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California Avocado Varieties:Past, Present and Future (?)
Mary Lu ArpaiaUniversity of California, Riverside
AmemberoftheLaurelfamily(Lauraceae)whichismainlytropicalevergreentreescomposedof~50generaand>3000species
FamilyincludesCinnamon,BayLaurel,CABaytree,RedBayLaurelandsassafrasandnumerousotherPerseaspeciesfoundinSEUSAandthroughoutCentralAmerica
• SeedsfoundinArcheologicalRecordshowinglonghistoryofcultivation
• DerivedfromSpanishAhaucate (aguacate)whichisderivedfromtheAztecword– Ahuacatl
• Alsoknownas“Palta”inChile,AlligatorPearinAfrica
Aztecmanwithguacamole;avocadosonthetree(FlorentineCodex,1500sAD)
• Relatively“new”croptodomestication
• Highlydiverse• Retainsthetraitsthatare
adaptedtoitsnativeneotropical rainforesthabitat
• Thephysiologyofthetreeispoorlyunderstood
PerseaamericanaMill.Family:Lauraceae
3horticulturalraces• Mexican• Guatemalan• WestIndian(Antillean)
Whereistheoriginalhomeoftheavocado?
Mexican Guatemalan West Indian
Native Region Mexican Highlands
Guatemalan Highlands
Tropical lowlands
Climate Adaptation Subtropical Subtropical TropicalCold Tolerance Most Intermediate LeastSalinity Least Intermediate Most
GENERAL TRAITS
Mexican Guatemalan West IndianFlush Color Greenest Reddest Yellowish-green
Anise Scent Present (usually) Absent Absent
Season Early Late Early/IntermediateFruit maturity 5-7 mos. 10-18 mos. 6-8 mons.
LEAF and FLOWER TRAITS
Mexican Guatemalan West Indian
Size Tiny-Medium Small-Large Medium-V. Large
Peel Color Usually purple Black or green Green/maroon
Peel Thickness Very thin Thick Medium
Seed Coat Thin Usually thin Thick
Seed Tightness Often loose Tight Often loose
Flavor “Anise”, spicy Often rich Sweet, mild
Oil Content Highest High Low
FRUIT TRAITS
• Avocadosproducedworldwide• MoretropicalareasproduceWestIndianRacevarieties
• MostleadingavocadoproducingcountriesproduceGuatemalean/Mexicanraceavocados
• LeadingcultivarworldwideisHASS
OneofthefirstavocadotreesplantedinCA- 1870
1870’s – Firsttreesplanted1911 – Firstbuddedtreessold1911 – Fuerte introducedtoCAfromAtlixco Mexico(CarlSchmidtofWestIndiaGardens,Altadena)1915 – FirstmeetingoftheCAAvocadoSociety1915 – W.Popenoe reportson86namedvarieties
TheParent‘Fuerte’TreeinAtlixco,MX(1911)
Popenoe,CAS,1919
FUERTE• Theleadingvarietyfrom1920’sto1970’s
• Adaptedtoawidevarietyofclimates
• Knownforhighfruitquality• Largespreadingtree• Recognizedtohaveerraticorseverealternatebearing
VarietySeedlingYear Location
C.A.S.Reg. orIntroduced Patented
Lyon 1908 Hollywood - -Fuerte 1911 Atlixco, MX 1915 -Hass 1926 LaHabraHts. 1932 1935Zutano 1926 Fallbrook 1932 -Edranol 1927 Vista 1932 -Bacon 1928 BuenaPark 1948 -
Varietiesoriginatingbefore1940
Rudolph and Elizabeth Hass
The CA Avocado Society visits in the 1960’s
‘HASS’
Facts about Hass
• Chance find in La Habra Heights in 1926 and patented in 1935
• Considered interesting but black skin considered a flaw as compared to leading variety, Fuerte
• Did not overtake Fuerte in importance until the planting boom of the mid-1970’s
• Now worldwide leading variety and major variety marketed in US
• High fruit quality when harvested at proper maturity
TheHassAvocadoby H.B.GriswoldCaliforniaAvocadoSociety1945Yearbook30
FromthemarketstandpointtheHasswouldappeartohaveeverything.Excellentquality,popularsize,smallseed,goodshipper,itsleatheryskinandlongseasoncomplimentingtheFuerte.Itssingledisadvantageisitsblackcolorwhichhasbeenassociatedinthemindsofthepublicwithpoorqualityfruits.Experienceisindicatinghoweverthatwhenproperlyhandledthiscolorhandicapcanbeovercome.TheHassvarietygivessatisfactionandrepeatbusinessfollows.
