Question #10: What are the advantages, disadvantages, technical challenges and cost implications of using non-distance

protection when compared to using distance protection on series compensated line protection

applications?

Calgary, September 14, 2005

Alexander Apostolov

> Communications Based Protection for DG2

Introduction

Performance and cost implications need to be considered

Distance protection without communications

Directional comparison with communications

Distance protection with communications

> Communications Based Protection for DG3

Permissive Directional Comparison

Z1

Z2

Z3

AND

DIR FWD

Signal Send

Signal Receive

Trip

Z1

Z2 Z2t

Z3 Z3tOR

TX

RX

AND

DIR FWD

Signal Send

Signal Receive

Trip

Z2t

Z3tOR

TX

RX

F1F2

> Communications Based Protection for DG4

Permissive Overreaching Hybrid

AND

DIR FWD

Signal Send

Signal Receive

Trip

Z1

Z2 Z2t

Z3 Z3tOR

TX

RX

AND

DIR FWD

Signal Send

Signal Receive

Trip

Z1

Z2Z2t

Z3Z3tOR

TX

RX

F1F2