INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Scent has a lot to do with how people react towrads people. Having that scent

makes the person more comfortable with. The problem is, in these perfumes they may

have nice and soothing scents but they can really have a bad effect in our environment

and even to orselves because of the chemical used in making it. The researchers

thought of a way in which they can produce a soothing and great scent without

harming the surroundings and community. The researchers will test if the fruit extract

of can be a better distributer rather than other esential oil.

The study tries to help the environment by substituting the chemicals used in a

perfume by using Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) which is abundant in our

country. The Calamansi’s native homeland is in Southeast Asia. Tthe calamansi is

easy to cultivate. The plant grows well in cool and elevated areas and in sandy soils

rich in organic matter. It can also lessen the expenses of the people that will buy

perfumes. Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) has been proven to help alleviate

depression and anxiety. It is also among the few aromatics that not just masks bad

smell, but completely neutralizes them, making the essential oil a great additive to

cleansing products. Inventing a perfume that has a citrus scent, cheap, doesn’t have a

bad effect towards our environment and our health and is made from something that is

abundant in our country is very helpful.

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Statement of the Problem

Main Problem:

Can calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) fruit extract be a better substitute for

perfumes?

Specific Questions:

1. At which concentration of calamansi extract will be the most effective as

perfume?

a.) 25 mg/ml

b.) 30 mg/ml

c.) 45 mg/ml

2. How efficient is Calamansi extract as a Perfume in terms of:

a.) Fragrance

b.) Price

This study wants to test the calamansi extract as an alternative material to

substitute expensive perfumes. This is because calamansi is abundant here in the

Philippines. The Process of making the calamansi perfume has easier and cheaper

steps than making those expensive ones.

Significance of the Study

Other perfumes have bad effects caused by the chemicals. This is where the

researchers fiund their foundation and possible soultion. The researchers thought of a

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way in which they can produce a soothing and great scent without harming the

surroundings and community and without spending a lot of money. The researchers

desire is to make a good-smelling perfume which does not have a bad effect in our

environment.

The benifit involves the environment, health of the people and the economy of the

Philippines. It will not use much harmful chemicals used in other perfumes. It has a

natural component. It will also expand the market for Filipino farmers because this

will enhance their rural economic development.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The purpose of the study is finding a better perfume, which is cheaper and does not

harm our environment. The experimental study will be conducted to certify if the fruit

extract of the calamansi, used in making perfume is better than others in terms of

benifits and smell. The study would be done at the Makati Science as well as the

Department of Science and Technology that would around 4 weeks to finish the study.

It would be a big constraint for the researchers to perform the study because of

their lack of facilities which is gravely required for the study. It would also be

difficult for the researchers to find the right equpments and materials necessary for the

study. The study focuses on the fragrance only of the perfume.

The researchers intended to solve these problems by asking for assistance from the

Science and Technlogy Department of Makati Science High School for help and

support to handle and borrow the equipment needed for the study.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

The researchers are looking for a cheaper perfume with ingredients that are usually

found locally. Calamansi is an example of this local ingredient that is needed for the

perfume. Citrofortunella microcarpa is a shrub or small tree growing to 3–6 metres

(9.8–20 ft). The fruit of the calamondin resembles a small, round lime, usually 25-

35mm in diameter, but sometimes up to 45mm. The centre pulp and juice is the

orange colour of a tangerine with a very thin orange peel when ripe

Citrofortunella microcarpa, the calamondin or calamansi, is a fruit tree in the

family Rutaceae native Asia. Other English language common names include

calamonding, calamandarin, golden lime, Panama orange, Chinese orange, acid

orange. Its cultivation has spread throughout Southeast Asia, India, Hawaii, the West

Indies, and Central and North America. The plant is characterized by wing-like

appendages on the leaf stalks and white or purplish flowers. Its fruit has either a

spongy or leathery rind with a juicy pulp that is divided into sections. The fruit is

indigenous and widely cultivated in the Philippines, Malaysia and neighbouring

northern parts of Indonesia. It is available year-round in the Philippines and is usually

seen in its unripened green state.

Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives,

and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces a

pleasant scent

The Fragrance wheel is a relatively new classification method that is widely used

in retail and in the fragrance industry. The method was created in 1983 by Michael

Edwards, a consultant in the perfume industry, who designed his own scheme of

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fragrance classification. The new scheme was created in order to simplify fragrance

classification and naming scheme, as well as to show the relationships between each

of the individual classes and cases.

The five standard families consist of Floral, Oriental, Woody, Fougère, and Fresh,

with the former four families being more "classic" while the latter consisting of newer

bright and clean smelling citrus and oceanic fragrances that have arrived due to

improvements in fragrance technology. Each of the families are in turn divided into

sub-groups and arranged around a wheel.

Plants have long been used in perfumes as a source of essential oils and aroma

compounds. These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as

protection against herbivores, infections, as well as to attract pollinators. Plants are by

far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The sources of these

compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. A plant can offer more than

one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of coriander have

remarkably different scent from each other. Orange leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest

are the respective sources of petitgrain, neroli, and orange oils

Related Studies

Local

Calamansi, is a sour fruit that resembles a small mandarin, it is also called

calamondin, calamonding, calamandarin, golden lime, Panama orange, Chinese

orange, acid orange. This fruit is indigenous to the Philippines that is usually used in

beverages, or in sauces to enhance the flavor of food. It is sold cheap in the market

and can be found in residential backyards as ornaments. Calamansi can be considered

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as one of the super foods because of the many health benefits and uses which can be

derived from it. 

Calamansi is a small citrus fruit, like a small orange, with skin and flesh that are

green in color. The pulp of the lime taste sour, and the fruit contains twice the amount

of juice as the yellow, larger lemon. The juice, as a drink, makes one of the best thirst-

quenchers. The acid content of lime is known to slow down the oxidation of fresh-

cut fruits and vegetables, thus preventing discoloration and acting as preservatives.

Calamansi has several alternative medicinal uses, Like lightens freckles, good as

mouth wash, Cure coughs and expel phlegm, Helpful in dealing with hangover,

prevent and cure Osteoarthritis, Maintains kidney health, great tonic for the liver,

prevent Diabetes, lightens urine color, lowers body cholesterol and as a perfume.

Foreign

Calamansi’s cultivation is spread throughout Southeast Asia, Central and North

America, India and Hawaii. It is also called Golden Lime, Acid Orange, Calamondin

and Calamonding. It is also known as Kalamansi in the Philippines.

Calamansi is also used as a stain removal. They conducted this research to protect

the hands from the strong chemicals of Zonrox and to make an alternative product for

removing stains because Calamansi is cheaper. It is cheap and don’t contain harmful

chemicals that may irritate your skin.

Calamansi is also used in medical purposes. In some medical products, Calamansi

is used as a Vitamin C supplement, because Calamansi is rich in Vitamin C. It is also

known to cure cough and colds because of its Vitamin C. Calamansi leaves can be an

herbal tea that can also be used to cure coughs.

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Calamansi is also used as a skin moisturizer, skin whitener or cure for pimples by

rubbing the Calamansi on your skin. It is also used to treat dandruffs. Calamansi is

also known to heal wounds and can prevent damage from the eyes.

Calamansi can also clean your body and can also prevent body odor. It is also

sometimes used to clean and disinfect chopping boards.  It also prevents decay and

loosening of the teeth, dental caries, toothache, bleeding of the gums and fragility of

bones. 

Theoretical Framework

Figure 1.1 Flow chart showing the potential of the frut exractof the calamansi as a

perfume. Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamansi) is a citrus fruit, with a sour flavour

said to resemble a cross between mandarin and lime. As seen on Figure 1.1 its fruit

extract has citric acid which is a common scent in perfumes.

