Caiet Varianta on-line Semantica 2012 Student

8/12/2019 Caiet Varianta on-line Semantica 2012 Student

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Universitatea OVIDIUS ConstanţaDepartamentul ID-IFR Facultatea de Litere

Limba engleza contemporanaSemantica lexicala

Caiet de Studiu Individual

Specializarea Limba şi Literatura Romn! şiLimba şi Literatura "n#lez!

$nul de studii IIISemestrul II

Titular disciplină:Conf. univ. dr. BEJ! Camelia

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Cuprins

C%!TE&'%(() E!*L+S, L!*-*ELE+CL SE&!T+CS

Contents:

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Title

I*+RODUC+IO*

,ORD FOR$+IO* $FFI.$+IO*

Ob/ectives o0 Unit %%1% +o de0ine t2e main concepts3 4ord5 le6eme5 morp2eme5 root5 stem5

su00i65 pre0i6

%1& +o distin#uis2 bet4een a00i6es and in0lections%1' +o indenti07 t2e t7pes o0 a00i6es

Send-a4a7 assi#nment$ns4ers and comments to sel0-assessed 8uestions

9iblio#rap27 o0 unit %

,ORD FOR$+IO*1 CO:OU*DI*;

Ob/ectives o0 Unit &&1% +o de0ine compoundin# and compounds

&1& +o distin#uis2 bet4een compounds and p2rares

&1' +o identi07 t2e t7pes o0 compoundsSend-a4a7 assi#nment

$ns4ers and comments to sel0-assessed 8uestions9iblio#rap27 o0 unit &

,ORD FOR$+IO*3 CLI::I*;5 CO*V"RSIO*Ob/ectives o0 Unit '

'1% +o de0ine clippin#'1& +o identi07 t7pes o0 clippin#

'1' +o recon#nize ot2er 4ord 0ormation processes3 c2an#e o0 stress5

conversionSend-a4a7 assi#nment

$ns4ers and comments to sel0-assessed 8uestions

9iblio#rap27 o0 unit '

,ORD "$*I*;Ob/ectives o0 Unit (

(1% +o de0ine denotation and connotation(1& +o anal7ze t2e semantic components o0 <ins2ip terms

Send-a4a7 assi#nment

$ns4ers and comments to sel0-assessed 8uestions9iblio#rap27 o0 unit (

L".IC$L R"L$+IO*1 S=*O*==Ob/ectives o0 Unit )

(

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CO*+":OR$R= "*;LIS@ L$*;U$;"1

L".IC$L S"$*+ICS



Cuprins

A

)1% +o de0ine t2e le6ical relation o0 s7non7m7)1& +o distin#nis2 bet4een t2e terms in a s7non7mic series


9iblio#rap27 o0 unit )

L".IC$L R"L$+IO*3 $*+O*==5 @OO*==5 :$RO*==Ob/ectives o0 Unit A

A1% +o de0ine and identi07 t7pes o0 anton7ms

A1& +o distin#uis2 bet4een t7pes o0 2omon7msA1' +o reco#nize paron7ms


9iblio#rap27 o0 unit A

9I9LIO;R$:@=

'B

(%

CO*+":OR$R= "*;LIS@ L$*;U$;"1

L".IC$L S"$*+ICS



,ord 0ormation1 Compoundin#

-nit $/%(0 1%(&T+%!. 11+T+%!

%BJECT+2ES of -nit $

+2e main ob/ectives o0 Unit % are3

• to de0ine t2e main concepts

• to distin#uis2 bet4een a00i6es and in0lections

• to identi07 t2e t7pes o0 a00i6es1

$.$ To define t3e main concepts: 4ord5 lexeme5 morp3eme5 root5 stem5 suffix5 prefix

e7 4ords3 4ord5 root5 stem5 morp2eme5 a00i65 pre0i65 su00i61

Lexicolog6 is a branc2 o0 lin#uistics 42ic2 studies t2e vocabular7 o0 a#iven lan#ua#e and deals 4it2 t2e structure5 2istor7 and meanin# o0 4ords1

$ s7non7mous term in $merican "n#lis2 is E4ord stud71 Le6icolo#istsma7 specialize eit2er in t2e s7nc2ronic or in t2e diac2ronic stud7 o0

lan#ua#e1

+2e 0ields o0 le6icolo#ical stud7 are3

%1 Et6molog6 42ic2 studies t2e ori#in o0 4ords1 +2e diac2ronicapproac2 prevails1

&1 Lexical morp3olog6 o0 present-da7 "n#lis25 42ic2 studies le6icalunits5 p2raseolo#7 and 4ord-buildin#1

'1 Lexical semantics 42ic2 studies t2e meanin#s o0 4ords and p2rases1 In & and ' t2e s7nc2ronic approac2 is used1

T3e 4ord ma7 be de0ined at several lin#uistic levels3 p2onolo#icall75morp2olo#icall75 semanticall7 and s7ntacticall71

From a p2onolo#ical point o0 vie45 t2e 4ord is anal7sed as bein#

made up o0 a speec2 sound or a series o0 speec2 sounds 42ic2 2ave t2e0unction o0 p2onemes1

$t t2e morp2olo#ical level t2e 4ord is anal7sed as t2e basic

lin#uistic unit o0 speec2 consistin# o0 morp2emes1 It is made o0 a sin#le base 4it2 various in0lectional elements1

$t t2e semantic level5 t2e 4ord is used to communicate meanin#1

T3e morp3eme is t2e smallest unit o0 0orm t2at 2as meanin# and certain0unctional relations in a #iven lin#uistic s7stem1 orp2emes are t2e

meanin#0ul elements o0 a 4ord1 For e6ample3 true is a sin#le morp2eme5untrue contains t4o morp2emes U*-G+RU"5 untruthfulness contains )

morp2emes3 U*-G+RU"G-+@G-FULG-*"SS1

4




orp2emes cannot be e8uated 4it2 s7llables1 On t2e one 2and a sin#le

morp2eme can 2ave more t2an one s7llable5 as in river, harvest, gorilla5

etc1 On t2e ot2er 2and t2ere are sometimes t4o or more morp2emes in asin#le s7llable5 as in kissed HISS G E:$S+ +"*S"5 cats HC$+ G

E:LUR$L5 men’s H$* G E:LUR$L G E:OSS"SSIV"1 Some

morp2emes li<e boy, orange, dog can stand alone as 4ords and aret2ere0ore called free morp3emes1 Ot2er morp2emes 0unction onl7 as parts

o0 ot2er 4ords and are <no4n as bound morp3emes3 U*-5-*"SS5-"R5etc1

T3e lexeme is an item o0 t2e vocabular71

lexeme JKle<si3m Halso lexical item t2e smallest unit in t2e meanin#s7stem o0 a lan#ua#e t2at can be distin#uis2ed 0rom ot2er similar units1 It

is an abstract unit 42ic2 occurs in man7 di00erent 0orms in actual spo<enor 4ritten sentences1 He1#1 all in0lected 0orms suc2 as sings, singing, sang,

sung 4ould belon# to t2e one le6eme sing 1 Similarl75 suc2 e6pressions asbury the hatchet, give up, school boy 4ould eac2 be considered a sin#lele6eme1 In a dictionar75 eac2 le6eme 2as a separate entr7 or sub-entr71

From a le6ical point o0 vie45 t2e structure o0 t2e 4ord consists o03

root M t2e basic morp2eme 0rom 42ic2 a 4ord is derived

stem M t2e part o0 a 4ord t2at participates in t2e 0ormation o0 a ne4 4ord

affixes M an addition to a stem or root in order to build a ne4 4ord

2uman HrootNstem G -itarian Ha00i6 M 2umanitarian

2umanitarian Hstem G -ism Ha00i6 M 2umanitarianism

music HrootNstem G -al Ha00i6 M musical musical Hstem G -l7 Ha00i6 M musicall7

$ stem ma7 be eit2er identical 4it2 t2e root or derived 0rom a root 4it2t2e 2elp o0 a su00i61

Self7assessed test $.$

"6plain t2e 0ormation o0 t2e 0ollo4in# 4ords identi07in# t2e root5 stemsand a00i6es3

enchantment 5 likelihood 5 revaccination

:lease provide t2e ans4er in t2e space above1 Su##ested ans4ers can be 0ound at t2e endo0 t2e unit 1

$." To distinguis3 bet4een affixes and inflections

e7 4ords3 $ sin#le 4ord is conceived as a base consistin# o0 a sin#le 0ree morp2eme

5




Hcat, pen5 42ile a derivative 4ord is conceived as consistin# o0 a stem anda00i6 Hpre0i6 or su00i65 t2us bein# pol7morp2ic1

ffixes s3ould be distinguis3ed from inflections:

"6amples o0 in0lections3

*ominal in0lections3- s to mar< pluralit7 Hhumans

’s to s2o4 #enitive case Hhuman’s1Verbal in0lections3

-(e)s to mar< 'rd person s#15 present tense H He humanizes… -ed to s2o4 past simple H He humanized

-ing to mar< t2e present participle humanizing 1

"6amples o0 a00i6es3human *

human-ity *human-ism *

human-istic $ human-itarian $ human-itarian-ism *

human-ize V human-ly $dv

+nflections encode #rammatical cate#ories3 nominal cate#ories Hnumberand case and verbal cate#ories Htense5 person1 In0lectional morp2emes

are relevant s7ntacticall71 +2e7 do not produce ne4 4ords5 but di00erent0orms o0 t2e same 4ord1

In0lections can onl7 occur at t2e end o0 t2e 4ords5 42ile a00i6es areattac2ed eit2er on t2e le0t or on t2e ri#2t o0 t2e 4ord1

In contrast affixes 2ave as a result ne4 le6emes5 t2e7 c2an#e t2e class o0

4ords to 42ic2 t2e base belon#s1 $00i6es are relevant semanticall71

$00i6es ma7 2ave not onl7 a 0inal position5 but also an initial position52ence t2e labels3 pre0i6 and su00i61

Self7assessed test $."

