Cagidiaco_ Placement of Fibre Prefabricated or Custom Made

7/28/2019 Cagidiaco_ Placement of Fibre Prefabricated or Custom Made

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Placement of fiber prefabricated or custom made posts affects the 3-year

survival of endodontically treated premolars

MARIA CR YSANTICAGIDIACO,MD,DDS,PHD, FR ANKLI NGAR CIA-GODOY,DDS,MS, ALESSANDROVICHI, DDS,PHD,

SIMONEGRANDI NI,DDS,MS, PHD, CECILIA GORACCI, DDS,MS,PHD& MARCO FERRAR I, MD,DDS,PHD

ABSTR ACT:Purpose: To assess whether the amount of resid ual coronal dentin and the placement of a pr ef a bricated (DT

Light Post)(LP) or a customized fiber post (Ever Stick Post)(ES) have a significant influence on the 3-year sur vival of

end odontically tr eated premolar s. Method s: A sam ple o f 345 patients pr ovided six groups of 60 pr emolars in need of

endodontic tr eatment. Grou ps were def ined based on the amount of d entin lef t at the coronal level after endodontic tr eatment

and before a butment build -u p. Within each group teeth were r andomly divided into three subgroups (n=20). In Subgrou p A,

no root canal retention was provided for the coronal restoration. In Subgroups Band C, LP and ES, r es pectively, were placed

inside the root canal. All the teeth wer e f inally r estored with a single unit metal-ceramic crown. Results: Data were not

affected by any loss to f ollow-u p. The overall 36-month sur vival rate o f cr owned endodontically tr eated pr emolar s was

76.7%. The lowest survival rate was recor d ed for teeth restored without any root canal r etention (62.5%). Teeth restor ed

with LP had a survival rate higher (90.9%) than those restored with ES (76.7%). The Cox regr ession analysis showed that

the presence of root canal retention was a signif icant factor for survival (P< 0.05). The decr ease in failur e risk was higher in

teeth r estored with LP (HR= 0.1; 95% CI for HR= 0.09 to 0.34; P< 0.001) than when using ES (HR = 0.5; 95% CI for HR=

0.3 to' 0.7; P= 0.003). Teeth retaining one (HR= 0.3; 95% CI for HR= 0.2 to 0.7; P= 0.003), two (HR = 0.2; 95% CI for HR=

0.1 to 0.5; P< 0.001), or three cor onal walls (HR= 0.1; 95% CI for HR= 0.05 to 0.3; P< 0.001) had a significantly lower

failure risk than teeth d e pr ived even of the ferrule effect. Similar failure risk s existed for teeth missing all the coronal walls

r egardless of the pr esence or a bsence of a ferr ule effect (P> 0.05). Interaction terms wer e not signif icant (P> 0.05). Post

placement and the amount of resid ual coronal dentin aff ected the 3-year survival of endodontically tr eated pr emolar s. (Am J

Dent 2008;21: 179-184).

CLI NICALSIGNIFICANCE:To o btain the highest success rate, end odontically tr eated premolar ~; sh'auld be restored with a

fiber post and a com plete cr own. The "fer r ule" structure has a direct influence on the clinical success r ate.

18J: Pr of . Dr . Marco Fer r ~, Department of Oral Sciences, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Br acci, Siena 53100, Italy. E-I8J:

mJerr ar i@mclink .it \ ,.

A new ap pr oach to the r estor ation of end od ontically tr eated

teeth has been pr om pted by the intr oduction of fiber-r einf or ced

composite (FRC) posts. 1,2With an elastic behavior mor e closely

resem bling that of d entin, fi ber posts have limited the occur-

rence of irr e par a ble root fractures as compared with metallic

postS?-5 Moreover , higher fracture resistance and mor e f avor-

able failure patter ns wer e re ported in vitro for teeth restor ed with

FR C posts than in the a bsence of any root canal r etention.2.6-8

The sur vival of r oot treated teeth has been assessed in

several retr os pectivel,9-11 and pr os pective12-18 clinical studies.