The researchers think that the citric acid found in the calamnsi may be the

compound that is effective in making perfume because of its natural fragrance.

Calamansi/Calamansi fruit

Calansi Extract

Citric Acid

Compound that can be used in making Perfumes

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Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) also has this compound, in which grapefruit is use in

other perfumes. The calamansi has citric acid that is a auramatic compound used in

other perfumes. In which is why the researchers thought it would be a good idea to

use calamansi since it is abundant in the Philippines and calamansi is naturally

cultivated in the Phillipines. The calamansi extract can be an effective substitute to the

harmful chemicals that are used in making perfumes.

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Figure 1.2 Paradigm of the concepts of the reearchers from input, process, and to

the output of the researchers. It provides the researchers’ overviewof the processes,

the testing and the output. to the people who will use it from the input, process and to

the output of the research. The citrus and the nature of the calamansi will serve as the

primary source of the information of the said experiment and will serve input. As the

experiment is conducted, the scented effect of the Calamansi will be tested and

validated. The experiment will produce an effective Calamansi fruit perfume.

Nature of the calamansi

Nature in making Natural Perfume

Effective method of extracting the Calamansi fruit.

A perfume that uses calamansi fruit extract as a substitute for the chemicals used in making perfumes.

Testing the fruit extract from the calamansi used to substiture to the other chemicals and if it has a good scent

Testing of the fragrance and effectivity of it as a perfume

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Hypotheses

Problem: Can calamansi fruit extract be an alternative substite for the chemicals used

in making perfumes.

Null Hypothesis : Calamansi fruit extract cannot be an alternative substite for the

chemicals used in making perfumes.

Alternative Hypothesis Calamansi fruit extract can be an alternative substite for the

chemicals used in making perfumes.

Definition of Terms

Citric Acid - Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is a natural

preservative and is also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks.

Extracts - An extract is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material,

often by using a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or

in powder form.

Volatile Aroma - Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of plant-derived, aromatic

essential oils to promote physical and psychological well-being. It is sometimes used

in combination with massage and other therapeutic techniques as part of a holistic

treatment approach.

Fragrance - a pleasant, sweet smell

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METHODOLOGY

Research Design

For the study, the researchers will use Completely Randomized Design. There will

be four independent variables: the three calamansi fruit extracts with different

concentrations, with the calamansi fruit extract with 100 % (25 ml.) concentration as

Treatment A, the calamansi fruit extract 100% (30 ml.) concentration as Treatment B,

the calamansi fruit extract 100 % (45 ml.) concentration as Treatment C respectively

and the commercialized perfume. ,. There would be a total of 16 sets of subjects.

Using simple random sampling, four of these sets are to receive each of the four

treatments.

Table. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with corresponding treatments on each

subject

1.

A

2.

B

3.

C

4.

A

5.

C

6.

C

7.

D

8.

B

9.

C

10.

D

11.

B

12.

D

13.

D

14.

A

15.

A

16.

B

Legend:

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A- 25 mL. calamansi fruit extract

B- 30 mL. calamansi fruit extract

C- 45 mL. calamansi fruit extract

D- Control Group – commercialized perfume

Sampling Design and Technique

The Researchers will use Complete Randomized design in order to determine

which of the 4 treatment is the most effective. One of the easiest ways to do this is by

the Lottery method, in which the researchers would use slips of paper to determine

what subjects will receive the treatments. For the researchers, this will be the most

appropriate and efficient sampling technique for the research.

There are four set-ups: the first set-up is the clamansi perfume will be tested to

thirty people and will be answering a observation sheet. The answers will be

recorded.The second set-up, the expensive perfume will be tested to the same thirty

people, they will be answering an observation sheet. The records will be compared to

indicate which is better.