Indicate 0or eac2 a00i6 42et2er it is derivational or in0lectional3 toys,listened, reassessment, children’s, fatherly, improbable, improbability,

calculating, disarms, unremarkable, unpretentiousness.

:lease provide t2e ans4er in t2e space above1 Su##ested ans4ers can be 0ound at t2e end

o0 t2e unit 1

6




$.8 To identif6 t3e t6pes of affixes

e7 4ords3 Criteria for t3e classification of affixes$00i6es ma7 be classed accordin# to 0unction5 ori#in5 t2e part o0 speec2

t2at t2e7 0orm5 productivit75 le6ical-#rammatical meanin#1

$. Classification of affixes according to t3eir function:

*overning derivational affixes are a00i6es 42ic2 c2an#e t2e class o0 t2e

4ord to 42ic2 t2e7 are added1 +2e7 are su00i6es3

eart2 G en P eart2en * G su00i6 P $d/

(estrictive derivational affixes do not c2an#e t2e class5 determinin# onl7

a c2an#e o0 meanin#1 +2e7 ma7 be pre0i6es3

mis- G 0ortune P mis0ortune pre0i6 G * P * sel0- G con0ident P sel0-con0ident

su00i6es3

<itc2en G -ette P <itc2enette * G su00i6 P * 2ero G -ism P 2eroism

". Classification of affixes according to t3eir origin'refixes of *ermanic origin:

0or- 0orbid5 0or#ive5

0ore- 0ore0at2er5 0oreman5 0oresi#2tmis- misassociate5 misappre2end5 misvalue

out- out#ro4t25 outpost5 outdated

over- overc2ar#e5 overdue5 oversimpli07under- undereducate5 under#round35 undersecretar7

up- up#rade5 upli0t5 uproot4it2- 4it2ra45 4it2stand

'refixes of Latin origin:

bi- bi0ocal5 bimont2l75 bi4ee<l7

de- deca05 decomposedis- disa#ree5 disconnect

em- en-empo4er5 enable5 ent2ronein-5 il-5 im- ille#al5 inaccurate5 imper0ect5 irrecoverable5 irreducible

non- noncombatant5 noncon0ormist pre- pre-eminent5 pre-natal

sel0- sel0command5 sel0committment5 sel0-sc2ooled

sub- subdivide5 subspeciessuper- supersonic5 superstructre

trans- transliterate5 transoceanic

'refixes of *ree9 origin:

anti- antibod75 antiin0lationar75 antit2esis

7




bio- bio#rap275 bio2azard#eo- #eomorp2olo#75 #eopolitics

27dro- 27drod7namics5 27droelectric

27per- 27perbole5 27per0iction5 27perte6tmacro- macroscopic5 macrosociolo#7

micro- micro4ave5 microprocessor

ps7c2o- ps7c2obiolo#75 ps7c2odrama5 ps7c2o#enesistele- teleban<in#5 telecommute5 teles2oppin#5 tele4or<in#

Suffixes of *ermanic origin:

-dom 0reedom5 o00icialdom

-er 2ac<er5 net4or<er5

-0ul rest0ul5 spite0ul-2ood man2ood5 priest2ood

-in# 4eddin#5 4innin#s-is2 bo7is25 4omanis25

-l7 beatl75 #odl75 dail7-ness #reatness5 sel0is2ness-s2ip aut2ors2ip5 s2olars2ip

-t2 #ro4t25 4i0t2-4ard bac<4ard5 s<74ards

-4ise cloc<4ise5 li<e4ise

-7 boo<75 class75 smo<75 sunn7

Suffixes of (omance Latin5 1renc35 +talian ; origin:

-able ban<able5 cop7ri#2table5

-al recital5 rene4al-an5-ian s7ntactician5 p2onetician

-ation 0ormation5 2ibernation-ee assi#nee5 #rantee5

-ence patience5 resistence

-ese /ournalese5 Qapanese-ess lioness5 4aitress

-ette <itc2enette5 novelette-Hi07 intensi075 simpli07

-ic aller#ic5 s7ntactic

-ical economical5 0anatical-ism collo8uialism5 terrorism

-it7 0acult75 universit7-ize5-ise moralize5 moralise

-ment /ud#ment5 puzzlement

-or actor5 conductor

Suffixes of *ree9 origin:

-#rap27 le6ico#rap275 p2oto#rap27

-ic periodic5 ma#netic

-ism alp2abetism5 4omanism5 7out2ism

-lo#7 musicolo#75 p2raseolo#7-p2obia claustop2obia5 arac2nop2obia

8




Classification of affixes according to t3e 4ord class t3e6 formDependin# on t2e class to 42ic2 t2e derived 4ord belon#s5 su00i6es are

called nominalizers Hor noun 0ormatives i0 t2e derived 4ord is a noun5

ad<ectivisers Hor ad/ective 0ormatives i0 t2e result o0 derivation is anad/ective5 verbalizers Hor verb 0ormatives and adverbializers Hor adverb

0ormatives1

$ccordin# to t2e stem to 42ic2 t2e7 are added5 t2ese 0ormatives 0all into

several patterns3

*ominalizers are added to t2e 0ollo4in# stems3

2erb stem = !ominaliser > !oun marr7 G -a#e P marria#e arrive-G -al P arrival

drive G -er P driver

d<ective stem = !ominalizer > !oun 0ree G -dom P 0reedom $merican G- ism P $mericanism

$d/ectives 0all into t2e 0ollo4in# productive patterns3

!oun Stem = d<ectivizer > d<ective sentiment G -al P sentimental

beaut7 G -0ul P beauti0ul 4oman G -is2 P 4omanis2

0riend G -less P 0riendless

2erb stem = d<ectiviser > d<ective eat G -able P eatable distrust G -0ul P distrust0ul

Verbalizers 0all into t2e 0ollo4in# patterns3

!oun stem = 2erbaliser > 2erb len#t2 G -en P len#t2en

idol G -ise P idolise

d<ective stem = 2erbaliser > 2erb blac< G -en P blac<en $merican G -ise P $mericanise

$dverbialisers3

d<ective stem = dverbialiser > dverb slo4 G -l7 P slo4l7

!oun Stem = dverbialiser > dverb

end G -lon# P endlon# s<7 G -4ardHs P s<74ardHs

9




$. 'roductivit6

:roductivit7 is #iven b7 t2e 0re8uenc7 4it2 42ic2 an a00i6 is used in t2e

lan#ua#e and 4it2 42ic2 spea<ers use it in order to create ne4 4ords1$ccordin# to t2is criterion5 a00i6es are re#arded as productive Halso called

active5 semi-productive and unproductive1 +2e most productive a00i6es

can be added to almost an7 stem in order to 0orm a ne4 4ord1Unproductive a00i6es are no lon#er used to 0orm ne4 derivatives1

:roductivit7 is usuall7 associated to t2e idea o0 d7namism in lan#ua#e1

'roductive prefixes are3 anti-, e-, etra-, dis-, de-, mis-, non-, out-, re-,

self-, sub-, under.

Semi7productive prefixes are3 ante-, arch-, com-, co-, counter-, hyper-,

in-, mid-, neo-, pro-, post-, sub-, super-, semi-, trans-, ultra-, up-, vice-.

-nproductive prefixes are3 en-, fore-, !ith-.

'roductive suffixes are3 -able, -an, -ed, -er, -ic, -ist, -ism, -ing, -ish, -ize,

-ly, -less, -ness, -tion.

Semi7productive suffixes are3 -ate, -dom, -ful, -hood, -ee, -eer, -ette,

-ling, -let, -ship, -!ard(s).

-nproductive suffixes are3-ance, -age, -ent, -sion, -cy, -en, ify, ive, -ary,

-some, -th.

". Classification of affixes according to t3eir meaning:

$00i6es can be #rouped accordin# to some common semantic traits 42ic2

are added to t2e #rammatical ones1

Some a00i6es e6press t2e idea o0 Ecollectivit73 -dom, -hood, -ism, -ship,

-ery (brotherhood, friendship).+2e idea o0 E0emale bein# is e6pressed b73-ess, -ine, -tri, -ette (usherette, !aitress), 42ile ob/ects o0 lesser value are

mar<ed b7 t2e su00i6 -ette3 articlette, cigarette, storyette, essayette)1Diminutive su00i6es e6press t2e idea o0 Esmallness3 -ie5 or - y3 birdie,

doggie, kiddy, puppy1 +2ese #et an emotional colourin# or a collo8uial

c2aracter5 42en attac2ed to nouns denotin# adult persons5 usuall7 0amil7members3 daddy, auntie, "etty, #izzie, etc1 Ot2er su00i6es indicate

disapproval3 -ard Hdrunkard, dullard 5 -ling H!eakling, priestling 5 - ster

H gangster, rhymester 1

=ou 2ave 0inis2ed Unit %1

I recommend to 7ou t2at 7ou revise t2e main topics o0 t2is unit1 It is time0or 7ou to do t2e send-a4a7 assi#nment and 2and it to 7our course

instructor1

Send7a4a6 assignment. -nit $

10




%1 9rie0l7 comment on t2e main criteria used to classi07 a00i6es in "n#lis21

&1 Consider t2e 0ollo4in# 4ords3 atheism, circulation, coldness,

craftsmanship, fashionable, hopeful, kingdom, neighbourhood,

refreshment, !aiter.