Failure r ates r anging f rom the 8% of carbon f iber posts dver an

8-year o bservation per iod irr 'a retros pective stud y,IJto tile 12%

of glass fi ber posts -iI!-a 2-year pros pective investigationl6 have

been recor ded . Differences in stud y d esign, inclusion criteria,

number of o bser ved patients, and observation periods may have

accounted for dissimilarities in the results.

Var ia bles such as tooth tY pe and position within the dental

arch in r elation to the occlusal forces,16,17 the presence of

pr oximal contacts,19 and the ty pe of the final r estoration20 has

been f ound to have an ef f ect on the longevity of r oot tr eated

teeth. Additionally, the amount of coronal r esidual str ucture has

posts, FR C materials have been proposed for constructing

custom mad e postS?5-3o The fiber bundles can be ada pted

directly into the post space, so as to obtain a customized post,

hi h· h dh' 1 1 d S l' . 253132 d 'w C IS t en a eSlve y ute. evera zn V itr o " stu les

have investigated the mechanical properties and indications of

these FRC mater ials.

However , no clinical study has so far assessed whether teeth

restored with such custom-made posts have a significantly

d if ferent clinical outcome in comparison with teeth restor ed with

FRC pr efa bricated posts or without any r oot canal retention.

Therefore, the present stud y pr ospectively evaluated the 3-

year clinical behavior of r oot-treated premolars with var ying

d egrees of coronal tissue loss that were restor ed with DT Light

posta posts, Ever Stick b

f i ber s or without any root canal r etention.

All the teeth wer e f mally covered with a prosthetic crown. The

tested null hy pothesis was that neither the amount of residual

coronal d entin nor the placement of a prefabricated or custom-

ized FRC post in the root canal signif icantly affected the 3-year sur vival of endod ontically tr eated and crowned premolar s.

Materials and Methods

A total of 345 patients who consecutively pr esented at a

pr ivate d ental office for receiving endodontic tr eatment and

mailto:[email protected]














Instrument the r oot canals with K-f iles (#08-10-15)

and Flexmaster (#15-20-25-30-35-40 VDW),

mounted on an electr ic handpiece (End o IT professional), having established the wor king

length at I mm a bove the radiogr aphic apex.

Condense the gutta- per cha using the continuous wave technique up to 4 to 5 mm fromthe apex with a System B heat source 5 mm from the apex with a System B heat source

In between instrumentations irrigate with 3 mL of 5.25%

sodium hypochlorite using a long 27-gauge needle.

Use deionized water as the final r inse, and maintain

patency of the c:tn~l with a # 10 K -file.

Subgroup BApply Caulk 34% Tooth Conditioner Gel

to the post space.

After 15 second s, rinse with water .

Remove the excess water with an air blast.

With paper points r emove the residual

moisture without desiccating the etched

dentin surface.

Subgroup CA p ply Bisco 37% phosphor ic gel to the post

space. After 15 seconds rinse with water .

Remove the excess water with an air bla,st'.-With paper points remove the resid ual

moisture without desiccating the etcned d entin

surface. "

Mix I or 2 dro ps of Pr ime&Bond NT

adhesive with the same amount of

Self -Cur e Activator for 1-2 second s

with a clean brush ti p.

A pply the adhesive/activator solution to the

post s pace with a microbr ush. After 20

second s, remove the excess solution f r om the post s pace with an air blast and paper points.

Coat the post surface with a layer of adhesive/

activator solution and gently air-dr y for 5

second s. If the post surface does not appear

unifor mly shiny, a p ply a second layer and

gently air -dry again.

A pply Primer B with a micro brush. After 20

seconds, remove the excess solution fr om the

Fost s pace with an air blast and paper points.A pply the unfilled resin with a microbrush and

then air dry and r emove the excess with a clean

paper point.

Mix equal amounts of Cali bra base catalyst.

Apply the mixture onto the post surface with a

s patula and into the post s pace with a lentulo spiral.

Seat the post and remove the excess cement.