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Procedures, Materials, and Equipments

Preparation of the materials and equipements – The procedures will start with

preparing of the materials. The researchers will need a syringe, bowl, glass, clean

bottle (to put on the finished product), calamansi fruit, water, ethyl alcohol, and vodka

Preparation of the materials and equipements

Preparing the finished product

Recording, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Gathered

Mixing all the elements

Adding the essential oil and vodka

Collection of calamansi

Extraction of calamansi fruit

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Collection of calamansi – The researchers will collect calamansi fruit. They may buy

calamansi fruit at 10 php per pack or if they have a calamansi tree, they may pick

some calamansi fruits.

Extraction of calamansi fruit – The researchers will have to extract the juice from the

calamansi fruit. Put it in a clean glass or bowl. The perfume will make use up to 70%

to 80% of calamansi fruit extract

Adding the essential oil and vodka – The researchers will have to buy or use (if they

have a stock) essential oil and vodka. The perfume will have atleast 15% to 30% of

essectial oil, and 5% to 10% of vodka

Mixing all the elements – The researchers will mix the extracted juice from the

calamansi fruit, the essential oil, and vodka. They will use a syringe and a mixer in

mixing all these elements to measure the amount of materials they are using.

Recording, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Gathered –. The other questions like

the money spent, level of safety and contribution to the environment will be answered

when the data gathered from the experiment is recorded, analyzed and interpreted.

Preparing the finished product – To make it look presentable, the researchers will put

the perfume in a clean bottle.

Statistical Treatment of Data

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The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of calamnsi fruit extract as a

perfume. The independent variable of this study is the calamansi fruit extract. There is

one hypothesis in this research that is indicated in the second chapter of this

investigation. The alternative hypothesis states that there will be a significant

difference in the effectiveness between the commercialized perfume and the calamnsi

perfume. The null hypothesis states that there will be no significant difference in the

effectiveness between the commercialized perfume and the calamnsi perfume. The

statistical treatment that will be used in this study is inferential statistics. Since it is an

inferential statistics, it is used to determine the significant difference of the variables

collected from the experimental research. The confidence level of the researchers is

85 %. This means that the researchers believe 85 % that the alternative hypothesis

shall overtake the null hypothesis.

BIBLIOGRAPHYCalderon, J.(1993).Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Pines cor. Union Sts. Mandaluyong City: Cacho Hermanos, Inc.

Sawamura, M. Citrus Essential Oils: Flavor and Fragrance. John Wiley & Sons. Copyright. 

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Lorenzo, R.(October 25,2013). Benefits of Calamansi Essential Oil. I got this last January 7,2014, in http://blog.thecasadelorenzo.com/2013/10/benefits-of-calamansi-essential-oil.html

Hayes, M.(December 2009). What Are The Chemical Components Of Calamansi Extract? I got this last January 5,2014, in http://science.blurtit.com/2086939/what-are-the-chemical-components-of-calamansi-extract

Apostol,V. (August 2013).Kalamansi. retrieved last January 8, 2014, in http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kalamansi.html

Horticulture, A.(May 31, 2011). Calamondin – The Most Versartile Fruit. Retrieved last January 10, 2014, in http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/PATIOCITRUS/calamondin.html

Cathcart, R. III.(May 16,2011). Medicinal Uses or Benefits of Calamansi. Retrieved last January 12, 2014, in http://calaman-c.weebly.com/1/post/2011/05/medicinal-uses-or-benefits-of-calamansi.html

Anonymus.(April 2011). Health Benefits of Calamansi. Retrieved last January 7, 2014, in http://healthbenefitsofcalamansi.blogspot.com/

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Fatima Serene S. Desuasido

Birthdate: March 14, 2001

Birthplace: Makati City

15

Parent: Girlie Grace Desuasido and Noel Desuasido

Personal Qualifications

Year: 2013 – Present

Course: High School

School:

Makati Science High School

Year: 2007 – 2013

Course: Grade School

School: Pitogo Elementary School

Works / Research Agencies

Year: 2013 – 2014

Position: Student Researcher

Agency: Makati Science High School

Honors / Awards Received

Honors: 2nd Honor (Grade School) Pitogo Elementary School

Research Conduct

Fatima Serene S. Desuasido with co-authors Julienne Mae V. Potonia, Elisha A.

Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.

Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Julienne Mae V. Potonia

Birthdate: October 27, 2000

16

Birthplace: Manila

Parents: Maria Fe and Ferdinand Potonia

Educational Qualifications

Year: 2013 - Present

Course: High School

School: Makati Science High School

Year: 2007 – 2013

Course: Grade School

School: South Cembo Elementary School

Works/Research Agencies

Year: 2013 – 2014

Position: Student Researcher

Agency: Makati Science High School

Honors/Awards Received

Honors: 7th honor (Grade School) South Cembo Elementary School

Research Conducted

Julienne Mae V. Potonia, with co-authors Fatima Serene S. Desuasido, Elisha A.

Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.

Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Elisha A. Vinarao

17

Birthdate: October 29, 2000

Birthplace: Las Pinas City

Parents: Mateo and Ma. Ruby Vinarao

Educational Qualifications

Year: 2013 - Present

Course: High School

School: Makati Science High School

Year: 2007 – 2013

Course: Grade School

School: Fort Bonifacio Elementary School

Works/Research Agencies

Year: 2013 – 2014

Position: Student Researcher

Agency: Makati Science High School

Honors/Awards Received

Honors: 4th honor (Grade School) Fort Bonifacio Elementary School

Research Conducted

Elisha A. Vinarao with co-authors Fatima Serene S. Desuasido, Julienne Mae V.

Potonia, Justine M. Canlas, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.

Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Louie Artagnan P. Sansolis

Birthdate: March 22, 2001

18

Birthplace: Quezon City

Parents: Beth Sansolis and Rolando Sansolis

Educational Qualifications

Year: 2013 - Present

Course: High School

School: Makati Science High School

Year: 2007-2013

Course: Grade School

School: Comembo Elementary School

Works/Research Agencies

Year: 2013 – 2014

Position: Student Researcher

Agency: Makati Science High School

Honors/Awards Received

Honors: 2nd Honor (Grade School) Comembo Elementary School

Research Conducted

Louie Artagnan P. Sansolis, with co-authors Fatima Serene S. Desuasido, Julienne

Mae V. Potonia, Elisha A. Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas and Arthur David F. Del

Rosario, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Justine M. Canlas

Birthdate: March 31, 2001

19

Birthplace: Mandaluyong City

Parent: Lenith M. Canlas

Personal Qualifications

Year: 2013 – Present

Course: High School

School: Makati Science High School

Year: 2007 – 2013

Course: Grade School

School: Rizal Elementary School

Works / Research Agencies

Year: 2013 – 2014

Position: Student Researcher

Agency: Makati Science High School

Honors / Awards Received

Honors: None

Research Conduct

Justine M. Canlas with co-authors Julienne Mae V. Potonia, Fatima Serene S.

Desuasido, Elisha A. Vinarao, Arthur David F. Del Rosario and Louie Artagnan P.

Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Arthur David F. Del Rosario

Birthdate: July 28 2001

Birthplace: Manila City

20

Parent: Fernando and Crisanta Del Rosario

Personal Qualifications

Year: 2013 – Present

Course: High School

School: Makati Science High School

Year: 2007 – 2013

Course: Grade School

School: St. Anthony of Makati Montessori Inc.

Works / Research Agencies

Year: 2013 – 2014

Position: Student Researcher

Agency: Makati Science High School

Honors / Awards Received

Honors: 2nd Honor (Grade School) St. Anthony of Makati Montessori Inc.

Research Conduct

Arthur David F. Del Rosario with co-authors Julienne Mae V. Potonia, Fatima

Serene S. Desuasido, Elisha A. Vinarao, Justine M. Canlas and Louie Artagnan P.

Sansolis, 2013, Makati Science High School, Calamansi Fruit Extract as Perfume.

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