Cadastre and Cadastral Research - TU Wien · • Introduction to Austrian land administration • Cadastral Research ... • Payment problems Land register deals with these problems!

Cadastre and Cadastral Cadastre and Cadastral ResearchResearch

Gerhard NavratilGerhard NavratilInstitute for Geoinformation and Institute for Geoinformation and

CartographyCartographyResearch Group GeoinformationResearch Group Geoinformation

Gerhard [email protected]

Outline

• Introduction to Austrian land administration• Cadastral Research

– Understanding the past– Improving the present– Shaping the future

• Concluding remarks


Austrian Land Administration

Land Register Parcel-ID Cadastre• Land Register

– Registration of title– Transfer of property requires document and

registration• Cadastre

– Complete coverage– Boundaries and land use


Austrian Land Register (1)

At the local courts, civil law regulationsPrinciples of

– Publicity (formal/material)– Inscription– Predecessor– Priority– Legality– Evidence


Austrian Land Register (2)

Goals– Documentation of

ownership– Protecting private

rights

(www.meingrundstueck.at)


Austrian Cadastre (1)

At the ministry of economy (BEV), public law regulations

Principles– Complete documentation– Unique identifiers– Positional reference– Accuracy– Security– Documentation of changes– Up-to-dateness of data


Austrian Cadastre (2)

Goals– Documentation of tesselation– Basis for land taxation– Large scale map– Geographic reference

for land register

(Hackl, 2007)


Understanding the Past

• Understanding the concepts– Why this design?– General concepts behind the cadastral

design? Process knowledge, alternative models

• Understanding the technology– Limitations in the past?– Technological improvement? Historic changes (data/documentation)


Cadastral Processes (1)

Rights connect land to persons, need to be• Created• Changed / Transferred• Checked• Enforced

legal subjectnatural, juridical

persons

rights

legal objectreal estate objects

physical objectparcel, building

(Twaroch & Muggenhuber 1997)


Cadastral Processes (2)

Two types or processes• Data requests• Inscriptions (updates, corrections,

additions, …)

Persons Owners

Data request Inscription

Database (Navratil 1998)


Cadastral Processes (3)Arrival of document

Formal checks

Registration

Detailed checks

Changes in database

Corrections

Remove document

OKYes

FalseNo

Arrival of data request

Check if request allowedError message Calculation of the result

Returning the result

Y N

Inscription (Navratil 1998)

Data request (Navratil 1998)


Process Design: Sale (1)

Cadastre/Land register are trusted sources reliance on correctness

Possible problems during purchase of property? (Navratil et al. 2005)

• Involuntary sale• Seller not owner• Sold twice• Payment problemsLand register deals with these problems!


Process Design: Sale (2)

• Involuntary sale – involvement of notary in signing process

• Seller not owner – trusted system• Sold twice – rank certificate• Payment problems – involvement of notary

in payment processDiscussion helps to understand why an

exiting system is designed as it is!


Process Design: Expropriation

Def: „to take land from its owner; esp., to take for public use or in the public interest, as by right of eminent domain.“ (Neufeldt 1997)

• Public use/public interest• Minimum extent• Compensation (height?)


Spatial Extent of Parcels

Different kinds of documentation possible (Navratil 2011a)

• A single point (with area) as an anchor of ownership

• Verbal description of the boundary• Graphical representation of the boundary• Mathematical representation of the

boundary


Limitations in the Past: Areas

• Different types of area estimation: Triangles, weighting, counting(later: planimeter, from coordinates)

• Area calculated twice, maximum error for difference:– 1:2880– 1:1440– 1:720

FF 500.0001.0FF 250.0001.0FF 125.0001.0


Use and Economic Importance of Area

• Value of land (no guarantee of correctness)

• Land tax (ha)

• Legal properties (e.g., right to hunt)


Processing Steps

• from

• to


Steps

• Re-projection for map projection changeazimuthal projection Gauß-Krüger

• Re-projection for scale change• Re-drawing• Digitization• Map ‚improvement‘

No quality estimates found (Molzer 2012)


Comparable Maps?

Forrest maps of Austrian National Forrests(OeBF)

Created 1850-Digitized 1990-93Scanned 2007How does it match

with the DKM?


