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Chapter 1Biology: The Study of Life . . . 2What You’ll Learn: The characteristicsof life and scientific methods

1.1 What is biology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 The Methods of Biology . . . . . . 11

1.3 The Nature of Biology . . . . . . . 19

Unit 1 LabsInternet BioLab24MiniLabs6, 14, 22Problem-Solving Labs16, 20Unit 1 Review BioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . 30

A coral reef, p. 116

Units 1–2Physical ScienceConnections52, 53, 71, 118, 119

Steve Wolper/DRK Photo

California Biology Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA1

The California Biology Handbook includes correlations of the Biology/LifeScience standards to the content in Biology: The Dynamics of Life. Alsoincluded is a weekly standards practice to help master the content standards.

Unit 2 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLab 58Investigate BioLabs84, 104Internet BioLab126MiniLabs36, 54, 67, 73, 92, 102,112, 122Problem-Solving Labs37, 50, 68, 72, 95, 101,115, 124

Unit 2 Review BioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . 132

Chapter 2Principles of Ecology . . . . . 34What You’ll Learn: The aspects of anorganism’s environment and how energyflows through an ecosystem

2.1 Organisms andTheir Environment . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow . . . . 46

Chapter 3Communities and Biomes . . . 64What You’ll Learn: What determineswhere species live and the differentbiomes of Earth

3.1 Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.2 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Chapter 4Population Biology . . . . . . . 90What You’ll Learn: What controls popu-lation growth and issues in human popula-tion growth

4.1 Population Dynamics . . . . . . . . . 91

4.2 Human Population . . . . . . . . . . 100

Chapter 5Biological Diversity andConservation . . . . . . . . . . 110What You’ll Learn: What biodiversity isand how it is endangered and conserved

5.1 Vanishing Species . . . . . . . . . . . 111

5.2 Conservation of Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

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Unit 4 Review BioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . 360

Chapter 6The Chemistry of Life . . . . 140What You’ll Learn: What an atom is,the importance of water, and the role of carbon compounds in organisms

6.1 Atoms and Their Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

6.2 Water and Diffusion . . . . . . . 152

6.3 Life Substances . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Chapter 7A View of the Cell . . . . . . . 170What You’ll Learn: All the parts of a celland how eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes

7.1 The Discovery of Cells . . . . . . 171

7.2 The Plasma Membrane . . . . . 175

7.3 Eukaryotic Cell Structure . . . . 179

Chapter 8Cellular Transport andthe Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . 194What You’ll Learn: How moleculesenter a cell and how a cell divides

8.1 Cellular Transport . . . . . . . . . . . 195

8.2 Cell Growth andReproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

8.3 Control of the Cell Cycle . . . . 211

Chapter 9Energy in a Cell . . . . . . . . . 220What You’ll Learn: The importance ofATP to life

9.1 The Need for Energy . . . . . . . 221

9.2 Photosynthesis: Trappingthe Sun’s Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

9.3 Getting Energy to Make ATP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Unit 3 Review BioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . 244

Unit 3 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLab164Investigate BioLabs188, 214Internet BioLab238MiniLabs151, 155, 173, 182, 198,209, 226, 228, 236Problem-Solving Labs145, 154, 176, 180, 203,204, 212, 222, 235

Unit 4 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLab330Investigate BioLabs302, 354Internet BioLab274MiniLabs254, 268, 293, 300, 310,327, 343, 350Problem-Solving Labs262, 264, 283, 291, 299,311, 318, 326, 339, 347,353

Chapter 10Mendel and Meiosis . . . . . 252What You’ll Learn: The basic conceptsof genetics and how a cell forms gametes

10.1 Mendel’s Laws of Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

10.2 Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Chapter 11DNA and Genes . . . . . . . . 280What You’ll Learn: The structure andfunction of DNA and how mutations affectthis fundamental molecule

11.1 DNA: The Moleculeof Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

11.2 From DNA to Protein . . . . . . . 288

11.3 Genetic Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Chapter 12Patterns of Heredity andHuman Genetics . . . . . . . . . 308What You’ll Learn: How traits are inherited

12.1 Mendelian Inheritanceof Human Traits . . . . . . . . . . . 309

12.2 When Heredity FollowsDifferent Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

12.3 Complex Inheritance of Human Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Chapter 13Genetic Technology . . . . . 336What You’ll Learn: How the inheritanceof genes can be altered to benefit human life