a For eac2 4ord identi07 its le6ical cate#or7 H*5 V5 $5 $dv1 b "ac2 4ord contains more t2an one morp2eme1 List all t2e

morp2emes and indicate 42et2er t2e7 are 0ree or bound1c Indicate 0or eac2 a00i6 42et2er it is derivational or in0lectional1

d State t2e ori#in and e6plain t2e meanin# o0 t2e su00i6es1

'1 $00i6ation #ives rise to pairs o0 4ords t2at are sometimes con0used1

"6plain t2e di00erence in meanin# bet4een t2e 0ollo4in# con0usables3

childish $ childlike continual $ continuous

councillor $ counselor factitious $ fictitious

%udicial $ %udicious practical $ practicable

ns4ers and comments to self7assessed ?uestions

ns4ers $.$

enc2ant HrootNstem G -ment Ha00i6 M enc2antmentli<e HrootNstem G -l7 Ha00i6 M li<el7

li<el7 Hstem G -2ood Ha00i6 M li<eli2ood

vaccine HrootNstem G -ation Ha00i6 M vaccinationre- Ha00i6 G vaccination Hstem M revaccination

ns4ers $."

to7s3 -s in0lectionallistened3 -ed in0lectional

reassessment3 re- derivational5 -ment derivationalc2ildrens3 -E s in0lectional

0at2erl73 -ly derivational

improbable3 im- derivational

improbabilit73 im- derivational5 -ity derivationalcalculatin#3 -ate derivational5 -ing in0lectionaldisarms3 dis- derivational5 - s in0lectional

unremar<able3 un- derivational5 -able derivational

unpretentiousness3 un- derivational5 -tious derivational5 -ness derivational

-nit "/%(0 1%(&T+%!. C%&'%-!0+!*

11




%BJECT+2ES of -nit "

+2e main ob/ectives o0 Unit & are3

• to de0ine compoundin# and compounds• to distin#uis2 bet4een compounds and p2rases

• to identi07 t2e t7pes o0 compounds1

".$ To define compounding and compounds

Compounding Halso composition is a process o0 coinin# ne4 4ords b7

combinin# t4o or more t2an t4o stems or roots1 +2e 0irst element o0 acompound is treated as a stem and not as a 4ord5 t2at is 427 in0lections on

t2e 0irst constituent are absent1 Onl7 case and number in0lections survive ina 0e4 instances1

+2e genitive in0lection is reco#nizable in a 0e4 compounds o0 t2e t7pe3

craftsman, crafts!oman, sportsman, to!nspeople, tradesman, statesman

and in compounds in set p2rases3

a day’s hunt, a good day’s !ork, a goodnight’s sleep, a half hour’s drive, a

minute’s silence, a moment’s hesitation, a morning’s !ait, barber’s shop,

cat’s pa!, etc.

+2e plural in0lection is reco#nizable in3

arms race, communications net!ork&officer&problem&satellite&specialist& system, customs barrier&co-operation&house&officer&union, fast goods.

services, goods circulation& train&truck, special needs children, sports

agent&car&centre&page.

+2e meanin# o0 man7 compounds is based on t2e sum o0 t2e meanin#s o0t2e component 4ords1 +2e basic meanin# is rendered b7 t2e last element5

42ile t2e 0irst one speci0ies t2e additional meanin#3 e1#1 fo-hunter a 2unter

specialized in 2untin# 0o6es5 and !olf-hunter a 2unter 42o 2unts 4olves1

+2e constituent structure o0 compounds is dependent on t2e 4a7 t2e

compound is built1 Compounds made up o0 t2ree Hor more elements can beinterpreted in t4o 4a7s3

student 0ilm societ7

Jstudent J0ilm societ7 E0ilm societ7 0or students JJstudent 0ilm Jsociet7 Esociet7 0or student 0ilms

silver Janniversar7 rin# Ean anniversar7 rin# made o0 silver Jsilver anniversar7 rin# Ea rin# 0or t2e silver anniversar7

12




Self7assessed test ".$

+2e compounds made up o0 t2ree elements can 2ave t4o di00erent readin#sHmeanin#s1 Use brac<ets to e6plain t2e di00erence in meanin#3

Ideal @ome "62ibition a lon# term contract1


"." To distinguis3 bet4een compounds and p3rases

$s compounds and p2rases 2ave certain common c2aracteristics5 lin#uists2ave decided upon a number o0 criteria to distin#uis2 bet4een compounds

and s7ntactic p2rases1 +2e criteria include t2e 0ollo4in#3

$. Spelling

Compounds can be spelled solidl75 as t4o separate 4ords or can 2ave

27p2enated spellin#3

solid compounds spaced compounds 36p3enatedcompounds@36p3enes

pic<poc<et brea<0ast room lion-2earted

ban<assurance 0air cop7 lon#-distance-runner

+2ere are even cases 42en di00erent dictionaries provide t4o spellin#s 0ort2e same compound3

O60ordNLon#man CobuildNCambrid#e e7ebro4 e7e-bro4

e7esore e7e-sore

Since t2ere is a complete lac< o0 uni0ormit7 in t2e spellin# o0 compounds in

"n#lis25 t2is criterion is not considered b7 some lin#uists to be reliable1

In contrast p2rases are al4a7s spelt as separate 4ords3 J *: the pretty girl

". T3e p3onological criterion

$ compound o0 t4o elements is stressed on t2e 0irst constituent and t2ere is

no /uncture5 42ile a p2rase is stressed on t2e last constituent3

Compounds '3rasesa blac<bird HEa <ind o0 bird a blac< bird HEa bird 42ic2 is blac<a bluebell HEa <ind o0 sprin# 0lo4er a blue bell HEa bell 42ic2 is blue

a blac<board a blac< board HEa board 42ic2 is blac<a redcoat HEa soldier a red coat HEa coat 42ic2 is red

a reds<in HEan $merican Indian a red s<in HEs<in 42ic2 is sunburnt

13




8. T3e morp3ological criterion

Compounds 2ave morp2olo#ical inte#rit75 i1e1 t2e elements o0 a compoundcannot be split up b7 ot2er 4ords or p2rases5 nor can t2e7 be modi0ied b7

very3

Compounds '3rases a truc< driver a care0ul driver1

a truc< $merican driver a care0ul $merican driver1

+2e ad/ective 'merican cannot intervene bet4een t2e 0irst and t2e secondelement o0 t2e compound5 but it can be inserted in t2e noun p2rase1

ver7 blac<birds ver7 blac< birds1

+2e de#ree adverb very can intensi07 t2e ad/ective in t2e p2rase5 but itcannot be used in a compound3

+2e 4ooden bo6 4as made o0 a ver7 blac< board1 +2e teac2er 4rote on a ver7 blac<board1

A. /ord order

+2e 4ord order o0 compounds is 0i6ed5 42ile in p2rases it is 0ree3

Compounds '3rases a blac<board a blac< board

a #reen board

a 42ite board a blac< table

a redcoat a red coat a #reen coat

a red scar0

a red cap a bro4n /ac<et

. T3e semantic criterion

Compounds 2ave an idiomatic meanin#1 +4o compounds built on t2e samecombinator7 pattern and usin# 4ords belon#in# to t2e same semantic 0ield

do not 2ave a similar meanin# or t2e7 2ave onl7 one similar meanin# incommon3

sunstruc< Ea00ected or touc2ed b7 t2e sun1 moonstruc< Emar<ed b7 mental unbalance1

+2e combinatorial pattern is3 noun G past participle1 +2e nouns belon# to

t2e same semantic 0ield Ecelestial bodies5 but t2e resultin# compounds 2ave

di00erent meanin#s1

4ol0-2unter Eperson 42o 2unts 4olves 0o6-2unter Eperson 42o 2unts 0o6es

14




lion-2unter Ea person 42o see<s t2e compan7 o0 celebrities

Self7assessed test "."

;roup t2e 0ollo4in# compounds accordin# to t2eir spellin#3

a solid3 tablecloth,

b spaced3 breakfast room,c 27p2enated heart-disease.

t2e armed 0orces5 bac<#round5 class-consciousness5 dress circle5 0irst-

o00ender5 @i#2lander5 li#2t-minded5 lipstic<1


o0 t2e unit 1

".8 To identif6 t3e t6pes of compounds

In traditional #rammar compounds are classi0ied b7 t2e 4ord class to 42ic2

t2e7 belon#1 Compounds usuall7 2ave t4o constituents5 eac2 belon#in# to

one o0 t2e cate#ories3 *5 $5 V5 :5 etc1 +2e compound itsel0 ma7 belon# tot2e cate#or7 *5 V or $1

Compound nouns 0orm t2e lar#est class o0 compounds in "n#lis25 almost

?T o0 t2e total number o0 compounds1 +2e most 0re8uent patterns include

t2e 0ollo4in# possible combinations **5 $*5 :*5 V*3

* G * mail-bo65 o00ice-bo7verbal * G * 2eatin# s7stem5 4or<in# #irl

* G verbal * boo<-bindin#5 ni#2t-0l7in#

$ G * #randmot2er5 2i#2-lands:ro G * s2e-cousin5 2e-bear

V G V cut-bac<5 turn-round:ast participle G * bro<en 2eart5 bro<en marria#e

$dv G * onloo<er5 out2ouse

$dv G verbal * 4ell-bein#

+2e less usual compound patterns include3V G V ma<e-believe5 ma<es2i0t

$dv G $dv out-bac<

$ G *um 2i#2-0ive *um G * t4o-dec<er5 t4o-seater

letter G * U-boat5 +-s2irt5 V-nec<

Compound verbsV G V dr7-clean5 t7pe-4rite

* G V c2err7pic<5 bab7sit5 crossclassi07

: G V outlive5 overstep5 overdo

$ G V 42ite4as25 2i#2li#2t$dv G V broadcast5 over2ear

15




Compound ad<ectives * G $ 2eadstron#5 s<in deep5 dut7-0ree5 0ello4-t2eatrical

$ G :articiple eas7#oin#5 lo4born5 2i#2born5 2i#2-minded

* G :art storm-beaten5 sea-#oin#$ G * open-air5 2i#2 level

: G $ underripe

: G :art in#ro4n$ G $ bitter-s4eet5 7ello4-bro4n

$ G pron1 t2e @oll7 One5 t2e absent one:N$dv G * o00s2ore5 up2ill5 do4nstairs

$dv G$ ever#reen5 overan6ious *um G * 0irst-class5 t4o-p2ase5 t4o-4a7

$dv G :articiple 4ell-meanin#5 ill-0avoured

Compound 'ronounsInde0inite 8uanti0ier G * somebod7:ron1G :ron1 one anot2er5 eac2 ot2er

:ro G * ever7bod7ne#1adv G * nobod75 not2in#

Compound adverbs are 0ormed o0 compound ad/ectives and t2e l7 su00i61 * G : G * e7e-to-e7e

$ G *-ed ti#2t-lipped

$dv G * up-2ill5 do4n-2ill5 no4ada7s5 outside$dv G :rep 2erea0ter5 2ereb7

: G * toda75 inside

Instead o0

summar7

=ou 2ave 0inis2ed Unit &1


instructor1

Send7a4a6 assignment. -nit "

%1 ,2ic2 are t2e criteria used to distin#uis2 bet4een compounds and p2rases

%1 ;roup t2e 0ollo4in# compounds accordin# to t2eir structure3

first-offender, fur-lined, Highlander, late-comer, light-minded, stocking

eavers, three-cornered, treasure-seekers, !arm-hearted.