Improving the Present

• How to deal with problems from the past

• User needs and capabilities

• Legal aspects

• International comparison


Problems from the Past (1)

Homogeneity of the coordinate frame insufficient

Method to adapt data of powersuppliers

(Höggerl & Imrek 2007)


Problems from the Past (2)

Quality?

(© DORIS)


Cadastral Quality

• Law stipulates 15cm for coordinate cadastre

• Metadata for INSPIRE data set: 10m• Corrections of up to 150m (in the

mountains)

What is the geometrical quality?How shall land owners understand this?


Classification of Deviations (1)

Reasons for deviations:• Original surveys imprecise• Reality changed• Data changed


Classification of Deviations (2)Reality changed• Plate tectonics• Land slides• Changes of coastlines or riverbeds• Change of sea level• Optimization of land use (agreement between

owners)• Accidentally change of parcel extent• Pushing the boundaries (e.g., farmers)


Classification of Deviations (3)

Data changed• Transformation• Re-projection• Redrawing• Digitizing• Homogenization


Classification SchemeDeviation from

Observation Data ManagementTransformationRe-Projection

RedrawingDigitizing

Homogenization

Change of Reality

Physical ChangePlate Tectonics

Land SlideCoastal/Riverbed Change

Rise of Sealevel

Social ChangePractical Simplification

Boundary Push


Existing Data Sets

• Original survey („Urmappe“)

• Change documents

• Observations of the current reality


Check with Change Documents (1)

Update documentsMeasures shouldbe unchanged in the digital cadastral map

Statistical evaluationpossible


Check with Change Documents (2)Distribution of Deviations In Vienna

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-2.8

... -

2.6

-2.6

… -2

.4

-2.4

… -2

.2

-2.2

… -2

.0

-2.0

… -1

.8

-1.8

… -1

.6

-1.6

… -1

.4

-1.4

… -1

.2

-1.2

… -1

.0

-1.0

… -0

.8

-0.8

… -0

.6

-0.6

… -0

.4

-0.4

… -0

.2

-0.2

… 0

.0

0.0

… +

0.2

+0.2

… +

0.4

+0.4

… +

0.6

+0.6

… +

0.8

+0.8

… +

1.0

+1.0

… +

1.2

+1.2

… +

1.4

+1.0

… +

1.6

+1.4

… +

1.2

+1.6

… +

1.8

+1.8

… +

2.0

+2.0

… +

2.2

+2.2

… +

2.4

+2.4

… +

2.6

Deviation in [m]

Urban area, 234 distancesBetween 5 and 94m

Rural area, 38 distancesBetween 2.4 and 84m

Distribution of Deviations in Carinthia

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

-2.8

... -

2.6

-2.6

… -2

.4

-2.4

… -2

.2

-2.2

… -2

.0

-2.0

… -1

.8

-1.8

… -1

.6

-1.6

… -1

.4

-1.4

… -1

.2

-1.2

… -1

.0

-1.0

… -0

.8

-0.8

… -0

.6

-0.6

… -0

.4

-0.4

… -0

.2

-0.2

… 0

.0

0.0

… +

0.2

+0.2

… +

0.4

+0.4

… +

0.6

+0.6

… +

0.8

+0.8

… +

1.0

+1.0

… +

1.2

+1.2

… +

1.4

+1.0

… +

1.6

+1.4

… +

1.2

+1.6

… +

1.8

+1.8

… +

2.0

+2.0

… +

2.2

+2.2

… +

2.4

+2.4

… +

2.6

Deviation in [m]

(Navratil 2011b)


How to Model the Accuracy?

Possibility Distributions?

1 cm 1 m 10 m 5 cm

1 Week 200 years

(Navratil 2007)

Positional accuracy Currency


User Needs

Land owners need correct and reliable information– Relative position to their neighbours– High accuracy


User Capabilities

Measure horizontal distance of 6 / 36 / 70m with a tape measure

(Navratil & Hackl 2008)


Legal Aspects (1)

• Discussion of new decree / new law for surveying

• How to fix quality in a law?Adjustment too expensive / complicated?Define terms correctly?


Legal Aspects (2)

Legal vs. technical decision makingExample

– Legal distance 4m– True distance 3.96m– Accuracy of parcel

boundary 15cmStatistical test: Hypothesis accepted that

distance is ok …Court decision: Distance is too small …

minimum distance4.00m

building

parcel boundary


International Comparison (1)

Land administration Austria and Serbia

(Mansberger et al. 2011)


International Comparison (2)

• Austrian system for export?Has been exported to Russia!