Light-cure through the post for 10 seconds with a

high power LED curing light (Smar tLite PS).

Mix equal amounts of BisCor e base and catalyst

A pply the mixtur e onto the post sur f ace with a

spatula and into the post s pace with a lentulo spiral.Seat the post and remove the excess cement.

Leave the luting material undisturbed for 5 minutes.

Institutional Review Board of the University of Siena, Italy.

Patients' ages ranged from 18-76 years, with an average of 58

years. The selected teeth needed to be in occlusal function with a

natural tooth and in interproximal contact with two adjacent

natural teeth. If the teeth had already been endodontically

treated , the inclusion criteria of symptom-f r ee root canal filling

and a minimum apical seal of 4 mm, without any per iapical

lesion on the X-ray, had to be met by the tooth to be r estored .

Clinical procedures were performed by the same oper ator .

Groups were defined as follows, based on the amount of dentin

left at the coronal level after end odontic treatment and before

abutment preparation: .. ,.' ,-

Group 1. All the EClronalwalls were present (Fig. 1A);

Group 2. Thr ee coronal walls were retained (Fig. IE);

Group 3. Two coronal walls were preserved (Fig. 1C);

Group 4. Only one cor onal wall was lef t intact (Fig. lD);



No Post DT Light Post Stick Tech fiber s Total

R esidual coronal d entin (Subgrou p A) (Su bgr oup B) (Su bgroup C) ( per grou p)

Gr oup I. Four cor onal walls 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/60

Gr oup 2. Three coronal walls 4/20 (20%) 0/20 2/20 (10%) 6/60 (10%)

Gr ou p 3. Two coronal walls 7/20 (35%) 0120 4120 (20%) 11/60 (18.3%)

Gr oup 4. One coronal wall 8/20 (40%) 1/20 (5%) 6120 (30%) 15/60 (25%)

Grou p 5. Ferrule effect 12/20 (60%) 4/20 (20%) 7/20 (35%) 23/60 (38.3%)

Group 6. No ferrule 14/20 (70%) 6/20 (30%) 9/20 (45%) 29/60 (48.3%)

Total ( per SUbgr 9~) 45/120 (37.5%) 11/120 (9.1%) 28/120 (23.3%) Gr and Total 84/360 (23.3%)

Subgroup B. DT Light Posts were used to provid e retention tothe cor onal restor ations;

Subgr oup C. EverStick fibers were adapted into the post s pace

to o btain a customized FRC post.

For all the teeth the f inal r estor ation was a single unit metal-

cer amic crown.

Clinical procedures - Tables 1 and 2 respectively summarize the

proced ures for root canal treatment and post luting.

In the teeth to be r estored with a post (Subgroups Band q,at least 24 hour s after endodontic treatment, the gutta- percha

was r emoved with Gates Glidden drillsc for a length of 7-8 mm,

leaving at least 4 mm of intact apical seal.

For the DT Light Posts, the size (1, 2, or 3) that best fit the

d owel s pace was chosen. The post was tried -in and consequently

shortened with a diamond bur.

Pr ime&Bond NT Dual Cure':.adhes-i:vesystem was used incombination with the d ual-cur~ resin cement Calibr ac following

manufacturer 's instructions. The abutment por tiOifwas built up

using XFlowc flowable com posite and Cer arnXc micr ohy brid

composite.

EverStick fiber bundles were ad a pted into the d owel s pace,

cur ed , r emoved from the root as per manufacturer 's instruc-

tions.29 The custom-made posts were then adhesively luted with

All Bond 2 and Bis-Core.d

Bis-Core was also used f or a butment build -up. The crown preparation varied from a f ull chamf er with

a bevel interproximally and l ingually, to a feather finish, de-

pending on the height and thickness of the remaining dentin.

Single unit porcelain fused -to-metal crowns wer e fa br icated .