* G * G -er3 !eek-ender

$ G * G -er3 left-hander V G V G -er3 go-getter

$dv G V G -er3 ne!-comer

16




* G V G -er3 theatre-goer

*um G * G -er3 first-nighter

$d/ G * G -ed3 broad-shouldered

* G * G -ed3 doll-faced

*um G * G -ed3 t!o sided


ns4ers ".$

JJIdeal @ome "62ibition Ee62ibition o0 ideal 2ouses1

JJIdeal @ome "62ibition Eideal e62ibition o0 2ouses1Ja Jlon# term contract Ea contract concluded 0or a lon# term1

Ja Jlon# term contract Ea contract o0 man7 pa#es 42ic2 ends on a set date1

ns4ers "."

a solid3 bac<#round , @i#2lander5 lipstic<

b spaced3 t2e armed 0orces , dress circlec 27p2enated3 class-consciousness , 0irst-o00ender5 li#2t-minded1

Bibliograp36%1 @ulban @oria5 ynthesis in *nglish #eicology and emantics5 "dituraSpanda5 Iaşi5 &%1

&1 :la# In#o5 ord-formation in *nglish5 Cambrid#e +e6tboo<s in

Lin#uistics5 C1 U1 :15 Cambrid#e5 &&1

'1 Lip<a Leon2ard5 &&5 *nglish #eicology+ leical structure, !ord semantics and !ord

formation5 +Wbin#en3 *arr1

17



,ord meanin#

-nit 8/%(0 1%(&T+%!: CL+''+!*5 C%!2E(S+%!

%BJECT+2ES of -nit 8

+2e main ob/ectives o0 Unit ' are3

• to de0ine clippin#

• to identi07 t7pes o0 clippin#

• to reco#nize ot2er 4ord 0ormation processes3 c2an#e o0 stress5

conversion1

8.$ To define clipping

clippin#5 protot7pe5 clipped 4ord1

Derivation and composition are 4ord-buildin# processes based on

addition1 In contrast5 clipping Halso <no4n as s3ortening5 curtailingor contraction is a process o0 s2ortenin# t2e 4ord 0orms1 +2e 4ordunder#oin# clippin# is <no4n as a protot7pe5 42ile t2e resultin# 4ord

is a clipped 0orm1Semanticall7 clipped 0orms can be o0 t4o t7pes3

a1 a s7non7m o0 t2e protot7pe Hi1e1 t2e protot7pe and t2e clipped 4ord2ave identical meanin#s3

protot6pe clipped 4ord telep2one P p2one

advertisement P ad

in0luenza P 0lu

b1 t2e clipped 0orm developed some meanin#s o0 t2eir o4n3 2istor7 P stor7

In man7 cases t2e protot7pe remains a pol7semantic 4ord5 t2e contractedterm #ettin# a specialised meanin#3 e1#1 acute is pol7semantic HEs2arp at an

end5 Ecomin# s2arpl7 to a crisis5 Esensitive to impressions5Eclever5 42ilecute is monosemantic HEclever1

Clippin# al4a7s reduces a pol7s7llabic 4ord to a monos7llabic one5 b7removin# t2e initial s7llable H phone5 t2e 0inal s7llable Hrep or t2e initial

and t2e 0inal s7llable H flu1

Self7assessed test 8.$

Identi07 t2e stems o0 t2e 0ollo4in# clippin# compounds H4it2 a complete

0irst stem and a clipped second stem3

cable#ram robocopc2eesebur#er sno4mobile

18





,ord meanin#

electronic data processin# "D:

"uropean Societ7 0or t2e Stud7 o0 "n#lis2 "SS"

$ lar#e number o0 abbreviations is used in t2e 0ield o0 computers3

CD-RO Compact disc read-onl7 memor7

$+ $dvanced tec2nolo#7

Some abbreviations can be ambi#uous5 t2e7 ma7 stand 0or di00erent t2in#s3

$$ $lco2olics $non7mous

anti-aircra0t $rc2itectural association

$utomobile $ssociation

$bbreviations 2ave turned into acron7ms3

$IDS $c8uired Immune De0icienc7 S7ndrome U*"SCO United *ations "ducational5 Scienti0ic and Cultural

Or#anisation

$cron7mization turns p2rases into initial letters o0 t2e 4ords in t2ose p2rases and t2en interprets t2ese initials p2onolo#icall71 +2us5 t2e

'cuired mmune eficiency yndrome provides aids 42ic2 is rendered pronounceable b7 appl7in# t2e "n#lis2 spellin# rules1

$bbreviations ma7 preserve several letters but t2e 4ord is pronouncedentirel73

avenue ave1 incorporated inc1

road Rd1

Latin 4ords are also 0re8uentl7 abbreviated5 some are read in t2eir ori#inal

0orms or in "n#lis23

Latin3 "n#lis23

e1#1 Ji3 d/i3 e6empli #ratia 0or e6amplei1e1 Jai i3 id est t2at is

Bac9 derivation or bac9 formation

It is a process o0 0ormin# ne4 4ords b7 clippin# alread7 e6istin# 4ords1+2e ne4 4ords are 0ormed b7 misunderstandin# o0 t2e structure o0 t2e

4ord1 +2is misinterpretation is due to analo#7 and i#norance o0 t2eet7molo#7 o0 t2e 4ord1

It is <no4n t2at a#ent nouns5 i1e1 nouns t2at denote t2e a#ent o0 an action5are 0ormed 0rom verb stems G -er 3

build P builder 4or< P 4or<er

20



,ord meanin#

97 analo#7 it 4as supposed t2at ot2er a#ent nouns endin# in -er& -or also

2ave correspondin# verbal stems3

bab7-sitter P to bab7-sit butc2er P to butc2

bur#lar P to bur#le

t7pe4riter P to t7pe4rite editor P to edit

+2e misinterpretation o0 ot2er noun 0orms endin# in -tion&-sion enlar#ed

t2e number o0 verbs coined b7 bac<-0ormation3

electrocution P to electrocute

ent2usiasm P to ent2use television P to televise

9ac< derivation is especiall7 0avoured b7 spea<ers o0 $merican "n#lis21

Self7assessed test 8."

%1 Compare t2e 4ords in t2e t4o columns belo41 Comment on t2eir0ormation pointin# out 42ic2 is t2e ori#inal 4ord and 42ic2 is t2e derived

one1

to automate automation

to bab7-sit bab7-sitter to ent2use ent2usiasm

#reed #reed7

to 2ouse<eep 2ouse<eeper to sleep4al< sleep-4al<in#

to televise television


8.8 To recognize ot3er 4ord formation processes: c3ange of stress5 conversion

T3e c3ange of stress

It involves s2i0tin# t2e accent in a 4ord1 +2is p2enomenon is peculiar in

4ords o0 Romance ori#in naturalized in "n#lis2 Hborro4ed and adapted tot2e lan#ua#e1 Verbs and ad/ectives borro4ed 0rom Romance retained

t2eir ori#inal stress5 42ile nouns came to 2ave t2e stress on t2e 0irst

s7llable5 as in ;ermanic1 +2is 0act brou#2t 4it2 it a di00erence o0 stress bet4een nouns on t2e one 2and and verbs and ad/ectives on t2e ot2er

2and3 * V

Kaccent acKcent Ka00i6 aK00i6 Kproduce proKduce

Krecord reKcord

21



,ord meanin#

Ksub/ect subK/ect

* $

Kaccident acciKdental Katom aKtomic

+2us in "n#lis2 it is common to indicate t2e resultative nominalization b7s2i0tin# t2e accent 0rom t2e stem to t2e pre0i61 +2is process is still

productive 4it2 verbs pre0i6ed 4it2 -re+ re/make Hvb &/remake Hn ,re/!rite&/re!rite1

Conversion also zero derivation5 functional c3ange is a 4ord-buildin# process 42ic2 a00ects bot2 t2e morp2olo#ical and t2e s7ntactic status o0

4ords1 It involves s2i0tin# a 4ord 0rom a part o0 speec2 into anot2er parto0 speec25 in ot2er 4ords5 c2an#in# t2e #rammatical cate#or7 o0 a 4ord1

