those studies tend to focus on dyadic interdependence instead of global interdependence and do not specificallyconsider the occurrence of and conditions created by economic crises! #s such the vie" presented here should be considered ancillary to those vie"s!

> Gedediah Royal director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U!S! 3epartment of 3efense 5conomics of ;ar and Peace(

5conomic 2egal and Political Perspectives 78.8 pg 7.@)7.M



California PIC

* Surplus )o,

The $budget surplus& is a farce! It,s not money that can be put into California statepar*s! -alper $A1=10

S#CR#/5-TN )) The surge of revenue that sho"ed up unexpectedly in state coffers last month has been the source of all manner of speculation here! ;hen all the tax receipts

"ere counted the state had collected more than #3 &illion &eyond ,hat had &een

initially proBected for anuary. That is more tax dollars than are allocated to the entire state university system in a year! The revenue

bump "as historic! *he 9uestion for budget experts ,as ,hether the ,indfall ,as real moneythat la,makers could &egin allocating to,ard government programs and tax brea*s >> or

"hether it amounted to an accounting anomaly that ,ould &e offset &y a huge dip inrevenue later in the budget year. ?ov. Gerry (ro,n4s &udget office no" advises in an official cash report that it is pro&a&ly the latter. 2a"ma*ers need not do very much reading bet"een the lines to reali:e that (ro,n doesnot see the surge as occasion to pack the &udget ,ith extra spending. The report says

the extra revenue "as Jli*ely the result of major tax la" changes at the federal and state level having a significant impact in the timing of revenue receipts!& That is taxpayers arepaying a big share of their bill early getting income off their boo*s in the hope of limiting exposure to the tax hi*es that recently *ic*ed in! The administration "as expecting thatmoney to arrive in #pril! -o" it is saying it "on,t and that just as Ganuary,s receipts soared Californians can expect them to be offset by a big plunge in the spring!

.8 5van 'alper 0staff "riter4! $1udget "indfall could be gone by spring!& 2os #ngeles Times! Debruary .6th 78.@!

http(99"""!latimes!com9ne"s9local9political9la)me)pc)budget)"indfall)[email protected]@8F8!story

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California PIC