13.1 Applied Genetics . . . . . . . . . . 337

13.2 Recombinant DNA Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

13.3 The Human Genome . . . . . . . 349

An arctic fox, p. 321

Units 3–6Physical ScienceConnections146, 148, 152, 153, 171,177, 185, 296, 369, 493,515

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Chapter 14The History of Life . . . . . . . 368What You’ll Learn: The connectionbetween fossils and the geologic time scaleand some theories concerning the origin of life

14.1 The Record of Life . . . . . . . . . 369

14.2 The Origin of Life . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Chapter 15The Theory of Evolution . . . 392What You’ll Learn: The evidences forhow different life forms may have changedover time

15.1 Natural Selection and theEvidence for Evolution . . . . . 393

15.2 Mechanisms of Evolution . . . 404

Chapter 16Primate Evolution . . . . . . . 420What You’ll Learn: The characteristicsof primates and evidences for the ancestry ofhumans

16.1 Primate Adaptation andEvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

16.2 Human Ancestry . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Chapter 17Organizing Life’s Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442What You’ll Learn: How organisms areclassified

17.1 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

17.2 The Six Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . 450

Unit 5 Review BioDigest and Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . 466

Unit 5 LabsInvestigate BioLabs386, 436, 460Internet BioLab414MiniLabs371, 376, 398, 407, 425,429, 446, 453Problem-Solving Labs372, 384, 397, 426, 433,447, 456

Unit 6 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLabs496, 522Internet BioLab544MiniLabs476, 490, 506, 511, 530,538Problem-Solving Labs480, 492, 508, 514, 518,534, 542

Chapter 18Viruses and Bacteria . . . . . 474What You’ll Learn: The structure, repro-duction, and importance of viruses and bacteria

18.1 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

18.2 Archaebacteria and Eubacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Chapter 19Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy, char-acteristics, and importance of protists

19.1 The World of Protists . . . . . . 503

19.2 Algae: Plantlike Protists . . . . 510

19.3 Slime Molds, Water Molds,and Downy Mildews . . . . . . . 517

Chapter 20Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy, char-acteristics, and importance of fungi

20.1 What is a fungus? . . . . . . . . . . 529

20.2 The Diversity of Fungi . . . . . . 535

Unit 6 ReviewBioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Geographic isolation, p. 409

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Unit 7 ReviewBioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

Unit 7 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLab 570Investigate BioLab658Internet BioLabs598, 626MiniLabs561, 566, 586, 589, 608,620, 634, 657Problem-Solving Labs563, 567, 578, 584, 611,619, 624, 640, 644

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Chapter 21 What is a plant? . . . . . . . . . 558What You’ll Learn: How plants areadapted to life on land and how they areclassified

21.1 Adapting to Life on Land . . . . 559

21.2 Survey of the Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

Chapter 22 The Diversity of Plants . . . 576What You’ll Learn: The characteristicsand importance of plants

22.1 Nonvascular Plants . . . . . . . . . . 577

22.2 Non-Seed Vascular Plants . . . . 581

22.3 Seed Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Chapter 23Plant Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . 604What You’ll Learn: The structure andfunction of plant cells, tissues, and organsand how plants respond to their environment

23.1 Plant Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . 605

23.2 Roots, Stems, and Leaves . . . . 612

23.3 Plant Responses . . . . . . . . . . . 622

Chapter 24Reproduction in Plants . . . . 632What You’ll Learn: The life cycles of dif-ferent kinds of plants and the structure of aflower

24.1 Life Cycles of Mosses, Ferns, and Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

24.2 Flowers and Flowering . . . . . 641

24.3 The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

Clover fern, p. 584

Units 7–8Physical ScienceConnections564, 655, 727, 744

St.-John’s-Wort, p. 642

Sori, p. 586

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Unit 8 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLabs734, 756Investigate BioLabs714, 776Internet BioLab686MiniLabs675, 683, 702, 712, 726,730, 743, 754, 764, 773Problem-Solving Labs676, 682, 695, 704, 707,713, 724, 729, 746, 768,775

Chapter 25What is an animal? . . . . . . . 672What You’ll Learn: The characteristicsand development of animals