Conversion serves to coin ne4 le6emes on t2e basis o0 e6istin# ones1 +2us

t2e coversion o0 nouns to verbs is illustrated belo43

bed P to bed Eto put to bed bottle P to bottle Eto put in a bottle

bomb P to bomb Eto t2ro4 bombs on

+2e input cate#or7 can be an ad/ective or a verb5 42ile t2e output cate#or7

a verb or a noun respectivel73

$1 clean P V1 to clean

calm P to calmV1 to c2eat P *1 a c2eat

to approac2 P an approac21

Instead o0summar7

=ou 2ave 0inis2ed Unit '1

I recommend to 7ou t2at 7ou revise t2e main topics o0 t2is unit1 It is time

0or 7ou to do t2e send-a4a7 assi#nment and 2and it to 7our courseinstructor1

Send7a4a6 assignment. -nit 8

%1 9rie0l7 comment on t2e main t7pes o0 clippin#1

&1 ;ive t2e 0ull 0orm o0 t2e 0ollo4in# abbreviated 4ords1 Indicate t2eir

pronunciation as 4ell3 $5 91$15 9C5 c1015 "1F1L15 e1#15 "1S1L15 et al15 i1e15

1O15 R1:15 U1*1"1S1C1O15 viz15 XI: HCode1

'1 Read t2e 0ollo4in# pairs o0 4ords1 ;ive t2eir p2onetic transcription1 * V * V

protest to protest record to record

import to import sub/ect to sub/ectob/ect to ob/ect suspect to suspect

present to present torment to torment

22



,ord meanin#

(1 +2e 0ollo4in# terms are associated 4it2 computer or internet use1 Foreac2 item5 identi07 its le6ical cate#or7 and comment upon t2e 4ord-

0ormation process Hcompoundin#5 s2ortenin#5 acron7m5 conversion5 etc1

and provide a brie0 de0inition5 i0 possible1He1#1 chatgroup noun5 compound5 Ea #roup o0 people tal<in# to#et2er via

t2e Internet1

c7berent2usiast

c7berspace F$Y

to e-mail smile7s

so0t4are

to do4nload bro4ser

to <e7board1


ns4ers 8.$cable#ram3 cable G tele#ram

to7toon3 to7 G cartoonc2eesebur#er3 c2eese G 2ambur#er

sno4mobile3 sno4 G automobile2eadp2one3 2ead G telep2one

mil<a2olic3 mil< G alco2olic

ns4ers 8."to automate Z automationto bab7-sit Z bab7-sitter

to ent2use Z ent2usiasm

#reed Z #reed7to 2ouse<eep Z 2ouse<eeper

to sleep4al< Z sleep-4al<in#to televise Z television

-nit A/%(0 &E!+!*

%BJECT+2ES of -nit A

+2e main ob/ectives o0 Unit ( are3

• to de0ine denotation5 connotation5 le6ical 0ield

• to anal7ze t2e semantic components o0 <ins2ip terms1

23



,ord meanin#

A.$ To define denotation5 connotation5 lexical field

T3e meaning of a 4ord can be anal7sed in terms o0 denotation andconnotation1

0enotation is t2e part o0 t2e meanin# o0 a 4ord or p2rase t2at relates it to

p2enomena in t2e real 4orld or in a 0ictional or a possible 4orld1Denotative meanin# ma7 be re#arded as t2e central or core meaning o0 ale6ical item1 It is o0ten e8uated 4it2 referential meaning1

Connotation is #iven b7 t2e additional meanin#s t2at a 4ord or p2rase 2as be7ond its central meanin#1 +2ese meanin#s s2o4 peoples emotions and

attitudes to4ards 42at t2e 4ord or t2e p2rase re0ers to1 Connotation is

sometimes re0erred to as affective meaning or emotive meanin#1 Fore6ample5 child 2as t2e denotation Ea 7oun# 2uman bein# and t2e

connotation Ea00ectionate5 Eamusin#5 Elovable5 Es4eet5 Enois75Eirritatin#1

eanin# is more t2an denotation and connotation1 ,ord meanin# isin0luenced b7 t2e conte6t in 42ic2 t2at 4ord occurs1 +2e tendenc7 o0 4ords

to occur to#et2er repeatedl7 is called collocation1 Collocation re0ers to t2erestrictions on 2o4 4ords can be used to#et2er5 0or e6ample 42ic2

prepositions are used 4it2 particular verbs5 or 42ic2 nouns and verbs are

used to#et2er1 For e6ample5 perform is used 4it2 operation5 but not 4it2discussion Hto perform an operation5 but not to perform a discussion1

+2e meanin# o0 a le6eme is5 in part5 its relation to ot2er le6emes o0 t2e

lan#ua#e1 "ac2 le6eme is lin<ed in some 4a7 to numerous ot2er le6emes o0t2e lan#ua#e1 +2ere are t4o <inds o0 lin<a#e3 s7nta#matic and paradi#matic1 +2e s6ntagmatic relation is t2e mutual association o0 t4o or

more 4ords in a se8uence so t2at t2e meanin# o0 eac2 is a00ected b7 t2eot2erHs and to#et2er t2eir meanin#s contribute to t2e meanin# o0 t2e lar#er

unit5 t2e p2rase HJ *: the %udge J$: very old or t2e sentence H He lived in an

old cottage1

+2e paradigmatic relation is a relation o0 c2oice1 ,e c2oose 0rom amon# anumber o0 possible 4ords t2at can 0ill t2e same blan<3 t2e 4ords ma7 be

similar in meanin# or 2ave little in common but eac2 is di00erent 0rom t2e

ot2ers1 +2us5 instead o0 sa7in# 0he %udge !as arbitrary, 0or instance5 4ecan sa7 0he %udge !as cautious or careless, or busy or irritable, and so on1

$not2er aspect is sense relations3 t2e meanin# o0 an7 e6pression varies4it2 conte6t5 42at ot2er e6pressions it occurs 4it2 and 42at e6pressions it

contrasts 4it21

Le6ical items5 42ose meanin#s 2ave somet2in# in common5 0orm #roups

4it2 ot2er le6emes1 +2ese #roups o0 le6emes are called lexical fields1 +2ele6emes o0 a le6ical 0ield are o0 t2e same 4ord class Hi1e1 t2e7 are all nouns5

or all ad/ectives5 etc5 and t2e7 are interrelated b7 precisel7 de0inable

meanin# relations1

24



,ord meanin#

Self7assessed test A.$

Speci07 t2e denotation and t2e connotation o0 t2e 4ord bird 3

Indicate t2e collocation o0 t2e verb to lay3

List t2e terms o0 t2e le6ical 0ield o0 t2e 4ord friend 3


o0 t2e unit 1

A." To anal6ze t3e semantic components of 9ins3ip terms

e7 4ords Semes5 semantic 0eatures5 <ins2ip terms1

+2e meanin# o0 a 4ord can be anal7sed into some basic elements5 42ic2

are called semantic components@ primitives5 semantic mar9ers or semes1+2e stud7 o0 t2e semantic components 2as been connected 4it2 terms

belon#in# to t2e same le6ical 0ield1 +2ese semes5 mar<ers or semantic

components are abstract t2eoretical entities5 dimensions re#arded asc2aracterisin# t2e respective 0ield1 $mon# t2e basic semantic components

o0 t2e le6ical 0ields t2ere are semes indicatin# t2e dimensions J$bstract5

J$nimate5 J@uman5 JSe65 J$dult5 J;eneration5 JLine5 JRan<1 +2eseare used in plus or minus terms and placed in brac<ets1 For e6ample5 child

JG2uman J-adult5 man JG2uman JGadult1

T3e componential anal6sis of meaning is 0ruit0ul to various lexical fields5i1e1 #roups o0 4ords t2at are in a certain semantic relations2ip due to auni07in# t3eme or idea1 One o0 t2e ma/or le6ical 0ields 42ic2 2as been

studied in t2e "n#lis2 lan#ua#e is t2at o0 t2e <ins2ip s7stem5 i1e1 termsdenotin# 0amil7 members1

T3e lexical field of 9ins3ip terms in Englis3 is based on t2e 0ollo4in#

4ords3 grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, uncle, aunt, brother, sister, cousin, she-cousin, son, daughter, grandson, grand daughter.

+2e semantic mar<ers used in t2e componential anal7sis o0 t2e meanin# o0

t2ese terms are t2e 0ollo4in#3

a1 Consan#uinit7 e6presses t2e ori#in o0 t2ese relations2ips3

JGconsan#uinit7 Eblood relations2ips

J-consan#uinit7 Erelations2ip b7 alliance

b1 Line1 +2is dimension is divided into direct line Hindicatin# ancestors ordescendants o0 t2e e#o indirect line Hincludin# all ot2er relations1

25



,ord meanin#

c1 ;eneration1 +2is dimension 2as t2e e#o mar<ed J;eneration as t2e

:oint o0 re0erence1 $scendin# #eneration J;eneration G& and J;eneration G% 0rom t2e 0irst #eneration to t2e e#o1

Descendin# ;enerations J;eneration -% and J;eneration -&1

d1 Ran<1 +2is dimension is considered as a position in relation to ot2ers1 It

consists o0 direct relations2ips mar<ed JGDirect and indirect relations2ipsJ-Direct1 Direct relations2ips are not mediated5 42ile indirect relations2ips

are mediated1

+2e componential anal7sis o0 t2e meanin# o0 <ins2ip terms is illustrated

belo43

#rand0at2er3JGConsan#uinit75 JGLine5 J;enerationG&5 JGale5 J-Directmot2er3 JGConsan#uinit75 JGLine5 J;enerationG%5 J-ale5 JGDirect

uncle3 J-Consan#uinit75 J-Line5 J;enerationG%5 JGale5 J-Direct

sister3 JGConsan#uinit75 J-Line5 J;eneration 5 J-ale5 J-Direct

s2e-cousin3 J-Consan#uinit75 J-Line5 J;eneration 5 J-ale5 J-Directson3 JGConsan#uinit75 JGLine5 J;eneration-%5 JGale5 JGDirect#randdau#2ter3JGConsan#uinit75JGLine5J;eneration-&5J-ale5J-Direct

In a more elaborate anal7sis o0 t2e meanin#5 #rammatical 0eatures li<e JG*and JGCountable can be added to t2e semantic 0eatures3