Othervarietiesoriginatingbefore1940
VarietySeedlingYear Location
C.A.S.Reg. orIntroduced Patented
Ettinger 1940 Israel 1954 -Reed 1948 Carlsbad 1953 1967Sharwil 1951 Qld,Australia - -Pinkerton 1960 Saticoy 1974 1975
Varietiesoriginating1940- 1980
Othervarietiesoriginatingbetween
1940- 1980
VarietySeedlingYear Location
C.A.S.Reg. orIntroduced Patented
Gwen - Irvine 1982 1984Whitsell - Irvine 1982 1984Esther - Irvine 1982 1984LambHass 1985 Camarillo 1995 1996SirPrize 1986 Irvine 1995 1996GEM 1985 Camarillo 2003 2003Harvest 1985 Camarillo 2003 2003
Varietiesoriginatingafter1980
UCReleasessince1982
DifferencesbetweenHassandLambHass§ LambHassmaturityseason– midtolatesummer
NOTASUBSTITUTEBUTSUPPLEMENTTOHASS§ Fruitshapeandsize– more“square”butlarger§ LambHasshasmoreuprightgrowthhabit§ Flexiblewood– fruitborneinterioroftree;tendstosetfruitinclusters
§ LambHassismore“tolerant”toPerseamiteandotherpests(?)§ Photosyntheticrateapproximately30%higherthanHassandhigherchlorophyllcontent
Hass Lamb Hass
Growth habit differences between Hass and Lamb Hass
DifferencesbetweenHassandGEM§ Maturityseasonsoverlap;GEMslightlylater- COULDBEASUBSTITUTETOHASS
§ Canaccumulateveryhighlevelsofdrymatter§ Fruitshape– more“teardrop”§ GEMgrowthhabitmorevaselike andcompact§ Flexiblewood– interiorfruiting;tendstosetfruitinclusters§ Pesttolerance(?)§ LessAlternateBearing§ Tendstobemoreproductiveundermostconditions
GemisamorecompacttreethanHass,verysimilartoGwenBearsfruitontheinsideofthetree
0
100
200
300
400
Gem Hass
kg/tree
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
0
100
200
300
400
Gem Hass
kg/tree
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
50
100
150
200
250
Gem Hass
kg/tree
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gem Hass
kg/tree
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gem Hass
kg/tree
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
Coastal IntermediateIrvine, CA
North InlandSanta Paula, CA
Coastal NorthOxnard, CA
Far NorthArroyo Grande, CA
South InlandFallbrook, CA
Topwork Trials – Kg/treeMixed age trees, seedling rootstock at all sites
Fruitsize– Allsites,allyears
0
50
100
150
200
250
GEM Hass
AverageFruitS
ize(g)
Range across all sites:
GEM – 170 (Far North) to 294 (North Coastal)
HASS – 129 (Far North) to 270 (North Coastal)
Alternatebearing– Allsites,allyearsThe lower the number the less alternate bearing
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
GEM Hass
AlternateBe
aringInde
x
Range across all sites:
GEM – 0.43 (Far North) to 0.71 (North Inland)
HASS – 0.65 (North Coastal) to 0.89 (South Inland)
Wehadothervarietiesinthesetrials.InalltrialsthecumulativeyieldofGemwasrankedeither#1or2.AlternatebearingwasleastinGEMatallsites.
Wehavenotedthatclimatecangreatlyinfluencefruitshape(asinallvarieties);inveryhotclimatesthefruitcanbeveryelongated.
Anecdotalobservationsfollowing2007FreezewasthatGEMdidbestinreturnbloom
Bloomtimeandminimumandmaximumtemperaturesin2002.DatacollectedatUCSouthCoastRECinIrvine,CA.
2/25 3/11 3/25 4/8 4/22 5/6 5/20 6/32002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Tota
l Blo
om (%
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature (F)
GEM Hass Maximum Air Minimum Air
GEM flowers later than Hass
BL516
BL667
Sir Prize
Harvest
GEM
Lamb Hass
Hass
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Julian Date
2005200420032002
Duration of bloom over 4 years
Irvine, CA
FruitMaturity- GEMFigure 3. Comparison of changes in dry matter for 'Hass' and 'GEM' at the
UC South Coast REC in Irvine from February through October 2002
1/2 1/16 1/30 2/13 2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5 6/19 7/3 7/17 7/31 8/14 8/28 9/11 9/25 10/9
2002
24
26
28
30
32
34
Dry
Mat
ter
Cont
ent
(%)
GEM Hass
SimilarpatternofDMtoHass;tendstobeslightlylater
Comparisonofdrymatterchangesoverseason
1/1 1/15 1/29 2/12 2/26 3/12 3/26 4/9 4/23 5/7 5/21 6/4 6/18 7/2 7/16 7/30 8/13 8/27 9/10 9/24 10/8 10/22
15
20
25
30
35
40
Dry
Mat
ter C
onte
nt (%
)
GEM dry matter content2000 2001 2003 2003 2004 2005
Irvine, CA
What do we know about flavor and postharvest characteristics
IstherelifeafterHass?2perspectives• Market/Tradeconsiderations• LimitationsofHassunderCAconditions
•
PercentageofCAHassCropMarketedbyMonth
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
%ofC
ACrop CAhasUSmarkettoitself
(1983- 1992)
Chileexceeds20milllb/yr(1997- 1998)
Chiledatafrom97/98– 04/05
Source:CAC
PercentageofCAHassCropMarketedbyMonth
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
%ofC
ACrop
CAhasUSmarkettoitself(1983- 1992)
Chileexceeds20milllb/yr(1997- 1998)
Mexicoentersmarket12mos/yrallstates(2005)
Chiledatafrom97/98– 04/05Mexicodatafrom05/06– 09/10
Source:CAC
PercentageofCAHassCropMarketedbyMonth
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
%ofC
ACrop
CAhasUSmarkettoitself(1983- 1992)
Chileexceeds20milllb/yr(1997- 1998)
Mexicoentersmarket12mos/yrallstates(2005)
PeruentersUSmarket(2010)
Chiledatafrom97/98– 04/05Mexicodatafrom05/06– 09/10Perudatafrom10/11– 15/16Source:CAC,HAB
WhatwillhappentoourmarketingwindowwhenColumbia,SouthAfricaandtheothercountriesthathavepetitionedentryfinallygainentry?Willwebesqueezedevenfurthersince95%ofCA’svolumeisHass?
