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CALIFORNIA MARINE
BIOTOXINS:
Overview of Statewide
Monitoring Program
Marine Biotoxin Monitoring Program
California Department of Public HealthEnvironmental Management Branch
Gregg Langlois
Marine Biotoxin BackgroundMarine Biotoxin Background
Naturally occurring: All Climatic Regimesnerve toxins: nuisance to deadlyproduced by a few phytoplankton species
Dinoflagellates: PSP, NSP, DSPDiatoms: ASP
Bioconcentrated: food chain transportNo antidotes (including garlic butter, EtOH)
Marine Biotoxin BackgroundMarine Biotoxin Background
Regions with History of OutbreaksRegions with History of OutbreaksRegions with only Recent OutbreaksRegions with only Recent Outbreaks
GuatamalaGuatamala: 1987, 26 deaths (PSP; P. : 1987, 26 deaths (PSP; P. bahamensebahamense))PhillipinesPhillipines: 1983, 21 deaths (PSP): 1983, 21 deaths (PSP)Canada: 1987, 4 deaths (ASP)Canada: 1987, 4 deaths (ASP)New Zealand: 1993, 180 cases (NSP, PSP)New Zealand: 1993, 180 cases (NSP, PSP)
Global Increase in Frequency and DistributionGlobal Increase in Frequency and Distribution
Marine Biotoxin BackgroundMarine Biotoxin Background
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) ToxinsDinoflagellate: Alexandrium catenellaProgram (field, lab, management) built around this one toxin
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) = Domoic Acid
Diatom: Pseudo-nitzschia spp.Overnight challenge to existing program: field, lab, management
Alexandrium
Pseudo-nitzschia
PSP Health Effects
Sodium Channel BlockerAlert Level: ≥ 80 ug/100 g tissueMild Symptoms: 200 - 400 ug
(numbness of extremities, headache)Moderate/Severe: 500 - 2000 ug
(loss of coordination, difficulty breathing)Severe Symptoms: > 2000 ug
(paralysis, respiratory failure, death)
1927 – 1936:PSP toxin assay begins using newly developed mouse bioassay.
PSP Assay: Mouse Bioassay
HN
R4
R1
R2R3
O
ON N
NHNH N+
2
NH +2
H
OHOH
Saxitoxin
2007:Only approved method (FDA)Low sensitivity (40 ug/100 g)Labor intensiveRequires large quantities of materialsLimited to central lab concept
D.A. Health Effects
Neuroexcitatory Amino Acid (glutamate receptors)Alert Level: 20 ug/g (ppm)Mild Symptoms: 27 - 75 ppm
(GI: cramps, diarrhea, vomiting)
Moderate : 40 - 700 ug(headache, disorientation)
Severe Symptoms: > 450 ug(loss of short-term memory, seizure, coma, death)
DA Analysis: HPLCHigh capital expenseSimple methodology
Methanol extractionSmall sample sizeTransferable to other labs
Automated: rapid throughputLow detection limit (~ 1 ppm)
M. A. Quilliam. Chemical methods for domoic acid, the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin. In: G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson & A.D. Cembella (Eds.), Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, Vol. 11, Chapter 9. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO), Paris, 247-266 (2003).
R
E
Z
Alternative Analytical MethodsDomoic Acid
Immunoassays (Biosense, NOAA, Jellett)Jellett test is qualitative (presence/absence)
PSP ToxinsLawrence HPLC MethodReceptor Binding AssayImmunoassay (Jellett)
Shuck musselsShuck musselsMolluscoMollusco--maticmatic
ExtractExtract(acidified IPA)(acidified IPA)
FilterFilterJellett Rapid Test: PSPJellett Rapid Test: PSP
Wait 30 minutesWait 30 minutesAdd extract to Add extract to
bufferbufferAdd buffer to stripAdd buffer to strip
1. Plankton Sampling 2. Plankton observations
3. Decision: run tests on plankton, shellfish?4. Decision: ship samples to lab?
Monitoring DataMonitoring DataShellfish
Traditional ApproachTesting Food for ToxinTide, Weather DependentLow Frequency, High Cost
PhytoplanktonAdvanced warningRelation to toxicityNot limited by tide, weatherImmunoassay (Jellett)
InterannualInterannual VariabilityVariabilityPSP Toxicity in California: 1981 - 2006
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1/1/
1981
1/1/
1982
1/1/
1983
1/1/
1984
1/1/
1985
1/1/
1986
1/1/
1987
1/1/
1988
1/1/
1989
1/1/
1990
1/1/
1991
1/1/
1992
1/1/
1993
1/1/
1994
1/1/
1995
1/1/
1996
1/1/
1997
1/1/
1998
1/1/
1999
1/1/
2000
1/1/
2001
1/1/
2002
1/1/
2003
1/1/
2004
1/1/
2005
1/1/
2006
Date
PSP
Toxi
city
(ug/
100
g)
10,000 ug14,000 ug
Domoic Acid Concentrations in California: 1991 - 2006
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1/1/
1991
1/1/
1992
1/1/
1993
1/1/
1994
1/1/
1995
1/1/
1996
1/1/
1997
1/1/
1998
1/1/
1999
1/1/
2000
1/1/
2001
1/1/
2002
1/1/
2003
1/1/
2004
1/1/
2005
1/1/
2006
Date
Dom
oic
Aci
d (p
pm)
Biological Cues:Phytoplankton
Photo courtesy of Kai Schumann
“RED TIDES”“RED TIDES”Vast majority are nontoxic
Anecdotal health effectsWildlife impactsEconomic impacts“Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)”
Alexandrium rarely “blooms” Photo courtesy of Tara Crow, Santa Monica Pier Aquarium
Phytoplankton Monitoring
Ceratium
Easy to do in the field:Plankton net, field microscopeToxic species easily to IDRapid throughputLow cost: Volunteer-basedNot weather/tide dependent
Alexandrium
Chaetoceros sp.