Evaluat ion paramet er s - Patients were recalled after 1,6, 12 and

24 months for clinical and radiographic examinations. Peria pical

radiogr a phs were taken.,with modified par allel. technique and

Ultra-Speed f Ilms,· and examined at x5 magnification. Thef ollowing events:::""wereconsid ered as failures: post d e bonding,

post fr acture, vertical or horizontal root f ractur e, failure of the

core portion req uiring a new coronal restoration, d is placement

of the crown, endodontic and periradicular conditions requiring

dentin, and the interaction between the two varia bles. The level

of signif icance was set at P< 0.05.

Results

Ta ble 3 r e ports frequencies and per centages of the failures

occurred over the 36-month o bservation per iod . Data were not

aff ected by any loss to follow-up. The over all 36-month sur vival

r ate of cr owned end od ontically tr eated premolar s was 76.7%.

The lowest survival rate was recor d ed for teeth restor ed without

any root canal retention (Subgroup A, 62.5%). Teeth r estored

with DT Light Posts (Su bgrou p B) had a 3-year sur vival rate

higher (90.9%) than those restored with EverStick f i bers

(Subgr oup C, 76.7%).

In the presence of a post, no root fractur e or failur e of the

a butment por tion was record ed ; all the failure events wer e due to

post d e bond ing, and occur r ed in teeth that presented with a

r educed amount of residual d entin, with one wall at the most

remaining at the coronal level.

For the sam ple teeth restored without a post, 13 root

fr actur es and 3 2 cr own dis placements were o bser ved . When

Ever yStick fi bers were used , dislod gement of the cr own and

root fractures were the r easons for failur es. The ma jor ity of

cr own dislod gements and all the root fractures occur red in teeth

wher e the remaining coronal str uctur e befor e a butment build -up

was reduced to one or two residual walls at the most. All the

teeth that exhi bited f our walls at the end of end od ontic treatment

survived the 3 year s of clinical ser vice, r egardless of the

restorative pr oced ur e including o r omitting the placement of a

post (Table 2).

For all of the pr emolar s that ex perienced post d e bonding, the

post was luted again and the teeth were maintained in clinical

ser vice. As for the cases of f ailed endodontic tr eatment, all the

teeth pr esented with asymptomatic periapical lesions. End od on-

tic retreatment was per f or med and the teeth were restor ed to

clinical service. All the r oot fractures but three wer e fatal

failur es. Thus, in cases of no fer rule structur e r emained , through

a period ontal surger y intervention (crown lengthening), f iber

post insertion and placement of new crowns, it was possi ble to



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Fig 2 Kaplan Meier plots by subgroup: (A) show that the survival probability is higher for posted restorations from the 6 month recall on The gap between the two



to 0.34; P< 0.001) than when using customized posts (HR = 0.5;

95% CI for HR = 0.3 t o 0.7; P= 0.003). Teeth r etaining one

(HR =O.3; 95% CI for HR = 0.2 to 0.7; P= 0.003), two (HR =O.2;

95% CI for HR = 0.1 to 0.5; P< 0.001), or three cor onal walls

(HR = 0.1; 95% CI for HR = 0.05 to 0.3; P< 0.001) had asignificantly lower f ailure risk than teeth deprived even of the

ferr ule effect. Similar failure risks existed for teeth missing all the

coronal walls regardless of the presence or a bsence of a ferrule

effect (P> 0.05). Interaction terms were not signif icant (P> 0.05).

Discussion

Following the pr otocol of a previous 2-year prospective

clinical trial,33 the study was designed to verify whether the

degree of coronal tissue loss and the placement of a root canal

post or a custom post had an inf luence on failure-free time of

root treated teeth. To this purpose, a point was made of

standar d izing as much as possible other v~ables that can affect

the clinical service, such as tooth type and f unction in the dental

ar ch (only premolars with natural teeth as adjacent and

antagonist elements), as well as type of the final restoration

(single unit porcelain metal crowns).

The restorative procedure that yield ed the greatest sur vival probability was the placement of the prefa bricated fiber post

(DT Light Post). Specifically with Light Posts, a reduced proba-

bility of crown dislodgement was noticed and the occurr ence of

root fractur es was prevented over the 3-year observation per iod.