Thereisapotentialsilverlining• 25countriesallowedtoshipavocadosintothecontinentalUS(USDA-FAVIR)
• MostoftheseareCaribbeancountrieswithlimitedaccesstocontinentalUSandareshippingmainlyWestIndianvarietiesintoUS
Isthereasilverlining?ThereisamarketintheUSforthingsotherthanHASS
*SpainallowedtoshipHassinundercoldtreatment
Thereisapotentialsilverlining• ThemajorimportingsourcesforavocadoarecurrentlyMexico,Chile,Peru
• OftheseMexicoandPeruarelimitedtoONLYHASS• ColombiawillbelimitedtoHass• ThepetitionfromSouthAfricawilllikelyalsoonlyallowHASS
Thesilverlining?Doesthisgiveusanopportunitytodifferentiateourselvesandregainastrong12monthpresentinUSmarket?????
*SpainallowedtoshipHassinundercoldtreatment
Our leading cultivar, ‘Hass’ CAN BE improved:
ü Tree size and structureü Bearing habitü Alternate bearingü Stress tolerance (Cold, Heat, Salinity) ü Disease and pest toleranceü Productivityü Seasonality
It is dangerous to have an industry based on one variety
We need to go from
Here
There
To stay competitive
Thechallengeoffindingnewavocadovarieties
• Longseasonality• Fruitmustberipenedinordertoevaluate;ripeningtimedependsonmaturity
• Eatingqualitychangesthroughouttheseason
• Industrystandard‘Hass’setsahighstandardforpostharvestandeatingquality
Lookingfor:• PrecociousandlowABvarietieswithhighfruitquality
• Upright,slendertreearchitectureforHDplantings
DowehavealternativestoHass?
465418-99Planted 2007 on Duke 7
465518-99Planted 2007 on Duke 7
464918-99Planted 2008 on Duke 7
465202-99Planted 2008 on Duke 7
Environment influences fruit shape and seasonality
Cold and Hot, Inland Valley
Moderate, Coastal
GEM
All planted on Dusa Rootstock
464918-99
Howabouteatingquality?
CollecteddataonVisualandEatingAcceptability
VisualAcceptability EatingAcceptability
1
5
9
Hass 464034-06 465418-99 467352-00 BL516 GEM1
5
9
Hass 464034-06 465418-99 467352-00 BL516 GEM
IndustryStd IndustryStdUCRelease UCRelease
Exampleofmonthlyrating– 07/16/2014
1
5
9Like extremely
Neither like or dislike
Dislike extremely
Avocado Grower Field Day Taste Panel Results - 2014
Visualacceptabilityacrossallyears(8newselections)
1
5
9
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
2012 2013 2014
Hass 442712-05 464034-06 464918-99 465006-99 465202-99 465418-99 465518-99 467352-00
Flavoracceptabilityacrossallyears(8newselections)
1
5
9
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
2012 2013 2014
Hass 442712-05 464034-06 464918-99 465006-99 465202-99 465418-99 465518-99 467352-00
THEBIGPICTUREHavearangeofbothdarkskinandgreenskinvarietiesthatarecomparableto‘Hass’intermsofeatingqualityWeHAVEmaterialthatpotentiallycan
• Provide12monthmarketcoverage• Improvedtreearchitecture• Precocious• Greateryieldefficiency
The road from the grove to the consumer
The most important thing to remember is that there is a continuum from the grower to the
consumer
Enhancedproductivityandproductionefficiency
Satisfiedconsumersandincreasedconsumption
THEULTIMATEGOAL
Thank you for your attention
InformationgatheredfromTheCaliforniaAvocadoSocietyYearbooksUCExperimentStationandUSDAdocuments
AllArchivedonwww.avocadosource.com
Questions?
Thankyou!
TITLESUBTITLEEnter Information here