25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

25.2 Body Plans and Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . 680

Chapter 26Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms,and Roundworms . . . . . . . . 692What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy,adaptations, and importance of simple invertebrates

26.1 Sponges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

26.2 Cnidarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698

26.3 Flatworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706

26.4 Roundworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Chapter 27Mollusks and SegmentedWorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy,adaptations, and importance of mollusks andsegmented worms

27.1 Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

27.2 Segmented Worms . . . . . . . . . 728

Chapter 28Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . 740What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy,adaptations, and importance of arthropods

28.1 Characteristics of Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

28.2 Diversity of Arthropods . . . . . 747

Chapter 29Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy,adaptations, and importance of echinodermsand invertebrate chordates

29.1 Echinoderms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

29.2 Invertebrate Chordates . . . . .770

Unit 8 ReviewBioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

A jellyfish, p. 782

Brian Parker/Tom Stack & Associates

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Chapter 30Fishes and Amphibians . . . 792What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy,adaptations, and importance of fishes andamphibians

30.1 Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793

30.2 Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Chapter 31Reptiles and Birds . . . . . . 816What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy,adaptations, and importance of reptiles andbirds

31.1 Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

31.2 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

Chapter 32Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840What You’ll Learn: The taxonomy,adaptations, and importance of mammals

32.1 Mammal Characteristics . . . . . 841

32.2 Diversity of Mammals . . . . . . 848

Chapter 33Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . 858What You’ll Learn: The differencebetween innate and learned behavior

33.1 Innate Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . 859

33.2 Learned Behavior . . . . . . . . . . 868

Unit 9 Review BioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . 880

Unit 9 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLab834Investigate BioLabs810, 874Internet BioLab852MiniLabs795, 806, 827, 830, 843,845, 860, 870Problem-Solving Labs796, 831, 844, 867, 872

A pickerel frog, p. 803

Joe McDonald/DRK Photo

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Chapter 34Protection, Support, andLocomotion . . . . . . . . . . . . 892What You’ll Learn: The structure andfunction of skin, bones, and muscles

34.1 Skin: The Body’s Protection . . . 893

34.2 Bones: The Body’s Support . . . 899

34.3 Muscles for Locomotion . . . . . 905

Chapter 35The Digestive and EndocrineSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916What You’ll Learn: How food isdigested and how hormones control bodyprocesses

35.1 Following Digestion of a Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917

35.2 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924

35.3 The Endocrine System . . . . . . 929

Chapter 36The Nervous System . . . . . 942What You’ll Learn: How nerves controlyour senses and how your senses are affectedby drugs

36.1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . 943

36.2 The Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951

36.3 The Effects of Drugs . . . . . . . . 956

Chapter 37Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion . . . . . . . . . . 970What You’ll Learn: The structure andfunction of lungs, blood vessels, and thekidneys

37.1 The Respiratory System . . . . . 971

37.2 The Circulatory System . . . . . 975

37.3 The Urinary System . . . . . . . . 985

Chapter 38Reproduction andDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . 994What You’ll Learn: The structure andfunction of reproductive systems and how ababy develops from a fertilized egg

38.1 Human Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

38.2 Development Before Birth . . . 1005

38.3 Birth, Growth, and Aging . . . 1012

Chapter 39Immunity from Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022What You’ll Learn: How people con-tract diseases and how cells of the immunesystem fight infection

39.1 The Nature of Disease . . . . . 1023

39.2 Defense Against InfectiousDiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

Unit 10 ReviewBioDigest and Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048

Unit 10 LabsDesign Your OwnBioLabs910, 964Investigate BioLabs936, 988, 1016Internet BioLab1042MiniLabs895, 907, 927, 934, 948,959, 981, 987, 1006,1010, 1028, 1035Problem-Solving Labs896, 903, 906, 922, 928,932, 954, 957, 973, 983,1003, 1011, 1027, 1040

Mushrooms of the genusPsilocybe, p. 962

Units 9–10Physical ScienceConnections800, 828, 841, 843, 897,899, 904, 907, 918, 946,952, 971

Color-enhanced TEMMagnification:

57 000�

The virus thatcauses smallpox,p. 1044

(l)Matt Meadows/Peter Arnold, Inc., (r)O. Meckes/e.o.s./Gelderblom/Photo Researchers

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