• Can we learn from experiences on quality improvement in Germany?Would provide 16 reports!Especially experiences from ALKIS would be valuable


Shaping the Future

• Potentials in land administration• Measurement-based cadastre• 3D-cadastre• Public-law property restrictions• i-Cadastre?


Potentials of Land Administration (1)

• Development

• Importance of tax

(Muggenhuber et al. 2011)


Potentials of Land Administration (2)

Parameters for Innovation

Each segment has potentiale.g., change detection by

crowd sourcing, cadastreas basis of geodatainfrastructure, eGovernment,application of airborne laser scanning and digital photogrammetry, in-situ and real-time application, …


Measurement-based Cadastre (1)

Measurements define the geometry and are stored in the system, coordinates are computed if necessary

e.g., ArcGISSurveyAnalyst

(Navratil & Franz2004)


Measurement-based Cadastre (2)

Problems– Definition of adjustment (user interface)– Control of adjustment (no progress indication)– Local adjustment necessary for additional

measurements– No blunder detection– WAY TOO SLOW!

Daten: (C) BEV, GZ 2789/2003


3D-Cadastre (Navratil & Unger submitted)

• Do we need it?• What is a suitable height system?

– Dynamic heights– Orthometric heights– Normal heights– Ellipsoidal heights

• Quality requirements?• Absolute or relative


Public-Law Property Restrictions (1)

Heavy impact on value of property relevant for

– Real estate broker– Credit institutes– Tax authority (?)

How to implement it?What are relevant restrictions?Who has the data?


Public-Law Property Restrictions (2)

Central access vs. de-central storage

(Spangl & Navratil submitted)


i-Cadastre (Navratil et al. 2011)

• Cadastre as a location-based service– Location independent access to cadastral

data– More accurate location information for

applications• Examples

– Fishing permit– Ownership query– Illegal garbage disposal


Concluding Remarks

• Cadastres are long-lasting systems• We need to understand the past to shape

the future• We need to investigate market needs• We need to adapt modern technologies

What are you waiting for? Do it!


References• Hackl, M. (2007) Dreidimensionaler Kataster. Master Thesis. TU Wien.• Höggerl, N. & Imrek, E. (2007) Recent Steps towards the Introduction of ETRS89 in Austria. Geodetski Vestnik,

51(4): 742-750.• Mansberger, R., Aleksic, I., Muggenhuber, G. Navratil, G., Tesla, N., Twaroch, C. (2011) Land Administration

Systems in Austria and Serbia: Current Tasks and Potentials. 1st Serbian Geodetic Congress • Molzer, M. (2012) Von der Urmappe zur DKM: Untersuchung der Umbildungsschritte. Bachelor Thesis. TU Wien.• Muggenhuber, G., Navratil, G., Twaroch, C., Mansberger, R. (2011) Development and Potential for Improvement

of the Austrian Land Administration System. FIG Working Week 2011 • Navratil, G. (1998) An object-oriented model of a cadaster. Master Theses. TU Wien.• Navratil, G. (2007) Modeling Data Quality with Possibility-Distributions. 5th ISSDQ.• Navratil, G. (2011a) Cadastral Boundaries: Benefits of Complexity. URISA Journal, Vol. 23(1), pp. 19-27.• Navratil, G. (2011b) Quality Assessment for Cadastral Geometry. 7th ISSDQ.• Navratil, G. & Franz, M. (2004) Messbasierte Systeme mit ArcGIS Survey Analyst. AGIT • Navratil, G. & Hackl, M. (2008) Genauigkeit der von Laien durchgeführten horizontalen Seitenmessung. VGI,

96(1), pp. 27-36.• Navratil, G., Mansberger, R., Muggenhuber, G. (2011) i-Cadastre – A Prospective LBS-Tool for E-Government in

Land Management? 8th Symposium on LBS. • Navratil, G. Twaroch, F., Frank A.U. (2005) Complexity vs. Security in the Austrian Land Register. CORP 2005• Navratil, G. & Unger, E. (submitted to CEUS) Height Systems for 3D Cadastres.• Neufeldt, V. (1997) Webster's New World College Dictionary. Macmillan• Twaroch, C. & Muggenhuber, G. (1997) Evolution of land registration and cadastre; Case study: Austria. Joint

European conference on geographical information