Also, the fractur e resistance of these posts stood the test of

clinical ser vice, as no such f ailure was reported . As a matter of

fact, for this type of fi ber post a relatively~higJ;ff atigue resistance

had previously been recordec\ in vitro ,34 in;·cornparison with

other posts that also performed less satisf actorily clinlcally.16

Also Ever Stick fiber S contr i buted to pr olong the failure-free

time o f endod ontically treated premolars, in comparison with

teeth restor ed without any root canal retention. Never theless, the

protective role of Ever Stick fibers was less eff ective than that of

DT Light Posts, showing a higher percentage of f ailures.

A possible explanation for the more convincing clinical out-

come of DT Light Posts may resid e in the superior mechanical

properties of this pr ef a bricated post. Although Light Post and

Ever Stick posts have never been d irectly com pared before, in

previous fatigue and fracture resistance stud ies34,35Light Posts

outperformed another prefabricated post (Parapost Fiber

White\ that, according to Fokkinga et al ,2 exhibited a fracture

behavior similar to EverS.tick fi ber s. To the impr ()ve!Jlent in

mechanical properties of Light Posts, the manufactur ilig· step of

fiber pre-stressing may have contri buted. This proced ur e, which

is unique to this type of post, involves soaking in the resin fibersthat are pre-str essed in tension. On the final cure of the resin, the

tension in the fiber s is. released and , consequently, the resin

surface is left und er com pression, enabling the post to favor a bly

a bsorb tensile stress during f unction.

Concerning the role of residual coronal dentin indications

statistically significant higher r isk of failur e than when one or

more coronal walls were r etained .

Moreover , Kaplan-Meier plots suggested the contribution of

post placement to tooth survival to become more effective with

time and with decreasing amounts of preser ved crown structure(Fig. 2B). Nevertheless, between factor interactions were not

significant according to the Cox mod el. An alternative ex-

planation for this lack of significance may r esid e in the

relatively low over all failur e r ate of r estored root filled

premolar s. Collection of longer -term data is still being pursued

with the expectation of f urther str engthening the evidence so far

provided r egarding the role of the f err ule. Also, the outcome of

other tooth ty pes should be evaluated und er the same ex peri-

mental conditions. The limitation of the pr esent stud y to pre-

molar s only, although justified by the need for standardization,

inevitably aff ects the external validity of the findings.

Concerning the f ailures of end odontic tr eatment, in all the

cases they were accompanied by a loss of the seal due to crown

dislodgement or post d e bonding, possibly lead ing to root canal

reinfection.36,37

In conclusion, over a 3-year o bser vation period , the place-

ment of prefabricated or customized posts was shown to provid ea significant contr i bution to the survival of pulpless r estor ed

premolars. This contribution was more effective for DT Light

Posts than f or Ever Stick posts. Irrespective of the restorative

procedure, pr eservation of at least one coronal wall significantly

reduced the failure risk . Longer-term data ar e ex pected to further

strengthen the evidence regarding the protective role of the

dentin ferrule.

a. RTD, St Egreve, France. b. Stick Tech Ltd , Turk u, Finland.

c. Denst ply Ltd , Kostanz, Ger many.

d. Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA

e Eastman K od ak Co., R ochester , NY, USA.

f ColtenelWhaiedent Inc., Altstiitten, Switzerland .

Dr . Cagidiaco, Dr . Vichi, Dr . Gr and ini, and Dr . Goracci ar e Assistant Professor s,

and Dr . Ferr ari is Pr of essor and Dean, School o f Dental Med icine, Univer sity of

Siena, Italy. Dr . Fr anklin Gar cia-God oy is Pr of essor and Associate Dean for

R esearch, Dir ector, Bioscience Resear ch Center , College of Dental Medicine,

Nova Southeastern Univer sity, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Senior Clinical

Investigator , The For syth Institute, Boston, Massachuseus, USA.

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Documents

Cagidiaco_ Placement of Fibre Prefabricated or Custom Made