0at2er3 JG*5 JGCountable5 JGConcrete5 JG$nimate5 JG@uman5 JGale5

JGConsan#uinit75 JGLine5 J;enerationG%5 JGDirect1

$n accurate description o0 t2e meanin# o0 t2e le6emes s2ould also ta<e into

consideration relational components1 +2ese are semantic componentsrepresentin# relations bet4een or amon# t2e terms anal7sed3

0at2er3 . :arent o0 = and ale .mot2er3 . :arent o0 = and Female .

son3 . C2ild o0 = and ale .dau#2ter3 . C2ild o0 = and Female .

brot2er3 . C2ild o0 :arent o0 = and ale .

sister3 . C2ild o0 :arent o0 = and Female .+2e componential anal7sis o0 meanin# is use0ul in t2e discussion o0 t2e

le6ical relation o0 27pon7m7 bet4een t4o terms suc2 as !oman andmother 1

1other is t2e 27pon7m o0 !oman5 as it is t2e superordinate element1 +2is is proved b7 t2e 0act t2at mother contains in its meanin# postulate all t2e

0eatures o0 t2e 4ord !oman3 JG$nimate5 JG@uman5 JGFemale5 JG$dult5to 42ic2 t2e semantic 0eatures o0 <ins2ip terms are added

JGConsan#uinit75 JGLine5 J;enerationG%5 JGDirect and t2e relational

components Z . :arent o0 = P1

In a similar 4a75 bachelor and spinster are 27pon7ms o0 man and !oman

because t2e7 contain all t2e semantic 0eatures 0ound in t2e meanin# postulates o0 man and !oman5 42ile addin# t2e speci0ic seme JG*ever

married1

26



,ord meanin#

+2us componential anal7sis reveals t2e similarities and di00erences bet4eenle6ical items in a semantic 0ield1

Self7assessed test A."

;ive t2e componential anal7sis o0 t2e meanin# o0 t2e 0ollo4in# <ins2ipterms3

father, aunt, brother, mother-in-la!.


Instead o0summar7

=ou 2ave 0inis2ed Unit (1


instructor1

Send7a4a6 assignment. -nit A

%1 ,rite t2e componential anal7sis o0 meanin# 0or t2e term father 5includin# #rammatical 0eatures5 semantic components and relational

components1

&1 "6plain t2e relation o0 27pon7m7 bet4een t2e terms man and father.


ns4ers A.$

bird3 denotation Ea 4arm-blooded e##-la7in# vertebrate animal 42ic2 2as

0eat2ers5 4in#s5 and a bea<5 and t7picall7 is able to 0l7 connotation Enois75 Eli#2t-2earted5 Elovel75 Eli#2t5 E0ree

to la73 to la7 an e##5 la7 t2e blame5 to la7 be0ore someone5 to la7 claim to

somet2in#5 to la7 open to somet2in#5 la7 to rest50riend3 0riends2ip5 0riendl75 un0riendl75 0riendliness5 un0riendliness5

0riendless5 0riendlessness1

ns4ers A."

0at2er3 JG*5 JGCountable5 JGConcrete5 JG$nimate5 JG@uman5 JGale5

27



,ord meanin#

JGConsan#uinit75 JGLine5 J;enerationG%5 JGDirect1aunt3 JG*5JGCountable5JGConcrete5JG$nimate5JG@uman5 JGFemale5

J[Consan#uinit75 J-Line5 J;enerationG%5 J-Direct1

brot2er3 JG*5 JGCountable5 JGConcrete5 JG$nimate5 JG@uman5JGale5 JGConsan#uinit75 J-Line5 J;eneration 5 J-Direct1

mot2er-in-la43JG*5 JGCountable5 JGConcrete5 JG$nimate5 JG@uman5

JGFemale5 J-Consan#uinit75 J-Line5 J;enerationG%5 J-Direct

Bibliografie -nitate de nvăDare !r. A

%1 L7ons Q15 #anguage and #inguistics. 'n ntroduction5 %?>%1

&1 C2iţoran Dumitru5 *lements of *nglish tructural emantics5 9ucureşti3

"D:5 %?B'1

'1 @ur0ord Q1 R15 @easle7 915 Smit2 1 915 emantics+ ' coursebook 5

Cambrid#e Universit7 :ress5 Cambrid#e5 *e4 =or<5 &B1

28



Le6ical relations1 S7non7m7

-nit LE+CL (ELT+%!S. S)!%!)&)

%BJECT+2ES of unit

+2e main ob/ectives o0 unit ) are3

• to de0ine t2e le6ical relation o0 s7non7m7

• to distin#uis2 bet4een t2e terms in a s7non7mic series

• to identi07 t2e sources o0 s7non7m71

.$ To define t3e lexical relation of s6non6m6

e7 4ords S7non7m75 s7non7ms5 s7non7mous5 s7non7mic series1

S6non6m6 is de0ined as identit7 o0 meanin#1 S6non6ms are le6emes t2at

2ave t2e same or almost t2e same #eneral sense1 S7non7ms areinterc2an#eable at least in some conte6ts1

+2e dictionaries o0 s7non7ms5 also called t2esaurus Hpl1 t2esauri5 appearedas t2e result o0 some practical needs5 in order to compensate 0or memor7

and in0ormation limitations1

Distinction ma7 be dra4n bet4een complete or absolute s7non7m7 andincomplete s7non7m71 $bsolute s7non7ms re8uire an absolute identit7 inmeanin#3 s!eater, pullover. :er0ect s7non7ms are rare1 +2ere are no

le6emes 42ic2 could substitute 0or eac2 ot2er in all possible locations1 *ear-s7non7ms are used in dictionar7 de0initions Hto !rite 2 to put do!n1

+2e di00erences in meanin# bet4een s7non7ms can be e6plained b7re#ional5 st7listic5 emotional5 di00erences1 For e6ample5 t2e s7non7ms truck

and lorry are used in di00erent dialects H$"1 0ruck N 9r"1 lorry), sand!ich -

butty are s7non7mous in 9r"1 9ut t2e 0irst is standard "n#lis25 t2e latter is

re#ional "n#lis21 +2ere ma7 be a st7listic di00erence bet4een s7non7ms5 0or

e6ample3 insane - loony H0ormal - in0ormal1 S7non7ms ma7 collocate Hco-occur 4it2 di00erent 4ords5 0or e6ample5 t2e pair o0 s7non7ms rancid -

rotten rancid can onl7 collocate 4it2 butter& bacon5 42ile rotten collocates4it2 eggs.

+2ere ma7 be an emotional 0eelin# or connotation attac2ed to one o0 t2es7non7ms5 0or e6ample3 youths and youngsters are s7non7ms5 youths is less

pleasant t2an youngsters1

+2e meanin# o0 t2e s7non7ms ma7 overlap5 but t2e7 appear in di00erent

combinations1 For instance5 freedom and liberty5 42ic2 are commonl7treated as s7non7ms3 he is en%oying her freedom& liberty, can appear in

di00erent combinations3 freedom of epression, academic freedom, but not

29




in3 liberty of epression, academic liberty1

"8uall75 t2e meanin# o0 liberty is not 0ull7 contained in t2e meanin# o0

freedom5 because t2e meanin# in3 he took a real liberty, is peculiar toliberty5 and not available 0or freedom.

Self7assessed test .$

Find t2e protot7pe in t2e 0ollo4in# #roups o0 s7non7ms and #ive reasons0or 7our c2oice3

%1 2andsome5 lovel75 beauti0ul5 prett75 comel75 #ood-loo<in#1

&1 to in8uire5 to as<5 to 8uestion5 to interro#ate1

'1 odour5 scent5 smell5 bou8uet5 0ra#rance5 per0ume1(1 0ri#2t5 0ear5 consternation5 2orror5 dread5 panic5 alarm1

)1 coura#e5 braver75 0ortitude5 valour5 #allantr71A1 po4er0ul5 0orce0ul5 potent5 0orcible1

B1 ripe5 mature5 adult5 #ro4n-up1


." To distinguis3 bet4een t3e terms in a s6non6mic series

S7non7ms are #rouped in s6non6mic series1 +2e 4ords included in a

s7non7mic series belon# to t2e same #rammatical cate#or75 i1e1 all o0 t2emare nouns5 or all o0 t2em are verbs5 etc1 In a s7non7mic series5 one o0 t2e

terms ac8uires a dominant position and in dictionaries o0 s7non7ms it

becomes t2e 2ead4ord1

+2is dominant term e6presses t2e most #eneral meanin#5 all t2e ot2er

members o0 t2e series addin# some speci0ic 0eatures1 I0 t2e dominant termo0 a s7non7mic series is a pol7semantic 4ord Ht2e noun ob%ect 2as t4o

meanin#s5 t2en it is included in t4o s7non7mic series3

t2in#5 ob/ect5 article intention5 aim5 purpose5 end5 ob/ect5 #oal5 ob/ective

In man7 cases a general 4ord Hclean 2as as its e8uivalents onl7

specialised 4ords5 42ic2 are called ideo#rap2ic s7non7ms:

clean cleanse5 clear5 4as25 dust5 puri075 pur#e5 4ipe

S7non7mic series must be re#arded as Eopen series especiall7 in literar74or<s5 as a 4riters ima#ination cannot be restricted b7 t2e limits imposed

30




b7 dictionaries o0 s7non7ms1

S6non6mic distributions

Di00erences bet4een or amon# s7non7ms are mar<ed b7 di00erences in

le6ical distribution5 i1e1 t2e7 can occur in t2e same conte6ts or not1

For e6ample5 accident and chance can be used interc2an#eabl7 in3 to

happen by accident&chance, but t2e7 are not s7non7mous in ot2er conte6tsin 42ic2 t2e7 cannot be substituted 0or eac2 ot2er1 +2us onl7 accident can

be used in t2e 0ollo4in#3 a traffic accident, a cerebral accident, an

accident of appearance, to meet !ith accident. ,2ile chance can onl7appear in3 to leave things to chance, to take one’s chance, a game of

chance, chances of peace, etc. Restrictions o0 t2is t7pe are called

collocational restrictions.