Alexandrium: Seasonal Relative Abundance Variability(1993 - 2006)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 29 55 83 110 136 163 187 209 232 255 281 306 334 362
Days (Julian)
Rel
ativ
e A
bund
ance
Inde
x
Phyto Data:-Alexandrium:
-Not usually present
-Low #s = Toxicity
-Presence triggers response
Phyto Data:-Pseudo-nitzschia:
-Often present
-Track increases
-Monospecific blooms
-Increasing #s triggers response
Pseudo-nitzschia: Seasonal Variability in Relative Abuncance Index(1993 - 2005)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 18 33 46 61 73 86 96 105
114
122
131
140
149
158
166
176
185
195
204
212
221
229
239
248
258
268
281
293
303
315
326
340
354
Days (Julian)
Rel
ativ
e A
bund
ance
Inde
x
Environmental Cues:Remote Sensing Data: Buoys
Environmental Cues15 Day Upwelling Indices: 1989 - 2005
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
01/0
1/89
01/0
1/90
01/0
1/91
01/0
1/92
01/0
1/93
01/0
1/94
01/0
1/95
01/0
1/96
01/0
1/97
01/0
1/98
01/0
1/99
01/0
1/00
01/0
1/01
01/0
1/02
01/0
1/03
01/0
1/04
01/0
1/05
Date
Upw
ellin
g In
dex
39N125W
Upwelling Index
Sea Surface Temperatures: SF Buoy
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
1/1/
1989
1/1/
1990
1/1/
1991
1/1/
1992
1/1/
1993
1/1/
1994
1/1/
1995
1/1/
1996
1/1/
1997
1/1/
1998
1/1/
1999
1/1/
2000
1/1/
2001
1/1/
2002
1/1/
2003
1/1/
2004
Year
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
) Sea Surface Temperature
(SST)
Environmental Cues:Environmental Cues:Remote Sensing Data: Satellites
Sea Surface Temperatures via AVHRR: Advanced Very High ResolutioSea Surface Temperatures via AVHRR: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometryn Radiometry
8.89.6
10.411.212.012.813.614.415.216.016.817.618.419.220.0
215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250DAYS (Julian)
100
200
300
PSP
TOXI
NS
(ug)
August 15, 1994
August 25, 1994
8.89.6
10.411.212.012.813.614.415.216.016.817.618.419.220.0
215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250DAYS (Julian)
100
200
300
PSP
TOXI
NS
(ug)
September 3, 1994
8.89.6
10.411.212.012.813.614.415.216.016.817.618.419.220.0
215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250DAYS (Julian)
100
200
300
PSP
TOXI
NS
(ug)
Environmental Cues:Environmental Cues:Marine Mammal Strandings
Symptoms typical of Domoic Acid poisoning (seizures)
Integrated Monitoring: 2009Environmental Data:
Offshore Buoy SSTImagery: AVHRR and SeaWifsMarine mammal strandingsBloom transport tracking models
Phytoplankton DataField sampling, field/lab observations: toxic speciesField test kits: cell toxicityGene probes: toxic species
Shellfish Toxicity DataImproved lab methods: automated, rapid, nonproprietary
Field screening for toxins (cull negatives; harvest info)
Photo courtesy of Todd Warshaw
Acknowledgements:Del Norte County Health DepartmentU.C. Sea Grant ExtensionCoast Seafoods CompanyHumboldt Co. Environmental Health Dept.CDHS VolunteersMendocino Co. Environmental Health Dept.CDHS VolunteerCalifornia Department of Fish and GameCDHS VolunteersCordell Banks National Marine SanctuaryBodega Marine LabJohnson Oyster CompanyDrakes Bay Oyster CompanyHog Island Oyster CompanyMarin Oyster CompanyCove Mussel CompanyCDHS/UCSC Cal-PReEMPTThe Marine Mammal Center (TMMC)San Francisco County Health DepartmentGulf of the Farallones Nat. Marine SantuaryCDHS VolunteersSan Mateo Co. Environmental Health Dept.TMMC/CDHS VolunteersSanta Cruz Co. Environmental Health Dept.U.C. Santa Cruz (UCSC)CDHS/UCSC Cal-PReEMPTTMMC/CDHS VolunteersPacific Cetacean GroupCDHS VolunteersMonterey Abalone CompanyTMMC/CDHS VolunteersMarine Pollution Studies LaboratoryNOAA Coastal Discovery CenterWilliams Shellfish CompanyTomales Bay Oyster Company (Morro Bay)
Morro Bay National Estuary ProgramMorro Bay Natural History MuseumCalifornia Department of Fish and GameTenera EnvironmentalTMMC/CDHS VolunteersCDHS/UCSC Cal-PReEMPTVandenberg AFBCalif. Department of Parks and RecreationU.C. Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara City CollegeSanta Barbara Mariculture CompanyEcomar, Inc.Santa Barbara Channel KeeperNational Park ServiceChannel Island National Marine SanctuarySB CDHS VolunteersVentura Co. Environmental Health Dept.Pt. Mugu NASVentura CDHS VolunteersLos Angeles Co. Health Dept.Los Angeles County Sanitation DistrictCity of L.A. Environmental Monitoring Div.Regional Water Quality Control BoardCatalina Island Marine InstituteCatalina Tall Ships ExpeditionsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaAquarium of the Pacific, Long BeachL.A. CDHS VolunteersOrange County Sanitation DistrictOcean InstituteEcomar, Inc.Orange CDHS VolunteersSan Diego CDHS VolunteersCarlsbad Aquafarms Inc.Scripps Institute of OceanographyAvian Research AssociationU.S. Navy