8/11/2019 cadion

1/5

8/11/2019 cadion

2/5

Development of Psychiatry

Pythagoras (580-510 BC) : developed the concept that the brain is the seat ofintellectual activity

Hippocrates (460-370 BC) : described mental illness as hysteria, mania anddepression

Plato (427-370 BC) identified the relationship between mind and body.

Asciepiades, who is referred to as the father of psychiatry, made use of simplehygienic measures, diet bath, massage in place of mechanical restraints.

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, emphasized on the release of repressed emotionsfor the effective treatment of mental illness. He suggested catharsis and music

therapy for the patient with melancholia

St. Augustine who believed that although God acted directly in human affairs,people were responsible for their own actions

Renaissance in Europe( 1300- 1600 AD): it was believed that demons were thecause of hallucinations, delusions and sexual activity

Mgt: Torture and even death

Important Milestones1773: The first mental hospital in the US was built in Williamsburg, Virginia

1793: Philip Pinel removed the chains from mentally ill patients confined inBicetre, a hospital outside Paris i.e. the first revolution in psychiatry

1812:The first American text book in psychiatry was written by Benjamin Rush,who is referred to as the father of American Psychiatry

1812: Clifford Beers, an ex- patient of mental hospital wrote the book, The MindThat found Itself based on his bitter experiences in the hospital

1912: Eugene Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist coined the term SchizophreniaThe Indian Lunacy Act passed

1927: Insulin shock treatment was introduced for schizophrenia

1936: frontal lobotomy was advocated for the management of psychiatricdisorders

1938:Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) was used for the treatment of psychoses

1939: development of psychoanalytical theory by Sigmund Freud led to newconcepts in the treatment of mental illness.

8/11/2019 cadion

3/5

1946: The Bhore committee presented the situation with regard to mental healthservices. Based on the recommendations 5 hospitals were set up at Amirtsar,

Hyderabad, Srinagar, Jamnagar and New Delhi

1949: Lithium was first used for the treatment of mania

1952: Chlorpromazine was introduced which brought about a revolution inpsycho-pharmacology

1963:The community Mental Health centres Act was passed

1978: The AlmaAta declaration of Health for all by 2000 AD posed a majorchallenge to Indian mental health professionals.

1981:Community psychiatric centres were setup experiment with primary mentalhealth approach at Raipur Rani, Chandigarh and Sakalwara, Bangalore.

1982: The Central Council of India accepted the national Mental Health Policy andbrought out the National Mental Health programme in India.

1987: The Indian Mental Health Act was passed1990: The Govt.of India formed an Action Group at Delhi to pool the opinions of

mental health experts about the National Mental health program

NIMHANS Bangalore has taken up the leadership in orienting heath careprofessionals about the mental health programs of our country

Development of Modern Psychiatric Nursing1872: First training school for nurses based on the Nightingale system was

established by the New England Hospital for women and children,USA

Linda Richards the first Nurse to graduate from the one year course,developed 12 training schools in the USA

1882: first school to prepare nurses to care for the mentally ill was opened at McLean Hospital in Waverly

Two year program was started but few psychological skills were addressed andmuch importance was given to custodial care such as personal hygiene,

nutrition, medication etc

1913: John Hopkins became the first school of nursing to include a fullydeveloped course for psy.nsg in the curriculum

1943: Psy. Nsg course was started for male nurses

8/11/2019 cadion

4/5

1946: Health survey committees report recommended preparation of nursingpersonnel in Psy. Nsg also. The existing institutions like mental hospitals in

Bangalore and Ranchi should start training1952: Dr.Hildegard Peplau defined the therapeutic roles that nurses might play in

the mental health setting.

She described the skills and roles of the psy. Nurse in her book interpersonalrelations in Nursing . It was the first systematic and theoretical frame workdeveloped for Psy. Nsg.

1953: Maxwell Jones introduced therapeutic community.

1956: one year post certificate course in psy. nsg was started at NIMHANS,Bangalore

1960: The focus began to shift to primary prevention and implementing care andconsultation in the community

The name psychiatric nursing changed in to mental health nursing. 1970s when itwas known as psychosocial nursing.1963: Journal of Psy. Nsg and Mental Health services was published.

1964: Mudaliar committee felt the need for preparing large number of Psy. Nursesand recommended inclusion of Psychiatry in the nursing curriculum.

1965: The Indian Nursing Council included psy. Nsg as a compulsory course inB.Sc Nsg program

1973: Standards of psychiatric and mental health nursing practice wereenunciated to provide a means of improving the quality care

1975: Psy. Nsg was offered as an elective subject in M.Sc Nursing at the RAKCollege of Nsg, New Delhi

1980: Scientific advances in the area of psychobiology, brain imaging techniques,knowledge about neurotransmitters and neuronal receptors , molecular genetics

related psychiatry etc. emerged.These contributed to the shift from psychodynamic models to more balanced

psychobiological models of psychiatric care.1986: The Indian Nursing Council made psy. nsg a component of General nursing

and Midwifery course

1990: During these years integration of neuro sciences into holisticbiopsychosocial practice of psychiatric nursing occurred

1994: The above mentioned changes led to the revision of standards ofpsychiatric and mental health nsg

8/11/2019 cadion

5/5