S7non7ms are also di00erentiated b7 #rammatical properties5 0or e6ample5

sick and ill are bot2 used predicativel75 but onl7 sick can be an attribute a sick man, child, an ill child or can be part o0 a compound suc2 as trainsick,

carsick, airsick, seasick 5 t2e term ill is not used in compounds Htrainill,

3carill 1

,ords and p2rases can 2ave correlative s6non6mic relations5 t2at is t2e7

can be reciprocall7 related5 0or e6ample3

a1 :2rasal verbs can be replaced b7 sin#le 4ord verbs3

to #ive up M to distribute to #ive in M to surrender

b1 Idiomatic p2rases ma7 be s7non7ms o0 one or several 4ords3

to ta<e 0or #ranted M to assume to ma<e a 2ole in a bottle o0 brand7 M to drin< a lot o0 brand7

c1 Correlative relations o0 s7non7m7 can also be establis2ed amon#

idiomatic e6pressions t2at use a common 4ord3

to be as blind as a batNbeetleNmole

to be as blac< as in<NcoalNmidni#2tNpitc2Nsoot to be as 2ard as a roc<NboneN0lintNironNNnails

to be as drun< as a lordNa ne4tNan o4l1

Self7assessed test ."

%1 $rran#e t2e 0ollo4in# nouns into s7non7mic #roups1 :oint out t2e

semantic 0eatureHs s2ared b7 t2em and indicate 42ic2 o0 t2e listeds7non7ms ma7 be re#arded as t2e protot7pe3

lack, ghost, affair, absence, scandal, privation, business, spirit, slander,

!ant, defect, apparition, back-biting, concern, thing, detraction, phantom, matter, phantasm, calumny1

31




% & ' (

#roup %3 +2e protot7pe is 111111 +2e 0eature s2ared in common b7 t2e

s7non7mic #roup is 11111111

#roup &3 +2e protot7pe is 11111111 +2e 0eature s2ared in common b7 t2es7non7mic #roup is 111111111


o0 t2e unit 1

.8 To identif6 t3e sources of s6non6m6

+2e sources o0 t2e s7non7m7 are t2e 0ollo4in#3

$. Et6molog6

S7non7m7 can be approac2ed bot2 0rom a s7nc2ronic and 0rom adiac2ronic point o0 vie45 t2e diac2ronic stud7 2avin# a certain si#ni0icance

bot2 in clari07in# t2e sources o0 s7non7m7 and t2e status o0 4ords in

contemporar7 "n#lis21

+2e relations2ip establis2ed amon# native and 0orei#n 4ords is seen in t2e0ield o0 s7non7m71 In most cases5 t2e native 4ord is 0elt as neuter5 bein#

pre0erred to t2e 0orei#n 4ord in ever7da7 conversation1 Some ot2er times5

t2e native 4ord bears t2e mar< o0 spontaneit7 or o0 anot2er ps7c2olo#icalstate3

Saxon 4ords Latin e?uivalents motherly and fatherly maternal and paternal

-2i#2er emotive potential -polite conversation

friendship amity -sincere and intense 0eelin# -0ormal

+2e specialization o0 terms is made accordin# to t2e et7molo#ical criterion3

Latin3 righteous Ecorrect be2aviour 0rom t2e vie4point o0 reli#ious belie0sSa6on3 %ust Eimposes a moral vie4point1

Frenc23 pork, beef, veal, venison 2ave specialized to denote t2e meat1Sa6on3 s!ine, bull, co!, calf, deer denote animals1

Literar7 terms are o0 Frenc2 ori#in5 42ile scienti0ic /ar#on is ;ree< orLatin1

32




S7non7mous 4ords 4it2 di00erent ori#ins are or#anized in a double or atriple scale1 +2e lan#ua#e 0rom 42ic2 t2e 4ord 4as borro4ed is indicatedHFrenc2 but not t2e ori#in o0 t2e et7mon5 42ic2 ma7 be ;ree< or Latin3

0ouble scale in s6non6m6

!ative 1renc3 native Latinans4er repl7 2eart7 cordial

as< re8uest luc<7 0ortunate bu7 purc2ase pla7er actor

2elp aid 4ire tele#ram

4orld universe7earl7 annual

In "n#lis2 t2ere are countless pairs o0 s7non7ms in 42ic2 a native term co-

e6ists 4it2 a term o0 Latin5 Frenc2 or ;ree< ori#in1 +2e native 4ord is

in0ormal5 42ile t2e borro4ed term is learned1 *ative 4ords are 4armer5

2omelier t2an borro4ed 4ords in emotive meanin#1

Triple scale!ative 1renc3 Latinas< 8uestion interro#ateend 0inis2 conclude

stren#t2 po4er ener#7time a#e epoc2

0ear terror trepidation

+2e native terms are t2e simplest and most ordinar7 o0 t2e t2ree terms1 +2e

Latin term is t2e learned5 42ereas t2e Frenc2 term stands bet4een t2enative 4ord and t2e Latin 4ord1 Latin borro4in#s are usuall7 boo<is25

42ile Frenc2 are more 0ormal t2an t2e "n#lis2 e8uivalents1

". !eologisms enric2 t2e lan#ua#e and o0ten lead to s7non7m73

earlier 4ord neolo#ism

#uerrilla commando

landin#-place airportne4spaperman reporter

8. Eup3emisms are a source o0 s7non7m71 "up2emisms are 4ords or

p2rases t2at avoid direct re0erence to taboo sub/ects1 In suc2 cases t2e

denotation remains t2e same but t2e connotations are di00erent3

standard 4ord eup3emismc2aotic un0ormed

illiterate uneducated

mad mental case poor underprivile#ed

$not2er 4a7 o0 concealin# t2e unpleasant trut2 is to use <argon1 ,2encompanies 4ant to dismiss an emplo7ee5 t2e7 use lan#ua#e t2at attempts to

tone do4n or even dis#uise t2e e00ects o0 t2eir actions3

33




to dismissNto sac< to dispense 4it2 somebod7s services to o00er somebod7 a career c2an#e opportunit7

sac<in# destu00in#do4nsizin#

outplacement

departure4or<0orce ad/ustment

;overnments and industries are adept at usin# 4ords to conceal 42at t2e7

are up to1 In %?B t2e nuclear po4er industr7 in US used instead o0

eplosion Ean ener#etic disassembl7 and instead o0 fire Ea rapid o6idation1

A. Tec3nical terms compete 4it2 traditional 4ords and p2rasescontributin# to t2e development o0 pro0essional /ar#ons1 +2e tec2nical

terminolo#7 or t2e specialist vocabular7 includes 4ords speci0ic t2e to

scienti0ic or tec2nical 0ields3

standard tec3nical terma lie detector pol7#rap2

c2ec<in# accounts audit

measure to 0orce a countr7 sanction pa7ment o0 an account settlement

. 2arieties of Englis31 an7 4ords are connected 4it2 li0e in various

#eo#rap2ical areas3

Britis3 mericanautumn 0allForei#n inister Secretar7 o0 State

insect bu#

lorr7 truc< maize corn

reader associate pro0essor tin can

Sometimes slang5 42ic2 includes dialectal 4ords5 is a ma/or source o0s7non7m71

Standard Englis3 Slang0riend c2apNc2um

tobacco 0un< bad luc< ill speed

Slan# is t2e special vocabular7 used b7 members o0 a particular #roup o0

people Hsc2oolbo7 slan#5 student slan#5 etc1 Slan# 4ords are sub/ect to

0as2ion3 4ords come and #o5 t2e7 are used b7 one #eneration and 0or#otten b7 t2e ne6t1 +2us t2e ran#e o0 4ords t2at e6pressed approval in t2e past

included3 cool, brill, heavy, ace, triff, def, !icked, a!esome. +2e ric2

variet7 o0 slan# is illustrated in t2e 0ollo4in# 4ords applied to policeo00icers over t2e 7ears in t2e United in#dom and t2e United States3 bobby,

bogey, busy, copper, filth, fuzz, grog, ha!ksha!, mug, peeler, pigs, plod,

34




rozzer, scuffer, shamus, s!eeney, the la!, the man.

. 2arious language st6les can be a source o0 s7non7m71

standard poeticevenin# eve

#irl maid

o0ten o0tto remain to tarr7

S7non7m7 is a mar< o0 pro#ress in t2e lan#ua#e5 it enables us to e6press

t2e subtlest ideas in a st7le appropriate to t2e conte6t o0 t2e spo<en or

4ritten communication1 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

=ou 2ave 0inis2ed Unit )1

I recommend to 7ou t2at 7ou revise t2e main topics o0 t2is unit1 It is time

0or 7ou to do t2e send-a4a7 assi#nment and 2and it to 7our course

instructor1

Send7a4a6 assignment. -nit

$rran#e t2e 0ollo4in# nouns into s7non7mic #roups1 :oint out t2e semantic

0eatureHs s2ared b7 t2em and indicate 42ic2 o0 t2e listed s7non7ms ma7 bere#arded as t2e protot7pe3

pain5 compassion5 va#abond5 an#uis25 report5 concern5 mob5 stri0e5recreation5 discord5 cro4d5 solicitude5 amusement5 stor75 sorro45 2obo5 pit75

ac2e5 tramp5 commiseration5 #rie05 pan#5 diversion5 con0lict5 care5 account5

dissention5 t2ron#5 an6iet75 spar<5 c2ronicle5 entertainment5 4oe5 va#rant5condolence5 t2roe5 dole5 s7mpat275 t4in#e5 variance5 version5 4orr71

% & ' ( ) A B >


35




ns4ers .$

:rotot7pes3 %1 beauti0ul5 &1 to as<5 '1 smell5 (1 0ear5 )1 coura#e5 A1 po4er0ul5

B1 adult1

Reasons3 it is t2e #eneral 4ord5 it is neutral bot2 st7listicall7 andemotionall7 and it can stand 0or eac2 o0 its s7non7ms in most uses1

ns4ers ."

% & ' (

lac<

absence

privation4ant

de0ect

#2ost

spirit

apparition p2antom

p2antasm

a00air

business

concernt2in#

scandal

slander

bac<-bitin#detraction

calumn7

;roup %3 +2e protot7pe is lack 1 +2e 0eature s2ared in common b7 t2es7non7mic #roup is Esomet2in# 4anted 42at is insu00icient or absent1

;roup &3 +2e protot7pe is ghost 1 +2e 0eature s2ared in common b7 t2es7non7mic #roup is Ea supernatural disembodied bein#5 ima#ined as

appearin# in visual 0orm or 2auntin# livin#1

;roup '3 +2e protot7pe is concern1 +2e 0eature s2ared in common b7 t2e

s7non7mic #roup is Esomet2in# to be dealt 4it21

;roup (3 +2e protot7pe is calumny1 +2e 0eature s2ared in common b7 t2es7non7mic #roup is Ema<in# o0 0alse statements t2at dama#e anot2er]s

reputation1

Bibliograp36

%1 9auer Laurie5 0he 4ocabulary, Routled#e5 %??>1

&1 @ulban @oria5 ynthesis in *nglish #eicology and emantics5 "ditura

Spanda5 Iaşi5 &%1

'1 @ur0ord Q1R15 @easle7 915 Smit2 1 915 emantics+ ' coursebook 5

Cambrid#e Universit7 :ress5 Cambrid#e5 *e4 =or<5 &B1

(1 Saeed Q15 emantics5 9lac<4ell5 &'1

36



9iblio#rap27

-nit LE+CL (ELT+%!S:

!T%!)&)5 ,%&%!)&)5 '(%!)&)

%BJECT+2ES of -nit

+2e main ob/ectives o0 Unit A are3

• to de0ine and identi07 t7pes o0 anton7ms

• to distin#uis2 bet4een t7pes o0 2omon7ms

• to reco#nize paron7ms1

.$ To define and identif6 t6pes of anton6ms

$nton7m75 anton7ms5 anton7mic series5 anton7mous 4ords1

$nton7ms are t4o 4ords 42ic2 belon# to t2e same #rammatical cate#or7

but 42ic2 are opposed in meanin# to eac2 ot2er1 $nton7ms are or#anizedin pairs1

$nton7mic pairs can be placed on an ima#inar7 a6is on 42ic2 one o0 t2e

terms represents t2e positive and t2e ot2er one t2e ne#ative value1

$ccordin# to t2eir 0orm5 anton7ms are classi0ied as3

a1 Root anton7ms Halso called absolute or radical anton7ms1 "6amples

are3

nouns ad/ectives verbs cause $ e00ect #ood $ evil to come $ to #o

0riend $ enem7 2ot $ cold to 0ind $ to lose

prepositions demonstratives adverbs

above $ belo4 t2is $ t2at 2ere $ t2ere

*ouns t2at denote persons or animals o0 opposite se6es are alsoconsidered root anton7ms3

man - !oman

he-parrot - she-parrot

stallion - mare

b1 Derivational anton7ms Halso called a00i6al anton7ms ac2ieve t2e

opposition t2rou#2 various a00i6es attac2ed to a common stem1 +2esea00i6es are ne#ative pre0i6es and su00i6es3

37



9iblio#rap27

dis- Eopposite o0 V1 to appear - to disappear

*1 belie0 - disbelie0 un- Enot5 Econtrar7 to provides t2e counterterm in t2e pairs3

$1 clear - unclear

separable - unseparable s<illed - uns<illed

+2e allomorp2s in-, il-, ir - appear in suc2 anton7mic pairs as3 accessible

$ inaccessible, mature $ immature, literate $ illiterate, reducible $

irreducible.

+2e c2oice o0 one o0 t2ese allomorp2s depends on t2e 0irst consonant in

t2e 4ord to 42ic2 t2e pre0i6 is attac2ed1

Sometimes t4o pre0i6es ma7 compete in providin# t2e counterterm3

replaceable unreplaceable irreplaceable

reproac2able unreproac2able irreproac2able sanitar7 unsanitar7 insanitar7

Su00i6es ma7 also be used to 0orm anton7mic pairs3 hopeful - hopeless,

careful - careless, remorseful - remorseless5 etc1

Self7assessed test .$

%1 ;ive t2e anton7ms o0 t2e 0ollo4in# 4ords3

male $ 1 married $ 1 clean $ alive $ 1 7oun# $ 1 bi# $ 11

c2eap $ /o7 $ 1 correct $


o0 t2e unit 1

." To distinguis3 bet4een t6pes of 3omon6ms

e7 4ords 2omon7m75 2omon7ms5 2omon7mous 4ords

,omon6ms are t4o or more 4ords 2avin# di00erent meanin#s but bein#

identical in3

%1 pronunciation and spellin# Hper0ect 2omon7ms

&1 pronunciation H2omop2ones'1 spellin# H2omo#rap2s

$. perfect 3omon6ms Halso called 3omon6ms proper are 4ords

identical in bot2 pronunciation and spellin#5 but di00erent in meanin#3

*1 base E0oundation $1 base Elo45 Emean

*1 bill Emone7 o4ed 0or services or #oods *1 bill Ebea< o0 a bird

38



9iblio#rap27

". 3omop3ones 2ave identical pronunciation5 but di00erent spellin#s and

meanin#s3

air5 2eir5 ere ascent5 assent bu75 b75 b7e

beat5 beet cent5 scent5 sent c2ec<5 Czec2e7e5 I 0lour5 0lo4er 2air5 2are

2our5 our made5 maid

8. 3omograp3s 2ave di00erent meanin#s and pronunciations5 but useidentical #rap2s3

V1 tear Jtɛǝ *1 tear Jtiǝ V1 4ind J4aind *1 4ind J4ind

*1 4ound J4und V1 4ound J4aund

$ special t7pe o0 2omo#rap2s is t2at o0 capiton7sms1 $ capiton6m is a4ord t2at c2an#es its meanin# Hand sometimes pronunciation 42en it is

capitalized5 suc2 as march and 1arch, personal names H 1ark Nmark 5 place-names H5hinaNchina5 compan7 names H 6iat N fiat 5 names o0

publications H0imeNtime etc1

$ distinction ma7 be made bet4een Etrue 2omon7ms5 42ic2 are unrelatedin ori#in5 suc2 as skate HE#lide on ice and skate HEt2e 0is25 and

pol7semous 2omon7ms5 42ic2 2ave a s2ared ori#in5 suc2 as mouth Ho0 ariver and mouth Ho0 an animal1

Self7assessed test ."

%1 Identi07 t2e 2omop2ones o0 t2e 0ollo4in# 4ords3 for, night, peace, to.

&1 Identi07 t2e di00erent meanin#s and indicate t2e pronunciation o0 t2e

0ollo4in# 2omo#rap2s3 so!, lead, rose.


o0 t2e unit 1

.8 To recognize paron6ms

'aron6ms are 4ords similar in sound5 but di00erent in spellin# andmeanin# and derived 0rom one anot2er or 0rom t2e same root1 For

39





9iblio#rap27

B+BL+%*(',):

%1 9auer L15 *nglish ord 6ormation5 Cambrid#e +e6tboo<s in Lin#uistics5 Cambrid#e3

Cambrid#e Universit7 :ress5 %?>'1

&1 9auer Laurie5 0he 4ocabulary, Routled#e5 %??>1

'1 9ro4n eit25 5oncise *ncyclopedia of emantics5 "lsevier5 &?1

'1 C2iţoran Dumitru5 *lements of *nglish tructural emantics5 9ucureşti3 "D:5 %?B'1

(1 Cruse D1 $15 ' 9lossary of emantics and :ragmatics5 "dinbur#2 Universit7 :ress5 &A1

)1 Cruse D1 $15 #eical emantics5 Cambrid#e +e6tboo<s in Lin#uistics5 Cambrid#e3Cambrid#e Universit7 :ress5 %?>A1

A1 @ulban @oria5 ynthesis in *nglish #eicology and emantics5 Iaşi3 "ditura Spanda5 &%1

A1 @ur0ord Q1 R15 @easle7 915 Smit2 1 915 emantics+ ' coursebook 5 Cambrid#e3 Cambrid#e

Universit7 :ress5 &B1

>1 atamba Francis5 *nglish ords5 Routled#e5 London5 %??(1

B1 empson Rut25 emantic 0heory5 Cambrid#e +e6tboo<s in Lin#uistics5 Cambrid#e3

Cambrid#e Universit7 :ress5 %?BB1

%1 Levitc2i Leon5 #imba englez; contemporan;. #eicologie5 9ucureşti3 "D:5 %?B1

%%1 Le2rer5 $15 ESemantic cuisine5 <ournal of #inguistics, )5 '?-))5 %?A?1

%%1 :la# In#o5 ord-formation in *nglish5 Cambrid#e +e6tboo<s in Lin#uistics5 Cambrid#e3

Cambrid#e Universit7 :ress5 &&1

%&1 :la# In#o5 1orphological :roductivity1 tructural 5onstraints in *nglish erivation5

9erlin3 outon de ;ru7ter5 %???1

%'1 Saeed Q15 emantics5 9lac<4ell :ublis2ers5 &'1

%(1 Lip<a Leon2ard5 &&5 *nglish #eicology+ leical structure, !ord semantics and !ord formation5 +Wbin#en3 *arr1

%)1 Qac<son @o4ard ^ "tienne X_ $mvela &&5 *nglish leicology+ leical structure, !ord

emantics = !ord-formation. 'n ntroduction to 1odern *nglish #eicology, London3Cassell1

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